Lyubov Orlova | |
|---|---|
Любовь Орлова | |
 Lyubov Orlova with herState Stalin Prize badge in 1945 | |
| Born | Lyubov Petrovna Orlova (1902-02-11)11 February 1902 |
| Died | 26 January 1975(1975-01-26) (aged 72) Moscow,Russian SFSR,USSR |
| Resting place | Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow 55°43′29″N37°33′15″E / 55.72472°N 37.55417°E /55.72472; 37.55417 |
| Alma mater | Moscow Conservatory[1] |
| Occupation(s) | Actress, pianist, singer, dancer |
| Years active | 1926–1974 |
| Spouses |
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| Awards | |
Lyubov Petrovna Orlova (Russian:Любовь Петровна Орлова[lʲʊˈbofʲpʲɪˈtrovnəɐrˈɫovə]ⓘ; 11 February [O.S. 29 January] 1902 – 26 January 1975) was a Soviet and Russian actress, singer, dancer andPeople's Artist of the USSR (1950).[2]
Lyubov Orlova was born to a family ofRussian hereditary nobles on her maternal side andgentry on her paternal side inZvenigorod, 60 km from Moscow, then lived with her parents and older sister inYaroslavl. Her acting and singing talents were evident very early on, but her noble parents considered acting a disgraceful career and directed her towards classical music.[4] There she began to study music. In 1914, after her father left for the front, her mother Evgenia Nikolaevna and her daughters settled in Moscow, where the sisters entered the gymnasium. The Orlovs spent the difficult years of theCivil War inVoskresensk because their mother's sister lived here. The family subsisted on funds from the sale of milk which was given by the aunt's cow. Lyuba and Nonna drove nearly a hundred kilometers to Moscow, and then went home, with heavy cans. Hence comes the legend of the ugly hands which Orlova was so shy about.[5] Her first and last names are meaningful words in Russian: любовь means "love", and Орлова is the feminine form of орлов "eagle's".
When she was seven,Fyodor Shalyapin predicted her future as a famous actress. In 1919–1922, she studied as a piano student at theMoscow Conservatory (Professor K. Kipp [ru] class) but did not graduate because she had to work as a music teacher and a pianist-illustrator ofsilent films in movie theaters (French:tapeur[6]) to support her parents.[1] In 1925, she has graduated from theMoscow Theatre College, choreography department.[7] Her first husband, a Soviet economist,Andrei Berzin, was arrested in 1930. However, this did not affect her career. Dmitri Shcheglov, a biography author, wrote inLove and Mask ('Lyubov i maska', 1997): "As an eternal irony and foresight of fate, the best performer of the roles of house servants and enthusiasts of Communist labor was a descendant of ten Russian Orthodox saints. Two of them,Olga, the Grand Princess of Kiev, andVladimir, the Grand Prince of Kiev, are among theEqual-to-apostles... Red Eagle in an azure-golden field, theHouse of Orlov's coat of arms, is also present on theBezhetsk clan branch the actress belonged to..."[8] The Orlov family was partly saved from the worst form of repression,camps ordeportation, and the Bolshevik "redistribution of property" only because even beforethe Revolution, her father Peter had lost all three of his estates at cards, and therefore there was practically nothing to take away. However, Orlova's father, an engineer andclass enemy, was officially banned as an employee.[9]
In September 1926, she was hired as a choir singer by theNemirovich-Danchenko Theatre Music Studio finally deciding to become an actress, not a pianist.[10] She received her first solo role in November, the same year. Her quick promotion was fueled byOlga Baclanova's sudden departure from Russia andVladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko's eye for this type of female beauty.[11] In 1932, she received her first leading roles inLa Périchole andLes cloches de Corneville. Despite her success with the public, vocal and acting training in a theatre withKsenia Kolubai [ru], Orlova wasn't noticed by the press and was criticized by her colleagues for not having a real singing voice (Faina Ranevskaya, her close friend, used to say "Orlova is a gorgeous actress for sure. But her voice! When she sings it sounds like somebody is urinating in an empty bucket."[12]) However, Orlova had her "trick". Remembering her student years (and she studied at the choreography department of the Moscow Theater College named after A.V. Lunacharsky, now -GITIS), she decided to bring herself back to her previous form and perform Serpoletta's entrance aria on pointe.[13] Alexander Hort, writer, wrote: "The audience was smitten: while dancing, Serpoletta stood up on pointe shoes, so graceful, airy, romantic! And Orlova made a tactically verified move, she took the bull by the horns: the very first vocal number, Serpoletta's verses 'What a pity that an unsettling case pushed me to a different path!' she performed, dancing on her fingers." In the future, no one was able to repeat this trick, it has stayed as a semi-legendary fact of history.[14]
