TheMexican peso (symbol:$;currency code:MXN; also abbreviatedMex$ to distinguish it fromother peso-denominated currencies; referred to as thepeso,Mexican peso, or colloquiallyvaro) is the officialcurrency ofMexico. The peso was first introduced in 1863, replacing the old Spanish colonial real. The Mexican peso is subdivided into 100centavos, represented by "¢". Mexican banknotes are issued by theBank of Mexico in various denominations and feature vibrant colors and imagery representing Mexican culture and history.[3] Modernpeso anddollar currencies have a common origin in the 16th–19th centurySpanish dollar, most continuing to useits sign, "$".[4]
The currentISO 4217 code for the peso isMXN; the "N" refers to the "new peso". Prior to the1993 revaluation, the codeMXP was used. The Mexican peso is the 16th most traded currency in the world, the third most traded currency from the Americas (after theUnited States dollar andCanadian dollar), and the most traded currency fromLatin America.[5] As of 16 March 2025[update], the peso's exchange rate was $21.68 pereuro, $19.92 per U.S. dollar, and $13.86 perCanadian dollar.[6]
Silver peso or 8 reales of "cap and ray" design used for East Asian trade, 1840
The currency system in use inSpanish America from the 16th to 19th centuries consisted of silverreales, weight 3.433 grams and fineness67⁄72 = 93.1%, as well as goldescudos, weight 3.383 g and fineness11⁄12 = 91.7%. By the 19th century the silver real weighed 3.383 g, fineness65⁄72 = 90.3%, while the gold escudo's fineness was reduced to 21karats or21⁄24, or 87.5% fine.
15 or 16 silverreales were worth a goldescudo, and eight-real coins of 24.44 g fine silver were widely calledpesos in Spanish America anddollars in Britain and its American colonies. These pesos or dollars were minted from the rich silver mine outputs of modern-day Mexico andBolivia and exported in large quantities to Europe and Asia. These pesos served as a globalsilver standardreserve currency until the start of the 20th century, and became the model for the various pesos of Spanish America as well as (among others) theUnited States dollar,Chinese yuan and theJapanese yen.[8] Mexican silver pesos of original cap-and-ray design were legal tender in the United States until 1857 and in China until 1935.
The first Mexican mint to produce pesos was established in 1535.[9]
While the United States divided their dollar into 100 cents early on from 1793, post-independence Mexico retained the peso of 8 reales until 1863 when theSecond Mexican Empire underEmperor Maximillan commenced the minting of pesos divided into 100 centavos. Therestored Mexican republic underBenito Juárez andPorfirio Díaz continued the minting of centavo coins in base metal or silver, as well as gold coins in pesos, but it had to revert the silver 1-peso coin to the old eight reales "cap-and-ray design" from 1873 to 1897 after East Asian merchants rejected or discounted the newly designed peso coins.
The post-independence silver peso contained 27.07 grams of 90.3% fine silver (24.44 g fine) while the gold peso or half escudo contained 1.6915 grams of 87.5% fine gold (1.48 g fine). After most of Europe switched to thegold standard in the 1870s the gold peso substantially rose in value against the silver peso, until it became 2 silver pesos to a gold peso or a gold peso dollar by 1900. In 1905 the peso was solely defined as 0.75 g fine gold.
From 1918 onward the weight and fineness of all the silver coins declined, until 1979, when the last silver 100-peso coins were minted. TheU.S. dollar was worth 2.00 silver pesos from 1905 to 1929, rising afterward until it stabilized at 12.50 pesos from 1954 to 1976.
Throughout most of the 20th century, the Mexican peso remained one of the more stable currencies in Latin America, since the economy did not experience periods of hyperinflation common to other countries in the region.
