| MCA Records, Inc. | |
|---|---|
.svg){kind=logo} Final logo, used from 1997 to 2003 | |
| Parent company |
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| Founded | 1934; 91 years ago (1934) (asDecca Records) 1972; 53 years ago (1972) (became MCA Records) |
| Founder | MCA Inc. |
| Defunct | 2003; 22 years ago (2003) (Absorbed intoGeffen Records) |
| Distributor | Interscope Capitol Labels Group |
| Genre | Various |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Location | 70 Universal City Plaza,Universal City, California (1972–2000) 2220 Colorado Avenue,Santa Monica, California (2000–2003) |
MCA Records was an Americanrecord label owned byMCA Inc. established in 1972, though MCA had released recordings under that name in the UK from the 1960s. The label achieved success in the 1970s through the 1980s, often by acquiring other record labels, fromABC toMotown toGeffen. MCA Inc. became Universal Studios, Inc., in 1996, and the MCA record label was folded intoUniversal Music Group's Geffen Records in 2003, but Universal'sMCA Nashville continues to[update] use the moniker.
The U.S. arm of Britain'sDecca Records was established inNew York in 1934[1] In 1937, the owner of Decca,Edward R. Lewis, chose to split off the UK Decca company from the U.S. company (keeping his U.S. Decca holdings), fearing the financial damage that would arise for UK Companies if the emerging hostilities ofNazi Germany should lead to war – correctly foreseeingWorld War II. Lewis sold the remainder of his American Decca holdings when war did break out.[2] U.S.-based Decca Records kept the rights to the Decca name in North and South America and parts of Asia including Japan. UK Decca owned the rights to the Decca name in the rest of the world. After the war, British Decca formed a new U.S. subsidiary,London Records. During this time, American Decca issued records outside North America on theCoral Records andBrunswick Records labels.
In 1962, MCA, a talent agency and television production company, entered the recorded music business with the acquisition of American Decca, which became a wholly owned subsidiary. As American Decca ownedUniversal Pictures, MCA was forced to exit the talent agency business in order to complete the merger. MCA assumed full ownership of Universal and made it into a top film studio, producing several hits.[3]
In 1966, MCA formedUni Records[4] and in 1967, purchasedKapp Records[5] which was placed under Uni Records management.[6]
Brunswick and Coral were replaced by the new MCA label, which was used to release U.S. Decca and Kapp label material outside North America.[7][8] Initial activity as MCA Records was based inLondon and MCA Records UK was formally launched on February 16, 1968.[9] Among the early artists on the MCA label, around 1971, were groupsWishbone Ash,Osibisa,Stackridge andBudgie, and solo artistsTony Christie,Mick Greenwood andRoy Young.[10]
Early MCA UK releases were distributed by Decca, but moved toEMI in 1974. As the U.S. division of MCA Records was not established until 1972, the earliest UK MCA Records material was released in the U.S. on either Kapp or Decca. MCA UK also issued American Brunswick material on the MCA label until 1972, two years after MCA lost control of Brunswick, after which American Brunswick material was issued in the UK on the revived Brunswick label. Uni label material was issued on the Uni label worldwide.
In 1970, MCA reorganized its Canadian record companyCompo Company Ltd. into MCA Records (Canada).[11] In April 1970, formerWarner Records president Mike Maitland joined MCA and initially served as Decca's general manager. Maitland was unsuccessful in his attempt to consolidate Warner Records with co-ownedAtlantic Records which led to his departure from Warner.
In April 1971, Maitland supervised the consolidation of the New York–based Decca and Kapp labels plus theCalifornia-based Uni label into MCA Records based inUniversal City, California, with Maitland serving as president.[12] The three labels maintained their identities for a short time, but were retired in favor of the MCA label in 1973.[4][13] "Drift Away" byDobie Gray became the final Decca pop label release in the U.S. in 1973. Beginning the same year, the catalogs of Decca, Uni and Kapp were reissued in the U.S. on the MCA label under the supervision of veteran Decca producerMilt Gabler.[14]
The first MCA Records release in the U.S. was former Uni artistElton John's "Crocodile Rock" single in 1972, which appeared on a plain black and white label.[15] Immediately following this, the American MCA label used a black with curved rainbow design until the late 1970s. This design was directly inspired by the U.S. Decca label of the 1960s.