In 1933, she met the then-unknown directorGrigory Alexandrov, who was looking for actors for his filmJolly Fellows (1934). The two began a relationship and later married. Orlova's performance in this comedy, very popular in the USSR, earned the young star the sympathy ofStalin and the title "Honorable actor of theRSFSR". It had caused the first wave of the so-called "Orlova syndrome", a Soviet psychiatric term describing women who wanted to be like Orlova. They diligently lightened their hair and self-styled themselves as relatives to the idol.[15] According to her relatives, Orlova secretly loathedJoseph Stalin, reacting to thewar-winning dictator's death with the words: "Finally, this scum is dead".[16] Her critics, includingSergei Eisenstein, had blamed the musician-turned-actress for ruining the serious career of Alexandrov. Despite her efforts, Orlova didn't have a reputation of a serious drama actress, moreover, she was intentionally overplaying her film roles and didn't stop her constant touring as a singer. Her haters credited her success to the marriage of convenience and Stalin protection[17]
In the next few years she starred in four popular movies which also became instant Soviet classics:Circus (1936),Volga-Volga (1938),Tanya (1940), andSpringtime (1947). She was awarded theStalin Prize in 1941. In 1950, she became the first woman to receive the title of thePeople's Artist of the USSR exclusively for her cinematic works. After that, she switched to playing in theatre productions ofYuri Zavadsky's company. Her most famous roles includedNora - Nora,Dear Liar - Patrick Campbell,Strange Mrs. Savage - Mrs. Ethel Savage. But her most acclaimed performance was a title role inLizzie MacKay (Russian title forThe Respectful Prostitute).Jean-Paul Sartre was present on a jubilee 400th show in 1962, saying: "I was especially impressed by Lyubov Orlova's talented performance. After the show, I told her I've been delighted by her performance. It was not an empty compliment. Lyubov Orlova is really the best of all LizzieMacKay performers I know."[18]
Since the 1928 till her death, she was constantly touring as a singer with her pianist Leo Mironov (Russian:Лев Миронов,romanized: Lev Mironov). Her early repertoire included classical songs byGlinka,Mussorgsky,Dargomyzhsky andTchaikovsky.[10] Duringthe war, she toured more than 50,000 kilometers along the front line, with her concerts based onIsaak Dunayevsky songs from her movies.[19] For all of her career, she was banned from making the records of her songs and performing on television, supposedly because of her "backstage war" withKlavdiya Shulzhenko,Leonid Utesov's choice of interest forJolly Fellows.[20]Ivan Kozlovsky especially regretted the absence of recordings of his own duets with Orlova.[21]
Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1935)
People's Artist of the RSFSR (5.11.1947)
People's Artist of the USSR (6.03.1950)
Stalin Prize, first class
Order of Lenin (1.02.1939)
Orders of the Red Banner of Labour (1.04.1938, 4.11.1967)
Medal "For the Defence of the Caucasus" (1944)
Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1945)
Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow" (1947)
Medal "For the Development of Virgin Lands"
For Valiant Labour – Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970)
In 1926 or, according to her grandniece Nonna Golikova, in 1921, Lyubov Orlova married a Soviet economistAndrei Berzin (1893-1951), the deputy head of the administrative and financial department for thePeople's Commissariat of Agriculture.[23] Berzin supported not only Orlova, but her parents, and older sister, all of them also moved to his place. Orlova had married to save her relatives from death but she absolutely didn't love her husband and had an abortion or a miscarriage that, highly likely, had left her barren for the rest of her life. Berzin has understood and accepted that asking her to file for divorce and save herself from the inevitable labor camps or deportation, as both the wife ofenemy of the people and the daughter ofclass enemy, just before his next arrest byNKVD. She had agreed. After that, Lyubov and all of her relatives had to move from Berzin's gorgeous apartment in the center of Moscow.
