Macarius of Egypt | |
|---|---|
 Anicon of Saint Macarius of Egypt | |
| Venerable Monk and Elder | |
| Born | c. 300 Shabsheer (Shanshour),Roman Egypt |
| Died | 391 Scetes, Roman Egypt |
| Venerated in | Oriental Orthodox Church Eastern Orthodox Church Catholic Church |
| Majorshrine | Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great,Scetes,Egypt |
| Feast |
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Macarius of Egypt[a] (c. 300 – 391) was aChristian monk andgrazerhermit. He is also known asMacarius the Elder orMacarius the Great.
Macarius was born inLower Egypt. A late tradition places his birthplace in the village of Shabsheer (Shanshour),Roman Egypt around 300 AD. He tended cattle as a boy. As a young man, with a strong call to solitude, he constructed near his home a small cell where he prayed continually and wove mats.[1] At some point before his pursuit of asceticism, Macarius made his living smugglingsaltpeter in the vicinity of Nitria, a vocation which taught him how to survive in and travel across the wastes in that area.[2]
Macarius is known for his wisdom. His friends and close kin used to call himPaidarion Geron (Ancient Greek:Παιδάριον Γέρων, which whencompounded asPaidiogeron[3] led toCoptic:Ⲡⲓⲇⲁⲣ Ⲓⲟⲩⲅⲉⲣⲟⲛ,Pidar Yougiron) which meant the "old young man", i.e. "the young man with the elders' wisdom."[4]
At the wish of his parents Macarius entered into marriage, but was soon widowed.[5] Shortly after, his parents died as well. Macarius subsequently distributed all his money among the poor and needy. He found a teacher in an experienced Elder, who lived in the desert not far from the village. The Elder accepted the youth, guided him in the spiritual science of watchfulness, fasting and prayer, and taught him the handicraft of weaving baskets.[5]
A while later, a pregnant woman accused him of having defiled her. Macarius did not attempt to defend himself, and accepted the accusation in silence. However, when the woman's delivery drew near, her labor became exceedingly difficult. She did not manage to give birth until she confessed Macarius's innocence. A multitude of people then came asking for his forgiveness, but he fled to theNitrian Desert to escape all mundane glory.[citation needed]
As a hermit, Macarius spent seven years living on onlypulse and rawherbs.[6] He spent the following three years consuming four or five ounces of bread a day and only one vessel of oil a year.[6] While at the desert, he visitedAnthony the Great and learned from him the laws and rules ofmonasticism. When he returned to theScetic Desert at the age of forty, he became a priest.[7] The fame of his sanctity drew many followers. The community, which took up its residence in the desert, was of the semi-eremitical type. The monks were not bound by any fixed rule; their cells were close together, and they met for Divine worship only on Saturdays or Sundays. He presided over this monastic community for the rest of his life.
For a brief period of time, Macarius was banished to an island in theNile by the EmperorValens, along withMacarius of Alexandria, during a dispute over the doctrine of theNicene Creed. Both men were victims of religious persecution by the followers of then BishopLucius of Alexandria. During their time on the island, the daughter of a pagan priest had become ill. The people of the island believed that she was possessed by an evil spirit. Both saints prayed over the daughter, which in turn had saved her. The pagan people of the island were so impressed and grateful that they stopped their worship of the pagan gods and built a church. When word of this got back to the EmperorValens and BishopLucius of Alexandria, they quickly allowed both men to return home. At their return on 13Paremhat, they were met by a multitude of monks of theNitrian Desert, numbered fifty thousand, among whom werePishoy andJohn the Dwarf.[citation needed]
Macarius died in the year 391. After his death, the natives of his village of Shabsheer stole the body and built a great church for him in their village.Pope Michael V of Alexandria brought the relics of Saint Macarius back to the Nitrian Desert on 19Mesori. Today, the body of Macarius is found in hismonastery, theMonastery of Saint Macarius the Great inScetes,Egypt.[citation needed]
Macarius is a saint in theEastern Orthodox,Oriental Orthodox andRoman Catholic Churches.
In theMethodist Churches, Macarius is regarded highly for writing on the topic ofentire sanctification.[8]
Macarius of Egypt founded a monastery that bears his name, theMonastery of Saint Macarius the Great,[4] which has been continuously inhabited by monks since its foundation in the fourth century. St. Macarius’ face used to be enlightened with grace in an amazing way to the extent that many fathers testified that his face used to glow in the dark; and thus appeared his name as “the glowing lantern”. This description was transferred to his monastery, and thus it was called “the glowing lantern of the wilderness” or “the glowing monastery”, which meant the place of high wisdom and constant prayer.[4] Today it belongs to theCoptic Orthodox Church.
The entirety of the Nitrian Desert is sometimes calledthe Desert of Macarius,[citation needed] for he was the pioneer monk in the region. The ruins of numerous monasteries in this region support the local tradition that the cloisters of Macarius were equal in number to the days of the year.[citation needed]
Macarius the Great, one of the Egyptian desert recluses and a disciple of Anthony the Great, is depicted on the right edge of theTriumph of Death fresco inPisa. A group of leisurely aristocrats and their animals occupy the central part of the fresco. These rich young men and women riding horses, surrounded by their decorative hunting dogs have gone on a pleasant journey. Suddenly, their path, somewhere deep in the woods, is barred by three open sarcophagi with bodies in different degrees of decomposition. Everybody in the scene, including the men, women and even the animals are horrified by this terrible and palpable presence of death. The unsupportable stench hits their noses. The abhorrent scene dismays them. Only Macarius the Great, made wise and powerful by his faith, stands above them all. The mystic teaches the youngsters a lesson about life and death byreading from the scroll. The Florentine sculptor Benvenuto Cellini was inspired by this depiction of Macarius in his paintedportrait.[citation needed]
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