In December 1972,Neil Diamond, another Uni artist, reached superstar status with his first MCA release, the live multi-platinumHot August Night. Elton John'sdouble albumGoodbye Yellow Brick Road was released in October 1973 and was number one on the U.S.Billboard 200 albums chart for eight straight weeks. The management of former Decca artiststhe Who had formed their own labelTrack Records in the UK, but were still under contract with MCA for American distribution. The Who's double albumQuadrophenia was released by Track/MCA also in October 1973.Quadrophenia peaked at number 2 as it was held back from the number 1 slot byGoodbye Yellow Brick Road.
Other successful artists on MCA, after the consolidation, included former Kapp artistCher, and Uni artistOlivia Newton-John. In 1973 MCA released the highly successful soundtrack album to the filmThe Sting. The movie used theRagtime music ofScott Joplin, arranged and conducted byMarvin Hamlisch. It won anAcademy Award for Best Original Score (MCA issued many other soundtracks to films from Universal, along with some non-Universal films).
One of the most successful MCA artists in this era was the rock bandLynyrd Skynyrd, who would become one of the most popular in theSouthern rock genre. The group was discovered byAl Kooper and initially released on his Sounds of the South label imprint of MCA. The song "Free Bird" became one of the most popular songs of all time onalbum-oriented rock radio stations. OnSecond Helping, the group recorded a song about their relationship with the label called, "Workin' for MCA".Street Survivors was released in October 1977, just prior to a tragicplane crash in which members of the group were either killed or severely injured. The originalStreet Survivors cover had a picture of the band members surrounded by flames, but this was quickly substituted for a design without flames. Lynyrd Skynyrd's streak of hits ended after the crash. Eventually, three Lynyrd Skynyrd albums reached the double platinum sales level and at least two others reached platinum or gold levels.[citation needed]
During the 1970s and 1980s, MCA profited from reissuing classic earlyrock and roll recordings made by artists who recorded for the numerous labels absorbed by MCA. One notable example was the 1954 Decca recording "Rock Around the Clock" byBill Haley & His Comets, which was featured as the lead track of MCA's number one–chartingAmerican Graffiti soundtrack album, and as a single returned to the American top 40 that year, 20 years after it was recorded. MCA Records also profited from its 1974 release of a soundtrack album of the Hollywood film music that appears in the movieThat's Entertainment!.
In 1977, MCA presidentSidney Sheinberg set up theInfinity Records division, based inNew York City with Ron Alexenberg as CEO. Alexenberg had been with theEpic division of CBS Records, nowSony Music Entertainment. The intention was to give MCA a stronger presence on the East Coast. The only big hit the Infinity label had was "Escape (The Piña Colada Song)" byRupert Holmes, a number one single at the end of 1979. Infinity also had some success withHot Chocolate,Spyro Gyra,New England andTKO. But MCA pulled the plug on Infinity after it failed to sell most of the one million advance copies of an album featuringPope John Paul II in October 1979. Infinity was fully absorbed by the parent company in 1980.
In 1979, Bob Siner replaced Maitland as MCA Records president.[16] Shortly afterwards, MCA acquiredABC Records along with its subsidiariesParamount,Dunhill,Impulse!,Westminster, andDot.[17] ABC had acquired the Paramount and Dot labels when they purchasedGulf+Western's record labels andFamous Music Corp. Thus, MCA now controlled material once owned by Paramount Pictures, the music released by Paramount's record labels, and the pre-1950 films by Paramount as well.