The U.S. dollar leapt from 12.50 to 19.40 pesos in 1976. After theoil crisis of the late 1970s, Mexico defaulted on its external debt in 1982, causing severecapital flight and several years of inflation and devaluation. The dollar again rose from 23 to 150 pesos that year,[10] causing any company with loans in USD and contracts in MXP to have their financial position weakened by the devaluation, the result becoming high unemployment and pressure on remaining employees to pick up the increased workloads and putting strain on economic hardships.[11] Government attempts to fix the economy with an inward-looking industrialization strategy were only sustainable with severe economic imbalances that needed large inward capital flows that could not be maintained, and an abrupt process of stabilization and adjustment followed that saw a recession in 1983,[12] stabilizing only in the early 1990s at above 3,000 MXP/USD when a government economic strategy called the "Stability and Economic Growth Pact"(Pacto de estabilidad y crecimiento económico, PECE) was adopted underPresidentCarlos Salinas.
On January 1, 1993, theBank of Mexico introduced a new currency, thenuevo peso ("new peso", or MXN), written "N$" followed by the numerical amount.[13] One new peso, or N$1.00, was equal to 1,000 of the obsolete MXP pesos.[13]
The transition was done with minimal confusion by issuing the Series B "nuevo peso" banknotes in N$10, $20, $50, and $100 denominations with designs nearly identical to the corresponding banknote in the preceding Series A, which were labelled in old pesos (MXP $10,000, $20,000, $50,000, and $100,000, respectively); for Series B, the equivalent nuevo peso face value was1⁄1000 of the old peso face value for Series A. For example, the Series A old peso MXP$20,000 and the Series B nuevo peso MXN$20 banknotes share the same design, aside from the updated face value. Old and new pesos circulated simultaneously between 1993 and 1995, but old peso Series A banknotes were gradually retired at this time, and newly designed Series C "nuevo peso" banknotes commenced in 1994. From January 1, 1996, the "nuevo peso" was simply renamed to "peso", and new Series D banknotes were issued identical to Series C except for the word "nuevo" dropped. The ISO 4217 code remained unchanged as MXN. Series A and AA banknotes were demonetized and no longer legal tender as of January 1, 1996.[14] Although they remain legal tender, Series B, C, D, and D1 banknotes are in the process of being withdrawn from circulation; in addition, the MXN$1000 Series F banknote is being withdrawn.[15] The most commonly circulated banknotes in Mexico are MXN$20 and above in Series F and G.
Similarly, Series B coins in nuevo peso denominations were circulated starting from 1993[15] and Series A and AA coins were demonetized starting from November 15, 1995.[14] Unlike the notes, Series B coins differed in size and design from the Series A coins. Series C coins (which dropped the "N$" prefix on the MXN$1, N$5, N$10, N$20, and N$50 coins) were circulated starting in 1996 following the withdrawal of Series A and AA coins. Series B and C coins in uncommon denominations (10-centavo and MXN$20 and greater) are gradually being withdrawn from circulation. Although they remain legal tender, they are set aside when they arrive at commercial banks.[15] The most commonly circulated coins in Mexico are MXN$10 and below in Series C and D.
