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Dhammavinayānuloma Mūladvāra Nikāya Gaing (Burmese: ဓမ္မဝိနယာနုလောမမူလဒွါရနိကာယဂိုဏ်း), also known asMula Dwaya Gaing orMūla Dvāra Gaing, is amonastic order of thesangha inBuddhism in Myanmar. According to the 1990 Law Relating to the Sangha Organization, it is one of the nine legally recognized monastic orders in the country.[1]
The order was founded byIngapu Sayadaw after he broke away from theMahādvāra Nikāya following the death of Okpo Sayadaw,[2] primarily due to disagreements regarding the schedule for observing theuposatha.[3][4]
In 1214 of the Burmese Era (around 1852 CE), during British rule in theAyeyarwady Region, Sayadaw Ashin Ukkamsa Vimala from the town of Okpho (now Ingapu township) had a dispute with theSayadaws of theSudhammā order (Thudhamma Gaing) who were under British jurisdiction.[5][3][6]
This dispute was triggered by the issue of ordination (upasampadā) in a watersīmā (ye sim).[5][3][6] Furthermore, Okpho Sayadaw ruled that when paying homage toThe Buddha, one should not do so by recitingkāyakamma, vacīkamma, andmanokamma (bodily action/karma, verbal action, mental action).[2] According to him, the correct way was to pay homage with the concept ofdvāra (door), by recitingkāyadvāra, vacīdvāra, andmanodvāra (bodily door, verbal door, mental door).[2][note 1] He also argued that theSangha could self-regulate without aDhammarāja if the monks strictly followed theVinaya (monastic discipline), emphasizing moral intention and challenging royal authority in ordinations.[6]
Kyìthè Layhtat Sayadaw (of the Thudhamma order), author of theJinattha-pakāsanī, refuted this view on homage, arguing that homage with the concept ofkamma (action), rather thandvāra (door), was the correct one. Therefore, in Lower Myanmar, the order formed by Okpho Sayadaw was called the Dvāra Gaing ("Door Order"), while the Thudhamma order was called the Kamma Gaing ("Karma Order"). Later on, however, the name Kamma Gaing fell out of use, and it was again referred to as the Thudhamma Gaing.[3]
TheseDvāra orders later split further into 3 types, namely:
In 1918, after Okpo Sayadaw's death, although members of theMahādvāra order resumed the practice ofuposatha on full moon and new moon days along with members of other orders, some members of the Mahādvāra order continued to perform theuposatha by entering asima on the first day after the full moon (the 1st day of the waning moon,pāṭipada) and the first day of the new moon (the 1st day of the waxing moon,pāṭipada), in accordance with the principle established by Okpo Sayadaw. Those members of the Mahādvāra who maintained this original or root (mūla) practice were then called Mūla-dvāra (OriginalDvāra).[3][4]
In front of the name Mūla Dvāra, the attribute 'Dhammavinayānuloma' was added, which means "the group that is in accordance with theDhamma (Sutta andAbhidhamma) and also theVinaya", thus its full name is called the 'Dhammavinayānuloma Mūla Dvāra Nikāya' order.[3]
Theravada Buddhist orders | ||
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