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AMIDI controller is aninput device andelectronic musical instrument which typically converts physical interaction toMusical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) information. This information can be sent to asound module,synthesizer, orsampler, or can be recorded using amusic sequencer ordigital audio workstation for later playback. A MIDI controller may or may not have a synthesizer orspeaker built in, and most rely on external equipment to convert MIDI events into anaudio signal and then into audible sound.

Often, MIDI controllers resemble traditionalmusical instruments. The most common type is theMIDI keyboard, which resembles akeyboard instrument like apiano, but parallels for a range of instruments exist, includingwind controllers which resemblewind instruments,guitar-like controllers such as theSynthAxe, andelectronic drum kits which mimicacoustic drums. There are also some controllers without acoustic parallels, the most common being MIDI-enabledmusic sequencers and simple drum pad controllers like theRoland Octapad,Korg PadKontrol andNovation Launchpad.

The most basic controllers transmit only data about the pitch and duration of notes, while more sophisticated devices are capable of sending further parameters, such as velocity andpitch bend. MIDI controllers can be cheaper, more portable and more versatile than full hardware synthesizers, although different types vary greatly in cost, and sending MIDI commands to a digital sampler normally produces a less authentic sound than that of a traditional instrument. MIDI controllers are an example ofdigital music technology, and are often used by producers ofelectronic music to playsoftware synthesizers (or hardware synthesizers that lack their own keyboards).

MIDI was primarily designed withmusical keyboards in mind, and controllers that are not keyboards were once referred to as "alternate" controllers.^[1] The standard has nonetheless proved adaptable, and a wide variety of devices and instruments are now able to generate or respond to MIDI information.^{[2]: 21–22}

There is no clear definition of a MIDI controller: there are many purpose-built controllers designed to resemble instruments, but manyelectronic instrumentsnot explicitly designed to be MIDI controllers (such as hardwaresynthesizers) and other tools such asmusic sequencers andaudio control surfaces can also produce MIDI output. Various devices useMIDI Machine Control (MMC) messages to synchronize playback across hardware, andMIDI Show Control (MSC) commands can even be used to coordinate sound, lighting and pyrotechnics in theatrical productions.

In the narrow sense, most purpose-built musical MIDI controllers feature some prominent interface that the performer presses, touches, strikes or blows to send note information. They are often also equipped with a number of buttons, wheels, knobs, sliders, pedals, or other sensors for sendingcontrol change events: these can be used to control parameters such as velocity andpitch bend within other physical devices orsoftware synthesizers, providing another dimension of control for a performer.

There also exist other types of controllers, such as pitch-to-MIDI converters, which analyze the pitch or vibrations of a traditional instrument or a voice and convert it to a MIDI signal in real time. Such devices have included the Roland CP-40^[3] and the Fairlight Voicetracker,^[4] although these would usually now be replaced withpitch-tracking software. Specific guitar-to-MIDI interfaces, often attached to a guitar using a specialpickup, have included the Shadow SH075,^[5] the IVL Pitchrider,^[6] and the Roland GI-10.^[7]

MIDI controllers are conventionally connected to other devices using a MIDI cable, but an increasing number supportUSB, which is more versatile and widely used. Software applications still recognize such controllers as MIDI devices, and a USB-equipped controller can normally draw all of the power it needs via a USB connection, removing the need for anAC adapter.

Keyboards are by far the most common type of MIDI controller^[8] and are available in various sizes, ordinarily from 25 to 88 keys.^[9] When a key is played, the MIDI controller sends MIDI data describing the pitch of the note and its duration—most MIDI keyboards also send data about the velocity with which a key is pressed. MIDI keyboards normally includepitch wheels, modulation wheels, and sockets forpedals (especiallysustain pedals), as well as controls that transpose the pitch values of notes played by the performer between octaves.

Many keyboard controllers offer the ability to split the playing area intozones, each of which can be assigned to a different MIDI channel and can be set to play any desired range of notes.^{[clarification needed]} This allows a single playing surface to control a number of different devices.^{[10]: 79–80} MIDI capabilities can also be built into traditionalkeyboard instruments such asgrand pianos^[10]: 82 andRhodes pianos.^[11]Pedal keyboards can operate the pedal tones of a MIDI organ, or can drive abass synthesizer.^{[clarification needed]} Manykeytars—keyboards worn with a shoulder strap and held like a guitar—produce MIDI output as well.

Drum controllers are the second most common type of MIDI controller.^{[12]: 319–320} Drum controllers may be built into drum machines, may be standalone control surfaces, or may emulate the look and feel of acoustic percussion instruments. MIDI triggers can also be installed into acoustic drum and percussion instruments. The pads built into drum machines are typically too small and fragile to be played with sticks, and are played with fingers.^[10]: 88 Dedicated drum pads such as theRoland Octapad or theDrumKAT are playable with the hands or with sticks. There are also percussion controllers such as thevibraphone-styleMalletKAT,^{[10]: 88–91} andMarimba Lumina.^[13] Pads that can trigger a MIDI device can be homemade from apiezoelectric sensor and a practice pad or other piece of foam rubber.^[14]

Wind controllers allow MIDI parts to be played with the same kind of expression and articulation that is available to players of wind and brass instruments. They allow breath and pitch glide control that provide a more versatile kind of phrasing, particularly when playing sampled orphysically modeled wind instrument parts.^[10]: 95 A typical wind controller has a sensor that converts breath pressure to volume information and may allow pitch control through a lip pressure sensor and a pitch-bend wheel. Some models include a configurable key layout that can emulate different instruments' fingering systems.^[15] Examples of such controllers includeAkai'sElectronic Wind Instrument (EWI) and Electronic Valve Instrument (EVI). The EWI uses a system of keypads and rollers modeled after a traditionalwoodwind instrument, while the EVI is based on an acousticbrass instrument, and has three switches that emulate atrumpet's valves.^{[12]: 320–321}