In 1931, Orlova became a partner of a 'German specialist', engineer or businessman, named Franz. Nothing more is known about him. Their romance developed for about a year. After her performances, a foreign admirer picked the actress in a black Mercedes. Franz bought Orlova expensive foreign outfits that arouse the envy of all women, especially in a theatre. Orlova moved to her beloved in the Metropol hotel, where he lived in a luxurious room. When Lyubov Orlova was invited to shootJolly Fellows, which took place inGagra, Franz went with her. At that time, Lyuba was already familiar withGrigory Alexandrov, then separated for many years from his wife, actress Olga Ivanova. Olga and Grigory had a son named Douglas (1925-1978) but at that time she was in relationships with the famous actor Boris Tiomkin. In Gagra, Orlova's affection for Aleksandrov became obvious. She had explained the situation to Franz and he left, first for Moscow and then for his homeland.Faina Ranevskaya remembered in 1982: "Don't you know how handsome Aleksandrov, Lyubochka's director, friend, husband, used to be? He was handsome likeAntinous even though I've never seen Antinous personally. LikePhilemon and Baucis, they loved each other.".[24]
In January 1934, or, according to a different archive source, in 1937, Orlova married Aleksandrov.[25] However, because of the couple's suspicious lack of children and Aleksandrov's unclear relationships and painful breakup withSergei Eisenstein, for the many decades, a lot of researchers have perceived Orlova as "a beard" to conceal Aleksandrov's bisexuality in exchange for the richer career opportunities. Later in life, Aleksandrov had answered about his wife's lack of children, according to his relative, the following: "In the beginning, she didn't want, and later she couldn't".[26]
After Aleksandrov ex-wife Olga's death during childbirth in June 1941, when she was already married to Boris Tiomkin, Orlova has adopted his son Douglas (forcefully renamed to 'Vasili' during the next purges, arrested in 1952, had his first heart attack in prison, was liberated afterJoseph Stalin's death the next year[27]). In 1975, Orlova died and in 1978, Vasili died. In 1979, Vasili's widow Galina Krylova married the mentally sick Grigori Aleksandrov to serve as his maid in exchange for a subsequent property and archive. She loathed Lyubov Orlova for arrogance towards her and her previous husband, and towards her son, Aleksandrov's grandson. Grigori Aleksandrov died in 1983, his documentary about his wifeLyubov Orlova was released in 1984. The wide has buried his corpse on the same line, the opposite side, ofNovodevichy Cemetery as Lyubov Orlova's grave. For many decades, Orlova-Aleksandrov's archive had been plundered before being bought from Aleksandrov's descendants by the Russian-Jewish lawyer Aleksandr Dobrovinsky.[28][29]
Orlova was never a member of theCommunist Party, even when her husband has joined it in 1954, followingJoseph Stalin's death. In the 1960s, another Soviet actressTatiana Bestayeva [ru] was unsuccessfully recruited by theKGB, in order for her to inform the authorities about the luminaries ofMossovet Theatre: Lyubov Orlova,Rostislav Plyatt, andGennadi Bortnikov.[30]
Orlova's movies include a decent amount of plot-definingin-jokes about the composers, (Beethoven inJolly Fellows,Volga-Volga,Johann Sebastian Bach inStarling and Lyre), and a-la virtuoso grand piano performances (Circus, about virtuosity as a word with the previous meaning 'virtue',Springtime).Grigori Aleksandrov credited his second wife Orlova, she was fluent in both French and German, as a co-editor of his scripts. In the autobiography, he wrote: "It was enough for her to try by ear a piece of the script which had previously was lying on my desktop in a state of blissful well-being. All the imperfections of the material that was not completely written out were personally revealed to me. Lyubov Petrovna unusually sensed the slightest falsity".[32] On a contrary, the Russian upper-class has historically preferredItalian opera andFrench ballet, as brands, a lot more than anything else and these facts were concluded, by Aleksandrov and Orlova inThe Composer Glinka andMussorgsky, in a still popular statement about Russian political elites, House of Romanov especially, being historicallyRussophobic.