TheMāori language revival is a movement to promote, reinforce and strengthen the use of theMāori language (te reo Māori). Primarily inNew Zealand, but also in places with large numbers of expatriate New Zealanders (such asSydney,London andMelbourne), the movement aims to increase the use of Māori in the home, in education, government, and business. The movement is part of a broader revival oftikanga Māori (Māori culture, cultural habits and practices) in what has been called theMāori renaissance.
Until World War II, mostMāori people spoke Māori as their first language. But by the 1980s, fewer than 20 per cent of Māori spoke the language well enough to be classed as native speakers. The causes of the decline included the switch from using Māori to using English compulsorily in schools and increasing urbanisation, which disconnected younger generations from their extended families—in particular their grandparents, who traditionally played a large part in family life. As a result, many Māori children failed to learn their ancestral language, and generations of non-Māori-speaking Māori emerged.
In response, Māori leaders initiated Māori-language recovery programs such as thekōhanga reo ("language nests") movement,[1] which, beginning in 1982, immersed infants in Māori from infancy to school age. In 1989, official support was given forkura kaupapa Māori—primary and secondary Māori-language immersion schools.
On 14 September, Te Wiki o te Reo Māori (Māori Language Week) celebrated 50 years having been established in 1975.[2]
A government-sponsored initiative,te Wiki o te Reo Māori, Māori Language Week, has been celebrated since 1975 and is intended to encourage New Zealanders to support the language.
TheMāori Language Act 1987 was passed as a response to theWaitangi Tribunal finding that the Māori language was ataonga, a treasure or valued possession, under theTreaty of Waitangi.[3]
The Act gave Māoriofficial-language status, and gave speakers a right to use it in legal settings such as in court. It also established theMāori Language Commission (initially calledTe Komihana Mo Te Reo Māori but later renamedTe Taura Whiri i Te Reo Māori) to promote the language and provide advice on it.
Kōhanga reo (Māori for 'language nest') is awhānau (family) development andlanguage-revitalisation initiative grounded inMāori cultural principles and ideals. It facilitates the growth and development of mokopuna (grandchildren) through the transmission of Māori language, knowledge and culture. The kōhanga reo movement operates from the Māori philosophical world view and is principally guided bykaumātua (respected elders).
Individual kōhanga reo are autonomously run by their respective whānau, which consists of a "collective group of teachers, parents, local elders, and members of the Māori community".[4] While funded by governmental quarterly grants from the Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust, kōhanga reo often also charge additional fees to cover operational costs. These fees, determined by each whānau, are generally comparable to or less expensive than traditional child-care.[5] Conducted entirely in Māori, a kōhanga reo is an environment where 0–6-year-olds,[6] kaumātua and whānau spend time together talking, playing, praying and learning. Daily activities may take place anywhere that is safe and warm includingmarae (traditional community meeting places), converted homes or purpose-built centres.
Emerging in the late 1970s at the direction of kaumātua, kōhanga reo was an immediate and urgent response to the decline of the Māori language and tikanga Māori.Jean Puketapu andIritana Tawhiwhirangi were among the early leaders when the first kōhanga reo was founded inWainuiomata in 1982.[7] Three years later there were over 300 operating.[7] The success of kōhanga reo is such that they have been followed by the establishment ofprimary schools andsecondary schools (kura kaupapa Māori) where Māori is the primary language of instruction. The role of Māori language in education in New Zealand is enshrined in the Education Act 1989.[8]
The kōhanga reo concept has led to other before-school initiatives in New Zealand that instruct in Pacific languages, e.g.Fijian,Rarotongan,Samoan, andTongan and other countries adopting a similar concept. A notable example beingPūnana Leo established in Hawaii to revitalise the indigenousHawaiian language.[9]
Kura kaupapa Māori are Māori-language-immersion schools.[10]
Election campaigns by theMāori Party often feature increased roles for the Māori language. Inthe 2011 election, the party wanted to require that all secondary schools offer the language as an option to every student.[11]
Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust Board was established in 1982 and formalised as a charitable trust in 1983. The Mission of the Trust is the protection of Te reo, tikanga me ngā āhuatanga Māori by targeting the participation of mokopuna and whānau into the Kōhanga Reo movement and its Vision is to totally immerse Kōhanga mokopuna in Te Reo, Tikanga me ngā āhuatanga Māori.
The Maori Party wants to make te reo 'compulsorily available' in schools by 2015 but students wouldn't be compelled to take the subject.