Also included in this deal were recordings controlled by ABC, including albums byTom Petty and the Heartbreakers which were originally released byShelter Records. Petty was furious about the reassignment of his contract and refused to record for MCA. This led to a series of lawsuits, which resulted in his bankruptcy in 1980. Petty and other ABC/Shelter artists eventually had their contracts transferred to theBackstreet Records label, which was distributed by MCA. ABC Records' independent distributors sued ABC and MCA for $1.3 million in damages for being stuck with unsold ABC recordings they could not return to MCA.[18][19] The better selling ABC Records catalog albums were reissued on the MCA label.[20]
MCA distribution in Europe and Asia moved toCBS in 1979, while releases in the 1980s were self-distributed, or throughWEA. Distribution moved toBMG during the 1990s.[citation needed]
The combined effects of the Infinity Records failure, the purchase of ABC, rising vinyl costs and a major slump in record sales produced tremendous losses for the company between 1979 and 1982. It was not until the mid-1980s that the record labels returned to significant profitability. In late 1980, MCA received negative publicity when it attempted to raise the list price of new releases by top selling artists from $8.98 to $9.98 ($34.27 and $38.09 in 2024 dollars respectively). This policy, known as "superstar pricing", ultimately failed. TheXanadu soundtrack album andGaucho, by former ABC actSteely Dan, were the first releases with the higher list price. Backstreet artist Tom Petty succeeded in his campaign to force MCA to drop prices back to $8.98 for the release of his albumHard Promises, in May 1981.[21]
MCA had a distribution deal with the independent label Unicorn Records, which in turn signed an agreement with another rising independent label,SST Records to manufacture and distributeBlack Flag's first albumDamaged. Reportedly, MCA executive Al Bergman heard an advance copy of the album and refused to let MCA Distributing Inc. handle it, stating that it was "an anti-parent record". The members of Black Flag found themselves covering the MCA Distributing logo on the first 25,000 copies with a sticker reading "As a parent... I found it an anti-parent record."[citation needed]
SST Records partnerJoe Carducci later said that Bergman's comments were actually a red herring for MCA to cut ties with Unicorn, which had not produced any successful releases; the fact that MCA would, not soon afterward, directly commission a new recording of "TV Party" from Black Flag and SST Records for theRepo Man soundtrack seemed to bear this out.[according to whom?] Unicorn would later go out of business after going bankrupt, partially the result of a lawsuit between themselves and Black Flag.[citation needed]
Irving Azoff became the head of MCA Records in 1983. Azoff is known as an experienced music industry veteran who received credit amongst MCA management and staff for saving the company from bankruptcy.
In 1983, rock musicianFrank Zappa negotiated a distribution agreement for hisBarking Pumpkin label with MCA. As the records were being manufactured, a woman in the quality control department objected to the lyrics of Zappa's albumThing-Fish. After this MCA cancelled the Zappa contract.[22] At about the same time, Zappa publicly argued with members of theParents Music Resource Center (PMRC) over censorship and warning stickers for albums with potentially offensive content. The experience with MCA prompted Zappa to create a satirical "WARNING/GUARANTEE" sticker of his own.Thing-Fish was released with Zappa's sticker in December 1984 under a new agreement withCapitol/EMI.[22] Despite the conflict with Zappa, MCA later became the biggest label to oppose the PMRC and the use of warning stickers. In October 1985, Azoff said "Never will you find a sticker on one of our records."[23]
In the 1980s, MCA became commonly nicknamed "Music Cemetery of America" due to a huge surplus of unprofitable records sitting unsold in MCA warehouses. A number of MCA associates, including Azoff and Zappa, disparaged the company in this way.[22][24]
Starting in 1984,William Knoedelseder wrote a series of articles for theLos Angeles Times about the connections betweenorganized crime and MCA. Knoedelseder told the story of mobster Sal Pisello and the corrupt deals he arranged with MCA for the liquidation sales of unsoldcut-out recordings that had beendeleted from the MCA catalog. The story was later adapted into the bookStiffed: A True Story of MCA, the Music Business, and the Mafia, which was published in 1993.
TheChess Records catalog was acquired from the remnants ofSugar Hill Records in 1985.Motown Records was bought in 1988. In the late 1980s, MCA formed Mechanic Records as a sub-label for releasingheavy metal music. Bands signed to Mechanic includedVoivod,Dream Theater,Bang Tango, andTrixter.[citation needed]
MCA created a new holding company in 1989 called MCA Music Entertainment Group, headed by Al Teller, former President of United Artists Records, and co-chairman of Turf Classics, a concert production company, run by Producer Richard Flanzer.[25] The same year the MCA Inc. parent company was purchased by theMatsushita group.
Azoff resigned from MCA in 1989 to form his own record label, the now-defunctGiant Records.Richard Palmese was named president of MCA Records after Azoff in 1990.[26]
GRP Records andGeffen Records were acquired in 1990. Unlike most of MCA's previous acquisitions, GRP (which began managing MCA's jazz holdings) and Geffen (which became a second mainstream subsidiary) labels kept their identities. MCA soldMotown Records toPolyGram in 1993.
Singer and songwriterAlanis Morissette became a noteworthy MCA artist in Canada with her debut album in 1991. After her second album in 1992 she was dropped following disagreements in artistic direction.[27] However, the company kept her on their song publishing roster, both being owned by Universal Music. Morissette's next album,Jagged Little Pill (written and produced independently, but released throughWarner Music'sMaverick Records label) eventually sold more than 30 million copies.