[33][34][35] In 2018,The Economist has also pointed out the significant role of Russian Orthodox Church and "the ghost of the Romanovs" inPutin's Russia.[36]Feodor Nikitich Romanov (1553-1633, Patriarch Filaret of Moscow, de facto ruler of Russia during the reign of his son,Mikhail) descended from the Rurik dynasty through a female line, his mother, Evdokiya Gorbataya-Shuyskaya was a Rurikid princess from theShuysky branch, daughter ofAlexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky. The last tsarNicholas II was described as "limited, stupid" and "degenerate" even by the usually politefirst Russian Nobel Prize winner, physiologistIvan Pavlov.[37]
In 1936, following her role of a young mother inCircus, Orlova was given an order to participate, among the best-known women in the country, in the discussion, and, practically, in the approval of thelaw banning the abortion. According to M. Kushnirov, the executive editor of the radio who prepared a text for her to read, in general, welcoming, of course, the wise project of the Stalin government "On mother and child, on family and abortion", the actress "has allowed herself to make some amendments and additions to it".[38]
On alimony, Orlova added: "It is irrational to punish a father-defaulter with prison, he must be forced to work." On abortion: "There should be no doom in the abortion clause. In Soviet society, there are many independent women, many professions in which a woman successfully competes with a man... Pregnancy will tear a woman out of her job, maybe at the very moment when she completes a grandiose project or prepares for a heroic flight, or finishes work over a big role for which she has spent several years of her life, and, perhaps, at this crucial moment of her life, her social and political biography, she is forced to give up everything and lose a year of time. In such cases, let the woman give birth a little later. Let abortion be allowed in these cases. Let the woman know the law is not fatal. It seems to me, lately, all women want to give birth, everyone wants to have a child. I myself want a child, and I will certainly have one. And it is natural. Life is getting more and more joyful and more fun. The future is even more wonderful. Why not give birth?"[38]
In 1939, Orlova also perceivedthe annexation of Polish territories of Ukraine and Belarus through the eyes of a musician. She wrote inKomsomolskaya Pravda the following: "Once these lands were the lands of the Belarusian and Ukrainian people. The same rains watered them, the same sun shone on them, and the same winds swept over their valleys and hills. But two decades ago, a border passed through these lands. For one part of the Belarusian and Ukrainian people, the land was shrouded in grave gloom, for another it blossomed with extraordinary colors which only the land of happy people can shine with."[39]
Orlova continued: "In one part of the land, in the West, people have even forgotten how to sing, they were forbidden to sing. The oppressors saw the sounds of a Ukrainian or Belarusian song as a danger for themselves. These songs could remind the disadvantaged of another world that began so disturbingly close, there behind this fishing line, there behind this village... Now the song broke free. Millions of lips have recently been looking for words of a curse to express their hatred towards the Polish landlords. Now, these millions of lips are looking for the words of happiness that are unusual for them in order to glorify a new life, the Red Army, the Soviet government, the wise Stalin." Orlova not only responded in writing to the annexation of the "old" new lands to the USSR. The Soviet press reported in October 1939: "In Western Ukraine and Western Belarus there are concert brigades of the USSR State AcademicBolshoi Theater and the All-Union Concert and Touring Association, includingI. Kozlovsky,M. Reizen,R. Zelyonaya,S. Obraztsov, L. Orlova,V. Yakhontov [ru].[39]