The government's operational balances had been predicted to remain stable as the country was operating in a surplus between 1990 and 1994. This crisis was seen as the fault of the Mexican government in its signing ofNAFTA at the beginning of 1994. The volatility of MXN increased after the ratification of NAFTA, when the annualized standard deviations seem to be highest post-1994, especially in terms of USD, compared to the United States, which experienced the lowest annualized standard deviation during that same period.[16] Still, several contemporary economists of the time noted the unexpected shocks to the economy during 1994, which exacerbated the situation, starting with the assassination of presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio, causing a ripple effect on the exchange rate and interest rates that resulted in increased capital leaving the country. The result was the devaluation of MXN because of a domestic recession and an avalanche of investor withdrawals due to concern about the government's inability to remain liquid in its international debt repayments.[17] The international outlook, particularly in Wall Street, on the MXN peso crisis was affected by the lack of information on Mexico's financial reserves from the Banco de Mexico, which only released information on Mexico's reserves three times a year, and the speed of reserve depletion to stabilize the MXN finally resulted in a 15% devaluation by 20 December 1994 and a lack of clear announcements on how the Mexican government was going to handle the crisis. In one day, Banco de Mexico lost USD 4 billion in holdings.[18] The 1994 crisis was more devastating as it was released on a new peso currency. The adoption of MXN in 1993 was meant to balance the economy, and MXP 1000 was the same as MXN 1 upon its 1993 introduction. The MXN crisis let investors in 1995 see a failure of Mexican authorities to act with a lack of preparation to soften the devaluation with a more substantial commitment to maintaining the stability of the exchange rates and questioning further investment in the economy.[19] As the GNP fell by 9.2% in 1995, the panic of the MXN devaluation was significant to Mexican citizens, as the peso depreciated against the USD by 82.9%, while the interest rates rose from 10.5 to 42.7%.[20] The unemployment rates of married male employees increased significantly in urban areas of Mexico, resulting in married women and teenagers from the same households finding employment to prevent the financial collapse of domestic quality of life. Married women with an unemployed husband experienced an employment rate of 33.84% and an unemployment rate of 1.62% compared with unmarried women during this period.[21] The unexpected increase in Mexican immigration, both legal and illegal, in 1995 resulted from the MXN devaluation, pushing Mexican citizens to seek better employment opportunities in the United States. Migration in 1995 was 40% higher than the average level of the rest of the 1990s, with 200,000 to 300,000 more Mexicans immigrating over the border, increasing a labour shock in Mexico that also affected parts of the southwestern United States.[22] There was a significant decline in Mexican household expenditure during this time, where durable and semidurable commodities like televisions, glassware, clothing, and other goods that could be postponed fell between 1996 and 1998, while household food expenditure increased, with lower income households seeing an increase of 3.5% and middle-class households seeing a 2.4% increase, due to the resulting inflation of prices.[23] MXN finally started to see a stabilization between 1996 and 1998, once the Mexican government had enacted banking rescue packages to prevent further collapse, resulting in state control over a large majority of the Mexican financial sector, which led to a renewed growth in the economy that saw more stability by the turn of the millennium.[24]
Following the revaluation in 1993, the official exchange rate was MXN$3 against theU.S. dollar.
After theMexican peso crisis of December 1994, the peso sharply depreciated from MXN$3.4 to MXN$7.2 in 1995.
It then traded between MXN$8 and MXN$11 from 1998 to 2008, briefly depreciated to MXN$15.56 in March 2009 due to the2008 global financial crisis, but then settled between MXN$12 and MXN$14 from 2009 to 2014.
The peso then depreciated from MXN$14.78 in 2014 to MXN$17 in 2015.
From 2016 to 2019, it traded between MXN$18 and MXN$20.
Amidst theCOVID-19 pandemic, the peso depreciated to its all-time low of MXN$25 per dollar.
From 2020 to 2024, it appreciated by over 30%, becoming one of the best performing currencies in the world. In April 2024, the peso reached a near nine-year high of MXN$16.26 per dollar. This was mostly attributed to the growth of "near-shoring" strategies, growing foreign investment, as well as the strict monetary policy adopted by theBank of Mexico in attempts to curb inflation following the COVID pandemic and theRussian Invasion of Ukraine.[25][26]
Soon after theMexican general elections in June 2024, the peso sharply depreciated to over MXN$18. It continued to lose value throughout the remainder of the year, and is currently trading between MXN$19 and MXN$20.
Coins issued from the 16th to 19th centuries under theSpanish American system ofreales andescudos included
in gold:1⁄2, 1, 2, 4 and 8 escudos, with 1 escudo ≈ 2 pesos or 16 reales.
in silver:1⁄2, 1, 2, 4 and 8 reales, with 1 peso = 8 reales.
