M. S. Subbulakshmi | |
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| Background information | |
| Born | Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbulakshmi (1916-09-16)16 September 1916 |
| Died | 11 December 2004(2004-12-11) (aged 88) Chennai,Tamil Nadu, India |
| Genres | Indian classical music |
| Occupation | Classical vocalist |
| Years active | 1930–1997 |
| Labels | His Master's Voice |
Spouse | Kalki Sadasivam |
Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbulakshmi (16 September 1916 – 11 December 2004) was an IndianCarnatic singer. She was the firstmusician ever to be awarded theBharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour and also the first Indian musician to receive theRamon Magsaysay award in 1974. She was the first Indian to perform at theUnited Nations General Assembly in 1966.[1][2][3][4]
Subbulakshmi (Kunjamma to her family) was born on 16 September 1916 inMadurai,Madras Presidency, toveena player Shanmukavadiver Ammal and Subramania Iyer. Her grandmother Akkammal was aviolinist.
She started learningCarnatic music at an early age and trained in Carnatic music under the tutelage ofSemmangudi Srinivasa Iyer and subsequently inHindustani music underPandit Narayanrao Vyas.
Her mother, from thedevadasi community, was a music exponent and a regular stage performer, and Subbulakshmi grew up in an environment very conducive to musical learning. Her musical interests were also shaped by regular interactions withKaraikudi Sambasiva Iyer, Mazhavarayanendal Subbarama Bhagavathar andAriyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar.[5]
Subbulakshmi gave her first public performance, at the age of eleven, in the year 1927, in the 100-pillar hall inside theRockfort Temple,Tiruchirappalli; with Mysore Chowdiah on the violin and Dakshinamurthy Pillai on themridangam. This was organised by the Tiruchirappalli-basedIndian National Congress leaderF. G. Natesa Iyer.[6]
In 1936 Subbulakshmi moved toMadras (now Chennai).[7] She also made her film debut inSevasadan in 1938.[8] Her debut to the world of cinema was again oppositeF. G. Natesa Iyer.
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M.S. Subbulakshmi began her Carnaticclassical music training under her mother Shanmukhavadivu; and later in Hindustani classical training under Pandit Narayan Rao Vyas. Subbulakshmi first recording was released when she was 10 years old.
Subbalakshmi gave her first performance at the prestigiousMadras Music Academy in 1929, when she was 13 years old. The performance consisted of singingbhajans (Hindu hymns).[9] The academy was known for its discriminating selection process, and they broke tradition by inviting a young girl as a key performer. Her performance was described as spellbinding and earned her many admirers and themoniker of musical genius from critics. Soon after her debut performances, Subbulakshmi became one of the leading Carnatic vocalists.[7][10]
By the age of seventeen, Subbulakshmi was giving concerts on her own, including major performances at theMadras Music Academy.
She travelled toLondon,New York,Canada, theFar East, and other places as India's cultural ambassador. Her concerts atEdinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama in 1963;Carnegie Hall, New York; theUN General Assembly on UN day in 1966;Royal Albert Hall, London in 1982; and Festival of India in Moscow in 1987 were significant landmarks in her career.[11]
In 1969 she was accompanied byIndian Railways Advisor SN Venkata Rao to Rameswaram, where she sang several songs in front of each idol in theRamanathaswamy Temple. She shared a very cordial relation with Sree Ramaseva Mandali at Bengaluru for whom she performed 36 concerts.
After the death of her husbandKalki Sadasivam in 1997, she stopped all her public performances. Her last performance was in 1997, before her retirement from public concerts.