In 1952, according to the witnesses, there was a failed attempt to assassinate Orlova for her political views. Her grandniece Nonna Golikova wrote: "In 1952, Lyubov Petrovna gave a concert in some border town in Western Ukraine, where, as we know, active anti-Russian sentiments and political movements have always existed. Orlova in the final of the concert went to bows. Someone from the audience gave her an extraordinary bouquet of roses. 'I immediately drew attention to it,' Lyubochka told us later. - 'Now I understand that it was for mourning. White roses, and in the middle are completely unusual - black ones. I've never seen such people.' She took the bouquet. The paper it was wrapped in was torn from the side facing it. Lyubochka pricked her finger, the thorns were soaked in poison. Rapid blood poisoning began, Orlova's life was in danger."[40]
| Year | Title | Original Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1933 | Alëna's Love | Любовь Алёны | Mrs Ellen Getwood, the wife of American engineer | silent film, lost |
| 1934 | A Petersburg Night | Петербургская ночь | Grushen’ka | music byDmitry Kabalevsky |
| 1934 | Jolly Fellows | Весёлые ребята | Anyuta | music byIsaac Dunayevsky |
| 1936 | Circus | Цирк | Marion Dixon | music byIsaac Dunayevsky |
| 1938 | Volga-Volga | Волга-Волга | letter carrier Dunya Petrova ("Strelka") | music byIsaac Dunayevsky |
| 1939 | Engineer Kochin's Error | Ошибка инженера Кочина | Ksenia Lebedeva, employee of the Aviation Institute | |
| 1940 | Tanya | Светлый путь | Tanya Morozova "Cinderella" | music byIsaac Dunayevsky |
| 1941 | Fighting Film Collection #4 | Боевой киносборник № 4 | letter carrier Dunya Petrova ("Strelka"), presenter of the collection | |
| 1941 | The Artamonov Business | Дело Артамоновых | dancer Paula Menotti | cameo |
| 1943 | A Family | Одна семья | Katya | film wasn't released in theatres |
| 1943 | People of the Caspian | Каспийцы | documentary byGrigori Alexandrov | |
| 1947 | Springtime | Весна | actress Vera Shatrova / scientist Irina Nikitina | music byIsaac Dunayevsky |
| 1949 | Encounter at the Elbe | Встреча на Эльбе | Jeannette Sherwood, journalist | music byDmitry Shostakovich |
| 1950 | Mussorgsky | Мусоргский | Yuliya Platonova, opera singer of the Mariinsky Theater | music byDmitry Kabalevsky |
| 1952 | Man of Music | Композитор Глинка | Lyudmila Ivanovna, sister of the composer | music byVladimir Shcherbachov andVissarion Shebalin |
| 1960 | Russian Souvenir | Русский сувенир | Varvara Komarova (Miss Barbara), engineer | music byKirill Molchanov |
| 1974 | Starling and Lyre | Скворец и Лира | Lyudmila Grekova ("Lyre"), secret service agent | music byOscar Feltsman |
Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko Theatre
According to the official credits, all the music is byIsaak Dunayevsky[45] Lyubov Orlova had been sistematically trained as a pianist from 1907 to 1922 (with 3 courses at theMoscow Conservatory), and, from 1920 to 1926, she worked professionally as a musician. In 1961, Orlova strongly implied her collaborative efforts in songwriting weren't credited,[19] highly likely, because of the strict rules about the non-members of theUnion of Soviet Composers.[46][47] There is a story about a conversation between Dunaevsky (nicknamed Dunya) andDmitry Shostakovich: Dunaevsky to Shostakovich: "You and me, Mitya, are the most popular composers". "Yes, Dunya," Shostakovich answers. "The only difference is that everyone knows my name but no one knows a single note of mine. Just like everyone knows your tunes but nobody knows who they belong to..."[48]
| Name | 1999 | 2010 |
|---|---|---|
| Yuri Gagarin (1934—1968) | 30 | 35 |
| Vladimir Vysotsky (1938—1980) | 31 | 31 |
| Georgy Zhukov (1896—1974) | 26 | 20 |
| Leo Tolstoy (1828—1910) | 16 | 17 |
| Joseph Stalin (1878—1953) | 14 | 16 |
| Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918—2008) | 16 | 14 |
| Vladimir Lenin (1870—1924) | 16 | 13 |
| Andrey Sakharov (1921—1989) | 26 | 12 |
| Andrey Mironov (1941—1987) | 20 | 12 |
| Mikhail Bulgakov (1891—1940) | 7 | 10 |
| Mikhail Sholokhov (1905—1984) | 7 | 9 |
| Irina Rodnina (b. 1949) | 7 | 9 |
| Anton Chekhov (1860—1904) | 6 | 8 |
| Maya Plisetskaya (1925—2015) | 7 | 8 |
| Lyubov Orlova | 10 | 7 |
| Lev Yashin (1929—1990) | 8 | 6 |
| Fyodor Shalyapin (1873—1938) | 7 | 5 |
| Vasily Chapaev (1887—1919) | 6 | 4 |
| Dmitry Shostakovich (1906—1975) | 3 | 4 |
| Ilya Repin (1844—1930) | 3 | 3 |