Additionally, Mexico issued copper coins denominated intlacos or1⁄8 real (1⁄64 peso). Post-independence silver coins were of thecap and ray design showing a radiantPhrygian cap marked "Libertad" (liberty), which became familiar to East Asian traders. This design ended in 1872 with the minting of "centavo" coins except for the silver 8-reales which was revived as a trade coin from 1873 to 1897.
Front and back of an 1866 twenty-peso gold coin, depictingMaximilian I of Mexico.Peseta or 25 centavos, 1889.Quinto or 5 centavos, 1904.
TheSecond Mexican Empire of 1863-1867 commenced the minting of coins denominated in pesos and centavos, minting the copper 1-centavo, silver 5, 10 and 50 centavos, the silver 1-peso and the gold 20-peso. The last two coins featured the portrait ofEmperor Maximilian on the obverse, and the imperial arms of the short-lived empire on the reverse.[27][28]
TheRestored Mexican republic of 1867 continued the minting of coins in pesos and centavos. The copper 1-centavo coin was continued; silver (.9027 fine) coins of 5, 10, 20, 25 and 50 centavos and 1 peso commenced in 1867; and gold coins of 1,2+1⁄2, 5, 10 and 20 pesos commenced in 1870. The obverses featured the Mexican 'eagle' and the legend "Republica Mexicana". The reverses of the larger coins showed a pair of scales; those of the smaller coins, the denomination.
In 1882, cupro-nickel 1, 2 and 5 centavos coins were issued but they were only minted for two years. Despite the discontinuation of the newly designed silver peso in 1873, in 1898 the denomination on the "cap-and-ray" coin was successfully revised from "8 reales" to "1 peso" without being rejected in China; this continued to be minted as trade coinage until 1909. From 1900 the market value of the gold coins have approximately doubled versus their face values.
2-peso centennial commemorative, 1921.Tostón or 50 centavos, 1919.
In 1905 a monetary reform was carried out in which the gold content of the peso was reduced by 49.36% and the silver coins were (with the exception of the 1-peso) reduced to token issues. Bronze 1 and 2 centavos, nickel 5 centavos, silver 10, 20, and 50 centavos and gold 5 and 10 pesos were issued.
In 1910, a new peso coin was issued, known as theCaballito. The obverse had the Mexican official coat of arms (an eagle with a snake in its beak, standing on a cactus plant) and the legends "Estados Unidos Mexicanos" and "Un Peso". The reverse showed a woman riding a horse, her hand lifted high in exhortation holding a torch, and the date. These were minted in .903 fineness silver from 1910 to 1914.
In 1947, a new issue of silver coins was struck, with the 50 centavo and 1 peso in .500 fineness and a new 5-peso coin in .900 fineness. A portrait ofJosé María Morelos appeared on the 1 peso, withCuauhtémoc appearing on the 5-peso; and this was to remain a feature of the 1 peso coin until its demise. The silver content of this series was 5.4 g to the peso. This was reduced to 4 g in 1950, when .300 fineness 25 and 50 centavo, and 1 peso coins were minted alongside .720 fineness 5 pesos. A new portrait of Morelos appeared on the 1 peso, with Cuauhtemoc now on the 50 centavo andMiguel Hidalgo on the 5 peso coins. No reference was made to the silver content except on the 5 peso coin. During this period 5 peso, and to a lesser extent, 10 peso coins were also used as vehicles for occasional commemorative strikings.[29]
100 pesos of the old Mexican peso, 1988 (Series A).
Between 1960 and 1971, new coinage was introduced, consisting of brass 1 and 5 centavos, cupro-nickel 10, 25, and 50 centavos, 1, 5, and 10 pesos, and silver 25 pesos (only issued 1968 and 1972). In 1977, silver 100 pesos were issued for circulation. In 1980, smaller 5 peso coins were introduced alongside 20 pesos and (from 1982) 50-pesos in cupro-nickel. Between 1978 and 1982, the sizes of the coins for 20 centavos and above were reduced.Base metal 100, 200, 500, 1,000, and 5,000 peso coins were introduced between 1984 and 1988.