M. S. Subbulakshmi died on 11 December 2004, at her home in Kotturpuram, Chennai.
M.S. also acted in a fewTamil films in her youth. Her first movie,Sevasadanam, was released on 2 May 1938.F.G. Natesa Iyer was the lead actor, opposite Subbulakshmi, in this film, directed byK. Subramanyam. It was a critical and commercial success.[12]Ananda Vikatan favourably reviewed the film on 8 May 1938:
We should always expect something from Subramaniam's direction – for instance depiction of social ills. If we have to say only two words about this talkie based on Premchand's story it is – Go see (it).[13]
Sevasadanam is one of the early Tamil films to be set in a contemporary social setting and to advocate reformist social policies. The film is an adapted version ofPremchand's novelBazaar-e-Husn. Veteran Marxist leaderN. Sankaraiah, has described Sevasadanam as an "unusual film" for choosing the subject of marriages between young girls and old men (which had social sanction). According to him, the film successfully broughtout the "sufferings of the girl" (Subbalakshmi) and the "mental agony of the aged husband" (F.G. Natesa Iyer). Tamil film critic and historian Aranthai Narayanan observes in his book,Thamizh Cinemavin Kathai (The Story of Tamil Cinema) that "Seva Sadhanam proved a turning point in the history of Tamil cinema. In the climax, the aged husband, now a totally changed man, was shown as casting aside with utter contempt his 'sacred thread', which symbolises his Brahmin superiority. It came as a stunning blow to the then Brahmin orthodoxy."[14]
MS Subbulakshmi also played the male role ofNarada inSavitri (1941) to raise money for launchingKalki, her husband's nationalist Tamil weekly. Her title role of theRajasthani saint-poetessMeera in the eponymous 1945film gave her national prominence. This movie was re-made in Hindi in 1947.
| Year | Film | Language | Character | Co-Star | Director | Music | Banner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1938 | Sevasadanam | Tamil | Sumathi | F. G. Natesa Iyer | K. Subramanyam | Papanasam Sivan | Madras United Artists Corporation |
| 1940 | Sakuntalai | Tamil | Shakunthala | G. N. Balasubramaniam,Radha Viswanathan | Ellis R. Dungan | Thuraiyur Rajagopala Sarma &Kamal Dasgupta | |
| 1941 | Savithiri | Tamil | Saint Narada | Y. V. Rao,Shanta Apte | Y. V. Rao | Papanasam Sivan | Royal Talkie Distributors |
| 1945 | Meera | Tamil | Meerabai | V. Nagayya | Ellis R. Dungan | S. V. Venkatraman | Chandraprabha Cinetone |
| 1947 | Meerabai | Hindi | Meerabai | V. Nagayya | Ellis R. Dungan | Dilip Kumar Roy | Chandraprabha Cinetone |
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had this to say about M.S. Subbulakshmi- "Who am I, a mere Prime Minister before a Queen, a Queen of Music". WhileLata Mangeshkar called herTapaswini (the Renunciate),Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan termed herSuswaralakshmi (the goddess of the perfect note), andKishori Amonkar labelled her the ultimate eighth note orAathuvaan Sur, which is above the seven notes basic to all music. The great national leader and poetSarojini Naidu called her "Nightingale of India". Her many famous renditions ofbhajans include the chanting ofMeenakshi Pancharatnam,Bhaja Govindam,Vishnu sahasranama (1000 names ofVishnu),Hari Tuma Haro and theVenkateswaraSuprabhatam (musical hymns to awaken Lord Balaji early in the morning).
She was widely honoured, praised and awarded. Some of the popular ones include:[15]
She was honoured as a resident artist Asthana Vidhwan ofTirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.[17] Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) has installed a bronze statue of M.S. Subbulakshmi at the Poornakumbham circle in the temple town. It was unveiled by Andhra Pradesh Chief MinisterY. S. Rajasekhara Reddy on 28 May 2006.[18]
The Kancheepuram Saree shade known as MS Blue was named after her[19] by the well-known Congress party member and philanthropist, Sri Muthu Chettiyar when they met at the residence of Sri R. Aiyadurai and Smt. Thangam Aiyadurai at Lady Desikachari Road, Madras, who were close friends of MS and Sadasivam.
A commemorative postage stamp on her was issued on 18-December-2005.[20] United Nations decided to issue the stamp to mark the birth centenary of M.S. Subbulakshmi.[21] She was bestowed with enormous prize money along with the awards, most of which she donated to charity. She has given more than 200 charity concerts and raised well over Rs. 10,000,000. She was awarded honorary degrees from several Universities. She was an ardent devotee ofKanchi Mahaswamigal and she rendered his composition "Maithreem Bhajatha" (O World! Cultivate peace) in her concert at the UN in 1966. She made a 20-minute recording of "Venkatesa Suprabhatam" forHis Master's Voice, the royalty from which goes to the Veda Patasala run by the Tirupati Tirumala Devasthanam.[22] She donated many of the royalties on several best sold records to many charity organisations.
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