Simpler breath controllers are also available. Unlike wind controllers, they do not trigger notes and are intended for use in conjunction with a keyboard or synthesizer.^[16]

A guitar can be fitted with specialpickups that digitize the instrument's output and allow it to play a synthesizer's sounds. These assign a separate MIDI channel for each string, and may give the player the choice of triggering the same sound from all six strings or playing a different sound from each.^{[10]: 92–93} Some models, such as Yamaha's G10, dispense with the traditional guitar body and replace it with electronics.^[12]: 320 Other systems, such as Roland's MIDI pickups, are included with or can be retrofitted to a standard instrument. Max Mathews designed a MIDI violin forLaurie Anderson in the mid-1980s,^[17] and MIDI-equipped violas, cellos, contrabasses, and mandolins also exist.^[18] Other string controllers such as the Starr Labs Ztar use a combination of fretboard keys and strings to trigger notes without needing a MIDI pickup.

DJ digital controllers may be standalone units or may be integrated with a specific piece of software. These typically respond to MIDI clock sync and provide control over mixing, looping, effects, and sample playback.^[19]

MIDI triggers attached to shoes or clothing are sometimes used by stage performers. The Kroonde Gamma wireless sensor can capture physical motion as MIDI signals.^[20] Sensors built into a dance floor at theUniversity of Texas at Austin convert dancers' movements into MIDI messages,^[21] andDavid Rokeby'sVery Nervous Systemart installation created music from the movements of passers-through.^[22] Software applications exist which enable the use ofiOS devices as gesture controllers.^[23]

Numerous experimental controllers exist which abandon traditional musical interfaces entirely. These include the gesture-controlledBuchla Thunder,^[24] sonomes such as the C-Thru Music Axis,^[25] which rearrange the scale tones into an isometric layout,^[26] and Haken Audio's keyless, touch-sensitiveContinuum playing surface.^[27] Experimental MIDI controllers may be created from unusual objects, such as an ironing board with heat sensors installed,^[28] or a sofa equipped with pressure sensors.^[29]GRIDI is a large scale physical MIDI sequencer with embedded LEDs developed by Yuvi Gerstein in 2015, which uses balls as inputs.^[30][31] TheEigenharp controller is a combination of a breath controller, a configurable series of multi-dimensional control keys, and ribbon controllers designed to control its own virtual instrument software.^[32]

Software synthesizers offer great power and versatility, but some players feel that division of attention between a MIDI keyboard and a computer keyboard and mouse robs some of the immediacy from the playing experience.^[33] Devices dedicated to real-time MIDI control provide an ergonomic benefit and can provide a greater sense of connection with the instrument than can an interface that is accessed through a mouse and computer keyboard.

Controllers may be general-purpose devices that are designed to work with a variety of equipment, or they may be designed to work with a specific piece of software. Examples of the latter include Akai's APC40 controller or Nakedboards MC-8 forAbleton Live, and Korg's MS-20ic controller which is a reproduction of theirMS-20 analog synthesizer. The MS-20ic controller includespatch cables that can be used to control signal routing in their virtual reproduction of the MS-20 synthesizer and can also control third-party devices.^[34]

Control surfaces are hardware devices that provide a variety of controls that transmit real-time controller messages. These enable software instruments to be programmed without the discomfort of excessive mouse movements,^[35] or adjustment of hardware devices without the need to step through layered menus. Buttons, sliders, and knobs are the most common controllers provided, butrotary encoders,transport controls, joysticks,ribbon controllers, vector touchpads in the style of Korg'sKaoss pad, and optical controllers such as Roland'sD-Beam may also be present. Control surfaces may be used for mixing, sequencer automation, turntablism, and lighting control.^[35]

Audio control surfaces often resemblemixing consoles in appearance, and enable a level of hands-on control for changing parameters such as sound levels and effects applied to individual tracks of amultitrack recording or channels supporting a live performance.

MIDI footswitches are commonly used to send MIDI program change commands to effects devices but may be combined with a pedalboard for more detailed adjustment of effects units. Pedals are available in the form of on/off switches, either momentary or latching or asexpression pedals whose position determines the value of a MIDI continuous controller.

Drawbar controllers are for use with MIDI and virtual organs. Along with a set of drawbars for timbre control, they may provide controls for standard organ effects such asLeslie speaker speed, vibrato and chorus.^[36]

Modifiers such as modulation wheels, pitch bend wheels, sustain pedals, pitch sliders, buttons, knobs, faders, switches, and ribbon controllers alter an instrument's state of operation, and thus can be used to modify sounds or other parameters of music performance in real time via MIDI connections.

Some controllers, such as pitch bend, are special. Whereas the data range of most continuous controllers (such as volume, for example) consists of 128 steps ranging in value from 0 to 127, pitch bend data may be encoded with over 16,000 data steps. This produces the illusion of a continuously sliding pitch, as in a violin's portamento, rather than a series of zippered steps such as a guitarist sliding their finger up the frets of their guitar's neck.

The original MIDI specification included 128 virtual controller numbers for real-time modifications to live instruments or their audio. MIDI Show Control (MSC) and MIDI Machine Control (MMC) are two separate extensions of the original MIDI spec, expanding MIDI protocol to accept far more than its original intentions.

• Computer peripherals
• Electronic musical instruments
• MIDI

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