| Mikhail Gorbachev (b. 1931) | 7 | 3 |
| Joseph Brodsky (1940—1996) | 2 | 2 |
| others | 1 | 2 |
| find it difficult to answer | 4 | 9 |
A minor planet,3108 Lyubov, discovered by Soviet astronomerLyudmila Zhuravlyova in 1972, is named after her.[50] Acruise ship named after her was built by theSoviet Union inYugoslavia in 1976 for expeditions to Antarctica and the Arctic Circle.[51][52]
In a 1999VCIOM poll, Orlova was voted as the greatest "Russian Idol of the 20th Century" by 10%, the highest-rated woman, and 10th place overall withYuri Gagarin atop with 30%. Ten years later, in 2010, she finished 3rd with 7% of votes, behind figure-skaterIrina Rodnina (9%) and ballerinaMaya Plisetskaya (8%) only, on a 15th place overall with Yuri Gagarin atop with 35%.[49]
In 2016, a monument of Orlova inZvenigorod was established near the Lyubov Orlova Cultural Centre (est. 2007).[53]
In 2019, she was featured as aGoogle Doodle on what would have been her 117th birthday.[54]
![According to the official art history version, the unfading controversial[55] film Circus[56] had inspired Vera Mukhina to create the sculpture Worker and Kolkhoz Woman (1937), especially the male part played by Orlova's partner Sergei Stolyarov, 10 years younger than Orlova.[57]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aPatterson1936cirk.jpg)
![Lyubov Orlova character screams "Follow Me" (За мной!) in Volga-Volga (1938). Despite rumors, it has no direct connection to The Motherland Calls monument apart from the propaganda poster "Fascism is the most vicious enemy of women. All rise to fight fascism!",[58] as according to the official Soviet art history version.[59] Just like Orlova, as "a symbol of totalitarism", the 1967 statue was also criticised as "an empty and inhuman display of Stalinist kitsch".[60][61]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aLyubov_Orlova_screenshot_from_Volga-Volga_(1938).png)
![Orlova's two title roles, a famous female scientist and an actress, in Springtime (1947). In 1990s, it was revisited by the German critic Uve Schpilman as "a forerunner of postmodernism". Other critics argue the movie is an undoubted harbinger of F. Fellini's 8 1/2, films by Antonioni and Wenders.[62] The first film to use Mukhina's most famous statue as an official Mosfilm logo.[63]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aSpringtime_1947.JPG)
Lyubov Orlova didn't provide any information about her personal life during her rare interviews, and there were noyellow journalism in the USSR or tabloids that could have revealed a piece of dangerous information about her non-proletarian background and first marriage toAndrei Berzin,Gulag prisoner.[64] According to her unpublished autobiography, she was accepted, at the age of seven, at theYaroslavl Music College and her education at theMoscow Conservatory had started before 1919. Orlova wrote: "Before 1919, I studied piano at the Moscow Conservatory, Profs. A. P. Ostrovskaya and K. A. Kipp. And, probably, my parents were slightly disappointed when it turned out the art form I've mastered didn't give me a great success, or recognition, or fame, but... just a modest opportunity to accompany the films that were shown in cinema with my piano playing".[10] The official Moscow Conservatory cites 1919 as a year of start for her studies with Kipp and explains Orlova's drop: "...due to the difficult financial situation, her conservatory studies weren't completed".[1] Other biographies, including her grandniece's book, also don't mention Orlova's rareMénière's disease as a reason for the career focus change.[65]
In March 2016, theChannel One TV-seriesOrlova and Alexandrov was released. In this biopic, Lyubov Orlova has graduated fromMoscow Conservatory, Prof.Alexander Goldenweiser.[66] The series also implies, through an explicit display of that kind of torture on a female character, Orlova's music hands, her right hand especially, were seriously damaged duringCheka, orOGPU (the previous titles forNKVD) tortures for interrogation.[67] However, the official profile of Prof. Kipp lists Lybov Orlova (as a famous actress) among the best of his students, just like Prof. Ostrovskaya's (junior courses).[68][69] Another biography, the 1987Lyubov Orlova in Art and Life book, listed her as a conservatory graduate with Prof.Felix Blumenfeld as her senior piano class teacher, in addition to Kipp.[70] Blumenfeld began his Moscow Conservatory career in 1922.[71]
