 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 13,318,705 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Predominantly southeastern Nepal | |
| Languages | |
| Maithili · Bhojpuri · Bajjika · Urdu · Awadhi | |
| Religion | |
 Hinduism ·  Islam ·  Christian |
Madheshi people (Nepali:मधेशी) is a term used for severalethnic groups in Nepal living in theTerai region ofNepal. It has also been used as a political pejorative term by thePahari people of Nepal to refer toNepalis with a non-Nepali language as theirmother tongue, regardless of their place of birth or residence.[1]: 2 The termMadheshi became a widely recognised name for Nepali citizens with an Indian cultural background only after 1990.[2][3]
Madheshi people comprise various cultural groups such asHindu caste groups,Muslims,Marwaris,Brahmin andDalit people,ethnic groups likeMaithils,Bhojpuri,Awadhi andBajjika speaking people andindigenous people of the Terai.[4][5]: 68 [6] Many of these groups share cultural traditions, educational and family ties with people living south of the international border in the Indian states ofBihar,Uttar Pradesh andWest Bengal.[6][7]: 131 Tharu people and Pahari people living in the Terai do not consider themselves as Madheshi.[8]
The wordmadhesh is thought to be derived from theSanskritmadhya desh (मध्य देश), literally the middle country, which refers to "the central region, the country lying between the Himalaya and theVindhya Range".[9][10] However, in the context of Nepal,Madhesh refers to theMadhesh Province in the Nepal Terai located south of theSiwalik Hills.[11][1]: 2
Since the late 18th century, theShah rulers of Nepal promoted conversion of forests in the Terai to agricultural land and encouraged people from northern India to settle in this region through a series of subsidies granted to new settlers. In the 1770s to 1780s, famine-strickenBihari farmers migrated to the Nepal Terai following a severe flood of theKoshi River and subsequent drought.[12] To promote the economic development of the Nepal Terai, people from the hills were invited to settle, but only a few moved to the Terai. Between the 1860s and 1951, people from India immigrated and settled in the region.[13]: 62 Immigration of Indian farmers and labourers was particularly high during the rule of theRana dynasty between 1846 and 1950.[12] They settled foremost in the Terai together with already present native Terai peoples likeTharus,Rajbanshis andDhimals. This increased immigration facilitated the expansion of cultivated land, which provided revenue for the state in the form of taxes by farmers, duties for felling and export of timber, and fees for the grazing of cattle on pastures during dry seasons.[14] In the mid 19th century, Muslim people from theAwadh region were invited to settle in the far-western Nepal Terai, where they received large forested areas for conversion to agriculture.[15][16] People of at least 21 Indian ethnic groups immigrated between 1933 and 1966.[12]
In 1952, aNepal Citizenship Act was passed that entitled all those immigrants to obtain Nepalicitizenship who had stayed in the Madhesh for at least five years or married to native Madhesis. The Citizenship Act of 1963 entitled immigrants to receive Nepali citizenship if they were able to read and writeNepali and engaged in business.[12]In 1981, the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that about 3.2 million people of Indian origin lived in Nepal, of which about 2.4 million had received Nepali citizenship.[17]In 2006, the Nepal Citizenship Act was amended to the effect that people born before 1990 and residing permanently in the country obtained the right to Nepali citizenship.[18] About 2.3 million people received citizenship certificates.[19]: 4 TheConstitution of Nepal 2015 contains provisions for aNepali citizenship by naturalisation, which can be acquired by:[20]
With 33,998.8 km2 (13,127.0 sq mi), the Nepal Terai constitutes 23.1% of Nepal's land area. As of 2001, about 48.5% of Nepal's population lived in the Terai, which had a population density of 330.78/km2 (856.7/sq mi), the highest in the country.[21] As of June 2011, the Nepal Terai's human population totaled 13,318,705 people comprising more than 120 different ethnic groups and castes.[22]
The Madheshi people constituted 32% of Nepal's population by the 1991 census. Of these, 16% belonged to various Hindu castes, 9% belonged to other ethnic groups, including 6.5% Tharu people.[5]
The culture of Madeshi people is complex and diverse. The Muslim and indigenous peoples speak their own languages and have distinct cultural traditions that differ from the Hinducaste groups. Latter comprise at least 43 distinct groups.[7]: 143 Caste groups includeBania,Brahman,Dhobi,Kalawar,Kewat,Kshatriya,Kumhar,Kurmi,Kushwaha andTeli.[23]: 9
Muslim people in the Terai constitute about 96% of all Muslims in the country. Their cultural traditions are interlinked with those of Muslim people in northern India; popular destinations for theirziyarat pilgrimage are the shrines ofAjmer Sharif Dargah andGhazi Saiyyad Salar Masud inRajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, respectively.[24]They are influenced by the hierarchy of the Hindu caste system, with the difference that it is not based on the principle of pollution and purity, but on occupation.[25]