As notedabove, thenuevo peso ("new peso") was the result of elevated rates of inflation in Mexico during the 1980s. In 1993, PresidentCarlos Salinas de Gortari stripped three zeros from the peso, creating a parity of 1 new peso for 1,000 of the old ones.[13] The prior coins, issued in the 1970s and 1980s, were designated A-type or AA-type and are no longer valid.[31][30]
Coins of the new currency (dated 1992) were introduced in 1993 as the B-type or Series B[32] in the following denominations:
Bimetallic 10, 20 and 50 nuevos pesos, withsterling silver (0.925 fine) centers and aluminum bronze rings.
In 1996, the wordnuevo was removed from the coins, which are designated as the C-type or Series C.[33] In 1997 regular-issue 10-peso coins were minted with base metal replacing the silver center. In 2000 commemorative 20-peso coins also began to be minted without silver. Though the 50- and 100-peso coins are the only currently circulating coinage in the world to contain any silver, they rarely circulate because their silver content of 1/2troy ounce have exceeded 100 pesos in value since around 2010.
In 2003 theBanco de México began the gradual launch of a new series of bimetallic $100 coins. These number 32 – one for each of the nation's31 states, plusMexico City. While the obverse of these coins bears the traditionalcoat of arms of Mexico, their reverses show the individual coats of arms of the component states. The first states to be celebrated in this fashion wereZacatecas,Yucatán,Veracruz, andTlaxcala. In circulation, they are extraordinarily rare, but their novelty value offsets the unease most users feel at having such a large amount of money in a single coin. Although the Bank has tried to encourage users to collect full sets of these coins, issuing special display folders for this purpose, the high cost involved has worked against them.Bullion versions of these coins are also available, with the outer ring made ofgold instead ofaluminum bronze.
The first C1-type coins were issued in 2020; in general, these are commemorative $20 coins.[33] As of 2020[update], the coins most commonly encountered in circulation have face values of 50¢, $1, $2, $5 and $10. Commemorative $20 coins are less commonly encountered than $20 notes. The 5¢ coin has been withdrawn from circulation in 2002, while the 10¢ and 20¢ coins have gradually dropped out of circulation due to their low value. Some commodities are priced in multiples of 10¢, but stores may choose to round the total prices to 50¢. There is also a trend for supermarkets to ask customers to round up the total to the nearest 50¢ or 1 peso to automatically donate the difference to charities.
Series D coins, introduced in 2009, replace the prior 10-, 20-, and 50-centavo coins from Series B and C; compared to the prior coinage, the Series D counterparts are made from the punched out cores of the rings used to make the 1-, 2- and 5-peso coins, hence their smaller size and stainless steel composition. This measure is designed to save money and resources in production.[47] The edge of each denomination is different to aid in distinguishing them by touch.[48]
A ten-peso banknote of the London Bank of Mexico and South America at the National Numismatic Museum, Mexico City.
The first banknotes issued by the Mexican state were produced in 1823 by EmperorAgustin de Iturbide in denominations of 1, 2 and 10 pesos. Similar issues were made by the republican government later that same year. Ten-pesos notes were also issued by Emperor Maximilian in 1866 but, until the 1920s, banknote production lay entirely in the hands of private banks and local authorities.
In 1920, the Monetary Commission (Comisión Monetaria) issued 50-centavos and 1-peso notes whilst theBank of Mexico (Banco de México) issued 2-pesos notes. From 1925, the Bank issued notes for 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesos, with 500 and 1000 pesos following in 1931. From 1935, the Bank also began issuing a new series of banknotes (Series AA) including 1-peso notes and, from 1945, 10,000 pesos. These notes were printed by theAmerican Bank Note Company.[57] The banknote of 10,000 pesos was kept in circulation between 1945 and 1956 and was put into circulation again in 1979, being replaced by the 10,000 banknotes that would come into circulation in 1982.
