| Ma'anyan | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | [maʔaɲan] |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Kalimantan |
Native speakers | 150,000 (2003)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mhy |
| Glottolog | maan1238 |
Maanyan orMaʼanyan (alsoMaanjan orMaanyan Dayak) is anAustronesian language belonging to theEast Barito languages. It is spoken by about 150,000Ma'anyan people (one of theDayak peoples) living in the province ofCentral Kalimantan andSouth Kalimantan,Indonesia. It is most closely related to theMalagasy language spoken inMadagascar, although these languages are not mutually intelligible due to the geographical separation.
TheMalagasy language is an Austronesian language spoken in Madagascar, originating from its historical homeland in South EastBorneo.[2][3] Malagasy is classified among the SoutheastBarito languages,[2][4] and Ma'anyan is often listed as its closest relative, with Malagasy incorporating numerousMalay andJavanese loanwords.[4][5] It is known thatMa'anyan people were brought as labourers and slaves byMalay andJavanese people in their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 AD.[6][7][8] There is high lexical similarity with other East Barito languages likePaku (77%) andDusun Witu (75%). It is likely that the Malagasy had already acquired a separate ethnic and linguistic identity in South Borneo prior to their migration(s) to East Africa.[3] Based on linguistic evidence, it has been suggested that the early Malagasy migrants moved away from Borneo in the 7th century AD, if not later.[9][4]
Compared to Malagasy, Ma’anyan is characterized by a "West Indonesian" (Malay-type) morphosyntactic structure, a consequence of the long-standing influence of Malay on the languages of western Indonesia. While Malagasy is closer to the so-called “Philippine-type structure” (resembling many of the languages of thePhilippines,Sabah,North Sulawesi, andTaiwan), it is also very innovative phonologically, perhaps as a result of its common phonological history withComorian languages.[2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
/r/ can also be heard as a tap sound[ɾ].
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Open | ɛ | a |
/i,u/ can be heard as[ɪ,ʊ] in closed syllables.[10]
Vocabulary comparison between Malay, Banjarese, Ma'anyan, and Malagasy.
| Malay | Banjarese | Ma'anyan | Malagasy | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| monyet | warik | warik | varika ('lemur') | monkey |
| bemban | bamban | waman | ||
| bulian | balian | wadian | ||
| patih | patih | patis | regent | |
| lama | lawas | lawah | lava | long (as in time) |
| kawan | kawal | kawal/hengau | namana | friend |
| obat | tatamba | tatamba | tambavy | medicine |
| senang | aray | aray | happy, easy | |
| masih | magun | pagun | to keep ...ing | |
| arya | aria | uria | ||
| demang | damang | damhong | spider |