In 1995, drinks conglomerateSeagram Company Ltd. acquired 80% of MCA.[28] In November of that year, Teller was fired and replaced by formerWarner Music Group headDoug Morris.[29] Palmese left MCA a week later.[30] Afterwards,Jay Boberg was named as the new president of MCA.[31] On December 9, 1996, the new owners dropped the MCA name; the company became Universal Studios, Inc. and its music division, MCA Music Entertainment Group, was renamedUniversal Music Group (UMG), headed by Morris.
In 1997, MCA Records adopted a new logo that featured the parent company's former full name, Music Corporation of America. That many younger people had been unaware of what MCA had stood for in the past inspired the new logo. In conjunction with the new logo, the first MCA Records website was launched. In 1998, MCA released the sophomore albumFeeling Strangely Fine bySemisonic, which had the number one hit single and video, "Closing Time", about the use of alcohol in local night clubs and taverns.
On May 21, 1998, Seagram acquiredPolyGram (owner of British Decca) fromPhilips and merged it with Universal Music Group. Unlike several labels under PolyGram and UMG, who faced closure and job cuts of employees, MCA was the only label that was not affected by the merger.[32] When Seagram's drinks business was bought byFrance-basedPernod Ricard, its media holdings (including Universal) were sold toVivendi which became Vivendi Universal which was later renamed back to Vivendi SA after selling most of the entertainment division (which includedUniversal Pictures) toGeneral Electric. Morris continued to head the combined company, still called Universal Music Group.
On January 16, 2003, Jay Boberg resigned from his position as president of MCA Records.[31] Boberg's resignation arrived in the wake of slumping sales at MCA, which had seen the label's overall album market share decline to just 2.61% in 2002, down from 9% the previous year.[33] His demise was hastened by the relative commercial failure ofShaggy'sLucky Day, released in October 2002, which MCA hoped would sell well enough to turn around their declining fortunes.[34] Richard Nichols, manager ofThe Roots, felt that MCA had been attempting to spend lots of money on different projects, and subsequently many acts on MCA were "underfinanced" by the label, leading to poor sales.[35] Rob Hitt ofMidtown (who was signed to MCA throughDrive-Thru Records) stated that MCA had lost a substantial amount of money that year from investing in several unsuccessful bands.[36]
Management of the label was subsequently handed over to theInterscope Geffen A&M umbrella label andJimmy Iovine, although UMGchairmanDoug Morris promised that MCA would continue to operate as a "full-service, free standing label".[31] Craig Lambert, previously thevice president of the label, was named as the interim head of MCA, with a successor expected to be chosen within a few months.[31] Following Boberg's resignation, it was rumoured that MCA could possibly be merged intoUniversal Records, something which would have given the latter, New York City–based label a stronger presence in theWest Coast of the United States.[33]
On May 20, 2003, insider sources at Universal reporting toBillboard revealed that the MCA label was to be absorbed by sister UMG labelGeffen Records by the end of the year. The reported reason behind the MCA brand phaseout was due to declining sales, as well as the MCA brand becoming "tarnished" by "a history of acquisitions and mergers".[34][37] On June 9, 2003, MCA laid off 75 of their staff, equivalent to a third of their personnel, although no employees from Geffen were let go.[38] Geffen's president,Jordan Schur, was named president of the newly merged entity, which continued under the Geffen branding. In the subsequent months, the MCA name was phased out entirely.[35][39] The last album to be released under the MCA Records branding wasTwisted Method'sEscape from Cape Coma, which was released on July 15, 2003.[40]
Today,Interscope Capitol Labels Group andUniversal Music Enterprises manage MCA's rock, pop, and urban back catalogues (including those from ABC Records and Famous Music Group) in conjunction with Geffen – UME and Geffen have re-released various albums from MCA in the years since, as well as several compilations. Itscountry music labelMCA Records Nashville is still in operation, and is one of the only businesses using the MCA trademark as of 2016 along with MCA Records France (imprint of Universal Music France). MCA'sjazz catalogue is managed byVerve Records (through theImpulse! andGRP imprints, depending on whether the recording was acquired from ABC or not), while itsclassical music catalogue is managed byDeutsche Grammophon. MCA'smusical theatre catalogue is managed byDecca Records on itsDecca Broadway imprint.
Following a lengthy two-decade hiatus, Universal Music Group rebranded its country music subsidiary company as MCA, marking the return of theMusic Corporation of America to the UMG umbrella once more.
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