A new series of notes were printed and issued by theBank of Mexico, starting in 1969 (again as Series AA) with 10 pesos, followed by 5 pesos in 1971, 20 and 50 pesos in 1973, 100 pesos in 1975, 1,000 pesos in 1978, 500 pesos in 1979 and 10,000 pesos in 1982. These were the first notes to be printed directly by Banco de México.[58]
Production of 1-peso notes ceased in 1970, followed by 5 pesos in 1972, 10 and 20 pesos in 1977, 50 pesos in 1984, 100 pesos in 1985, 500 pesos in 1987 and 1,000 pesos in 1988. A new series (Series A) were issued starting from 1980: 5,000-pesos notes were introduced in 1980, followed by 2,000 pesos in 1983, 20,000 pesos in 1985, 50,000 pesos in 1986 and 100,000 pesos in 1991.[59]
In 1993, notes were introduced in the new currency for 10, 20, 50, and 100 nuevos pesos. These notes are designated series B by the Bank of Mexico (Banco de México).[60] (This series designation is not the 1 or 2 letter series label printed on the banknotes themselves.) All were printed with the date July 31, 1992. The designs were carried over from the corresponding notes of the old peso.
All Series C notes had brand new designs and were printed with the date December 10, 1993, but they were not issued until October 1994. The word "nuevos" remained, and banknotes in denominations of 200 and 500 nuevos pesos were added.[62] The 500 nuevos pesos note was worth more thanUS$100 when it was introduced, but its value dropped to almost equal to $100 by the end of 1994.
The next series of banknotes, designated Series D, was introduced in 1996. It is a modified version of Series C with the word "nuevos" dropped, the bank title changed from "El Banco de México" to "Banco de México" and the clause "pagará a la vista al portador" (Pay at sight to the bearer) removed.[64] While series D includes the $10 note and is still legal tender, they are no longer printed, are seldom seen, and the coin is more common. $10 notes are rarely found in circulation. There are several printed dates for each denomination.
In 2000, a commemorative series was issued which was based on Series D with the additional text "75 aniversario 1925-2000" under the bank title, which refers to the 75th anniversary of the establishment of the Bank.[64]
Starting from 2001, each denomination in the series was updated. MXN $50, $100, $200, and $500 were the first to be upgraded starting from October 15, 2001; in an effort to combat counterfeiting, these notes were modified with the addition of an iridescent strip.[65] On notes of 100 pesos and greater, the denomination is printed in color-shifting ink in the top right corner.[65] On September 30, 2002, a new $20 note was introduced. The new $20 is printed on longer-lastingpolymer plastic rather than paper, and lacks the iridescent strip, but includes a clear window.[65] A new $1000 note was issued on November 15, 2004, which was worth about US$88 upon introduction. The Bank of Mexico refers to these upgraded banknotes during this wave of change as "Series D1".[66]
On April 5, 2004, theChamber of Deputies approved an initiative to demand that theBank of Mexico produce by January 1, 2006, notes and coins that are identifiable by the blind population (estimated at more than 750,000 visually impaired citizens, including 250,000 who are completely blind).[67]
Value
Image
Description of pattern
Series
D1
F
$100
Five parallel diagonal lines, with a negative slope, each broken up into three segments.
$200
Broken square pattern with outlines at each corner.
$500
Four parallel horizontal lines, each broken up into three segments.
$1000
Two concentric circles, each formed by four broken lines, and a central dot.