A source of Orlova's pre-conservatory music education isn't clear. Yaroslavl Music College was founded in 1904 on a foundation of the existing YaroslavlRussian Musical Society classes.[72] Education at the conservatory during the Civil War was provided as usual, even in unheated classrooms.[73] Since July 1918, the education at Moscow Conservatory has become state-sponsored, free of charge for domestic students. The full training period was 9 years, junior department from I to V course, and senior department from VI to IX course, and the minimum age of enrollment was 10 years.[74] From 1910 till his death in 1925, Prof. Kipp taught at the senior department.[75]
According to Orlova-Aleksandrov's archive holder, layer Aleksander Dobrovinsky, Orlova was voluntarily childless. Dobrovinsky said: "I've found her correspondence with a professor, gynecologist No. 1 in the USSR. There are mainly things of a physiological nature, but they indicate that Lyubov Orlova, one of the first women in the USSR, had inserted a spiral or something like that for contraception.[76]
Lyubov Orlova's year of birth was debatable. Her only friendFaina Ranevskaya stated: "Nobody will say how old she is. She is generally brilliant: when they issued passports in the early thirties, no documents were required. You could name any date of birth and any name too ... So Lyubochka did not lose her head and immediately knocked off a dozen years! It was me, the idiot, who hesitated: is it worth it? Then I calculated that I have spent two years at resorts, so the resorts, as they say, do not count, and a new date of birth has appeared in my passport: instead of 1895, 1897. So little that I still cannot forgive myself for such frivolity!"[77] According to Lyubov Orlova's grandniece Nonna Golikova, her grandmother Nonna Orlova (1897-1960[78]), was "two or three years older" than her famous sister.[79] Lyubov Orlova's mother, Evgenia Sukhotina, has changed her passport year of birth from 1863 to 1878, 'nullifying' fifteen years.[80]
| Data | Autobiography[10] | Posthumous biographies[81] | RIA Novosti biography[82] | F. Ranevskaya[77] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year of birth | — | 1902 | 1902 | 1892, "minus 10 years to the official", probably a joke referencing Orlova's years of music training) |
| Education: Music College (School) | Yaroslavl Music College (est. 1904) (enrolled through a competition at 7; after 2 years of domestic music education provided by her mother)[b] | 1909 | Music school since 7, as her parents' demand | — |
| Education: Gymnasium | Music school[c] | 1910–1917, Moscow[d] | Moscow secondary school, graduated in 1919 | — |
| Job: Sale of Milk | — | 1917–1919, with her family, she moved to Svatovo,Voskresensky district[e] | — | — |
| Education:Moscow Conservatory | Before 1919 | 1919—1922 | 1919—1922 | — |
| Job: Musical Illustrator in Cinema Theatre | Start in 1922, her first job | 1920–1926, in Zvenigorod and Moscow | As a part-time job during her studies at Moscow Theater College | — |
| Education: Choreography | Start in 1922,choreographic department of the Moscow Theater College named after A.V. Lunacharsky. | 1922–1925,Francesca Beata Studio (since 1924, merged into the choreographic department of the Moscow Theater College named after A.V. Lunacharsky she has graduated in 1925) | 1922–1925, Moscow Theater College | — |
| Education: Acting | Start in 1922,private lessons fromElizaveta Teleshova [ru]. | 1922–1925,private lessons from Elizaveta Telesheva[f] | — | — |
| Job: Music Teacher | — | 1924–1926, private lessons | — | — |
Sergei Rachmaninoff: "And, what is most surprising of all, the Yankees, perhaps, feel and understand Tchaikovsky better than us, Russians. Really, every note of Tchaikovsky says something to them. And, what is most surprising of all, the Yankees, perhaps better than us Russians, feel and understand Tchaikovsky. Positively, every note of Tchaikovsky says something to them ".
Mother: What if they discover you've graduated from the Conservatory, Goldenweiser?