Both Muslim and Hindu Madheshi parents place more emphasis on the education of boys than of girls.[7]: 144 Despite an increase of schools andprimary education being compulsory and free of cost, more boys than girls are enrolled. Girls are expected to look after younger siblings and do household chores. Many rural Madheshi girls aremarried at an age of 14 to 16 years.[26]
Madheshi people speakMaithili,Bhojpuri,Bajjika,Urdu andAwadhi languages.[23]: 9 [11]The National Population and Housing Census of 2011 knows of 123 languages spoken in all of Nepal and lists:[22]
Muslim Madheshis speak Urdu primarily, but also Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bajjika and Maithili, depending on whether they live in the western, central or eastern Terai.[27][28]
The following religions are practised in the Terai according to the National Population and Housing Census of 2011:[22]
The religious practices of the majority of Madheshi people are a mixture of orthodox Hinduism andanimism.[29]
Muslim Madheshis practise the traditionalnikah marriage, which is recognised by law.[16] The largest and oldestmadrasa is located inKrishnanagar.[28]Mawlawis teachingQuran andHadith at madrasas in the Terai are either from India, or were trained in India and Saudi Arabia.[30] Many Muslim Madheshis practiseendogamy.[31]
In 1989, a study on food consumption patterns was conducted with 108 people in a village inChitwan district. Results of this study showed that the people consumed seven food items on average.Rice constituted almost half of their daily food intake, supplemented by vegetables, potatoes, milk and dairy products. Less frequently they consumed meat, fish, eggs and fruit. About 13.7% of the total food intake of men was alcohol, whereas females consumed far less alcohol.[32]Fruit commonly grown in the Terai includemango,lychee,papaya,guava,banana andjackfruit.[33]
Since the late 1940s, the term 'Madhes' was used by politicians in the Nepal Terai to differentiate between the interests of the people of the Terai and of the hills.[34] At the time, Indian and Madheshi people needed a passport to travel toKathmandu, a requirement in place until 1958.[11] In the 1950s, the regional political partyNepal Terai Congress advocated more autonomy for the Terai, recognition ofHindi as anational language and increasing employment opportunities for Madheshi people.[35] During 1961 to 1990, thePanchayat government enforced a policy of assimilating diverse cultural groups into a pan-Nepali identity. Legal directives made it an offense to address inequality and discrimination of ethnic groups.[34] The complexities of ethnopolitical conflicts between immigrants, caste groups and indigenous groups living in the Terai were not addressed.[36]
After the Panchayat regime was abolished following thePeople's Movement in spring 1990, disadvantaged groups demanded a more equitable share of political resources such as admittance to civil service.[37]Madheshi people are disadvantaged in regards to access to education;literacy rate among Madheshi people is lower than among other groups in Nepal,[11] and lowest among MadheshiDalits.[38] They are also disappointed to have been excluded from participation in bureaucracy,Nepal Army andpolitical parties in Nepal.[6] Madheshi identity is largely based on the experience of being discriminated by the country's ruling elites.[39][40][41][42]: 40
TheNepal Sadbhawana Party is the oldest Madheshi party, which started lobbying for socio-cultural, linguistic and political rights of Madheshi people in the 1990s. The discussions on rights and demands of Madheshi people increased after the end of theNepalese Civil War, in particular among Madheshi intellectuals and political elites.[43] The political partiesJanatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha andMadhesi Jana Adhikar Forum, Nepal advocated the idea of an autonomous Madhes province stretching all over the Terai and organised violent demonstrations in 2007 to enforce their demands.[44][45] TheUnited Democratic Madhesi Front formed by Madheshi organizations pressured the government to accept this concept of autonomy under the motto "One Madhes One Pradesh".[34] Several ethnic and religious groups in the Terai opposed and resisted this policy under the leadership of Madheshi parties, foremostTharu andMuslim people.[46]
The Tharu people were initially comfortable with the Madheshi identity in the eastern part of the Terai as of 2007, but in the central part, they claim a distinct Tharu identity.[1]: 2 In 2009, they disassociated themselves from being identified as Madheshi and demanded their own province.[47][48]
Armed groups like Terai Army, Madhesi National Liberation Front, Terai Cobras and Madhesh Mukti Tigers pursued this aim of autonomy using violent means.[49] Some members of these organisations were responsible for acts ofterrorism including bombings and murders.[50] TheAlliance for Independent Madhesh also demands independence of the Terai.[51][52]
In 2013, more than 24 Madheshi political parties were registered for theConstituent Assembly of Nepal election.[48] Madheshi parties gained 50 of 575 seats in the Constituent Assembly.[53]
After the2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election, Indian politicians kept on trying to secure strategic interests in the Nepal Terai, such as overhydropower energy, development projects, business and trade.[54] It has been alleged that by supporting the2015 Nepal blockade, India tried to dominate Nepal's internal politics and foment the conflict in the Nepal Terai.[55]
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