On December 19, 2005, $100, $200, and $500 MXN banknotes in Series D1 were printed, including raised, tactile patterns, meant to make them distinguishable for people with vision incapacities. This system has been questioned[citation needed] and many demand that it be replaced by actualBraille so it can be used by foreign visitors to Mexico not used to these symbols.[68] The Banco de México said will continue issuing the symbol bills. The tactile patterns would be continued for Series F and a fourth pattern was added to the MXN $1,000 note.[48]
In September 2006, the gradual introduction of a new family of banknotes (known as Series F or Type-F) was announced. The 50-peso denomination was launched in November 2006.[69] The 20-peso note was launched in August 2007.[70] The 1,000-peso note was launched in March 2008.[71] The $200 was issued in 2008,[72] and the $100 and $500 notes were released in August 2010.[73][74] In Series F, the 20 and 50-peso notes are printed on polymer and include clear windows; all denominations include a color-shifting element. For 100-peso notes and greater, a 3D/dynamic thread is included;[75] this thread has holographic images of snails which shift orthogonally relative to the motion of the note, so they will move side to side if the bill is moved up and down, for instance.[76]
Series F included the tactile patterns created byintaglio printing from Series D to distinguish denominations starting at 100 pesos; the 20 and 50-peso notes had the value embossed directly in the clear windows.[48] In addition, Series F denominations are distinguishable by length. Each denomination is longer than the lower by 7 mm (0.28 in), and a plastic clipboard was distributed free of charge starting in November 2012, which included raised measurement marks and Braille characters to assist the visually impaired.[77]
A revised $50 note, with improved security features, was released on May 6, 2013, and is known as Type F1.[78][79]
On September 29, 2009, The Bank of Mexico unveiled a set of commemorative banknotes. The 100-peso denomination note commemorates the centennial of the Beginning of theMexican Revolution (1910–1920). The 200-peso denomination note commemorates the bicentennial of the start of the Mexican War for Independence which began in 1810. There was a printing error in the $100 notes, in the small letters (almost unnoticeable, as they are very small and the same color as the waving lines), near the top right corner, just above the transparent corn, from the side of the "La Revolución contra la dictadura Porfiriana", it is written: "Sufragio electivo y no reelección" (Elective suffrage and no reelection), this supposed to be a quote to Francisco I. Madero's famous phrase, but he said "Sufragio efectivo no reelección" (Valid Suffrage, No Reelection). PresidentFelipe Calderón made a newspaper announcement in which he apologized for this, and said that the notes were going to continue in circulation, and that they would retain their value.[81]
Likewise, a 100-peso banknote that commemorates the 100th anniversary of the enactment of theConstitution of Mexico was unveiled and issued in 2017.[82]
In 2019, the Bank of Mexico issued a new 200-peso banknote of theSeries G issues, but containing a special overprint referencing the 25th Anniversary of the Bank of Mexico's Autonomy from the Federal Government.
PresidentVenustiano Carranza and Chairman of Congress Luis Manuel Rojas being sworn in before the Constituent Assembly after amending the Constitution (1917).
Congressmen swearing to observe and enforce the Mexican Constitution.
In August 2018 a new series of notes started circulating. New anti-counterfeiting measures were implemented. The obverse of the notes portrays important historical eras and individuals. The reverse of the notes portrays the various ecosystems of the country through one of theWorld Heritage sites of Mexico.
This series was not originally intended to include a $20 note, since it would gradually be replaced by a coin,[87] but a $20 note to commemorate the bicentennial of Mexican independence was issued in September 2021.[88] The 20, 50, and 100-peso notes are produced in polymer, while the other banknotes are printed on paper. Should there be a need, Banco de México will introduce a $2,000 note.[87]
The previous intaglio symbols were dropped from Series G. Instead, the upper left and right edges of the 200, 500, and 1000-peso notes have tactile parallel horizontal lines for identification by touch. 200-peso notes have two lines; 500 and 1000-peso notes have three and four, respectively.[48] The value of the 20, 50, and 100-peso notes are embossed in the clear windows of the corresponding notes, along with a distinctive pattern.[48]
Series G notes also retain the same 7 mm (0.28 in) incremental length increase between denominations from Series F, starting with the MXN $50 note, which is 125 mm (4.9 in) long; exceptions include the commemorative MXN $20 Series G note, which is 120 mm (4.7 in) long, and the planned $2,000 note, which will be 6 mm (0.24 in) longer than the $1,000 note.[48] A new version of the sizing clipboard, compatible with both Series F and G, was issued starting in September 2019.[48]
TheSpanish dollar and Mexican peso served as a globalsilver standardreserve currency, recognized all over Europe, Asia and the Americas from the 16th to 20th centuries. They were legal tender in the United States until 1857 and in China until 1935.
The 18th and 19th centurySpanish dollar and Mexican peso were widely used in the early United States. On July 6, 1785, the value of the United States dollar was set by decree to approximately match the Spanish dollar. Both were based on the silver content of the coins.[91]The firstU.S. dollar coins were not issued until April 2, 1792, and the peso continued to be officially recognized and used in the United States, along with other foreign coins, until February 21, 1857. In Canada, it remained legal tender, along with other foreign silver coins, until 1854 and continued to circulate beyond that date.
The Mexican peso also served as the model for theStraits dollar (now theSingapore dollar/Brunei dollar), theMalaysian ringgit, theHong Kong dollar, theJapanese yen, theKorean won, and theChinese yuan.[92] The Chinese word "yuan" means "round", describing theSpanish dollars, Mexican "cap-and-ray" pesos and other silver dollars used in China from the 18th to 20th centuries. The Mexican peso was also briefly legal tender in 19th century Siam, where government mints were unable to accommodate a sudden influx of foreign traders, and was exchanged at a rate of three pesos to fiveThai baht.[93]
Some establishments in border areas of the United States accept Mexican pesos as currency, such as certain borderWalmart stores, certain border gas stations such as Circle K, and the La Bodega supermarkets inSan Ysidro on theTijuana border.[94] In 2007,Pizza Patrón, a chain of pizza restaurants in the southwestern part of the U.S., started to accept the currency, sparking controversy in the United States.[95][96]
^Felipe Meza (January 2019)."The Case of Mexico"(PDF).Becker Friedman Institute for Economics at University of Chicago.Archived(PDF) from the original on Apr 18, 2023.
^Joan Anderson and Roger Frantz, “The Response of Labour Effort to Falling Real Wages: The Mexican Peso Devaluation of February 1982", World Development 12, no. 7 (1984): 764.
^Moritz Cruz, Edmund Amann, and Bernard Walters, “Expectations, the Business Cycle and the Mexican Peso Crisis", Cambridge Journal of Economics 30, no. 5 (2006): 706.
^Mahfuzul Haque, Oscar Varela, and M. Kabir Hassan, “Safety-First and Extreme Value Bilateral U.S.–Mexican Portfolio Optimization around the Peso Crisis and NAFTA in 1994", The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 47, no. 3 (2007): 455.
^Jeffrey Sachs, Aaron Tornell, Andrés Velasco, Francesco Giavazzi, and István Székely, “The Collapse of the Mexican Peso: What Have We Learned?", Economic Policy 11, no. 22 (1996): 16-18.
^Sebastian Edwards, “The Mexican Peso Crisis: How Much Did We Know? When Did We Know It?", World Economy 21, no. 1 (1998): 24-25.
^Pierre-Richard Agénor and Paul R. Masson, “Credibility, Reputation, and the Mexican Peso Crisis", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 31, no. 1 (1999): 83.
^Cruz, et al., “Expectations, the Business Cycle and the Mexican Peso Crisis", 719.
^Emmanuel Skoufias and Susan W. Parker, “Job Loss and Family Adjustments in Work and Schooling during the Mexican Peso Crisis", Journal of Population Economics 19, no. 1 (2006): 167.
^Joan Monras, “Immigration and Wage Dynamics: Evidence from the Mexican Peso Crisis", The Journal of Political Economy 128, no. 8 (2020): 3020.
^McKenzie, “The Consumer Response to the Mexican Peso Crisis", 147.
^Cruz, et al., “Expectations, the Business Cycle and the Mexican Peso Crisis", 719-720.
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