| Lyrebird Temporal range:Early Miocene to present | |
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| Superb lyrebird (Menura novaehollandiae) | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Menuridae Lesson, 1828 |
| Genus: | Menura Latham, 1801 |
| Type species | |
| Menura novaehollandiae[1] Latham 1801 | |
| Species | |
Alyrebird is either of twospecies of ground-dwellingAustralian birds that compose the genusMenura, and thefamilyMenuridae.[2] They are most notable for their impressive ability tomimic natural and artificial sounds from their environment, and the striking beauty of the male bird's huge tail when it is fanned out in courtship display. Lyrebirds have unique plumes of neutral-coloured tailfeathers and are among Australia's best-known native birds.
The classification of lyrebirds was the subject of much debate after the first specimens reached European scientists after 1798. Based on specimens sent fromNew South Wales to England, Major-GeneralThomas Davies illustrated and described this species as thesuperb lyrebird, which he calledMenura superba, in an 1800 presentation to theLinnean Society of London, but this work was not published until 1802;[3][4] in the intervening time period, however, the species was described and namedMenura novaehollandiae by John Latham in 1801, and this is the accepted name by virtue ofnomenclatural priority.
The genus nameMenura refers to the pattern of repeated transparent crescents (or "lunules") on the superb lyrebird's outer tail-feathers, from theAncient Greek wordsμήνηmēnē "moon" andουράourá "tail".[5]
Lyrebirds are named because their outer tail feathers are broad and curved in a S shape that together resemble the shape of alyre.[6]: 2, 18
Lyrebirds were thought to beGalliformes like the broadly similar lookingpartridge,junglefowl, andpheasants familiar to Europeans, reflected in the early names given to the superb lyrebird, including native pheasant. They were also called peacock-wrens and Australian birds-of-paradise. The idea that they were related to the pheasants was abandoned when the first chicks, which arealtricial, were described. They were not classed with the passerines until a paper was published in 1840, twelve years after they were assigned a discrete family, Menuridae. Within that family they compose a single genus,Menura.[7]
It is generally accepted that the lyrebird family is most closely related to thescrub-birds (Atrichornithidae) and some authorities combine both in a single family, but evidence that they are also related to thebowerbirds remains controversial.[8]
Lyrebirds are ancient Australian animals: theAustralian Museum has fossils of lyrebirds dating back to about 15 million years ago.[9] The prehistoricMenura tyawanoides has been described from EarlyMiocenefossils found at the famousRiversleigh site.[10]
Two species of lyrebird are extant:
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Superb lyrebird calledweringerong,woorail, andbulln-bulln inAboriginal languages.[11]
| Menura novaehollandiae Latham, 1801 Three subspecies
| south-eastern Australia, from southern Victoria to south-eastern Queensland | Size: one of the world's largest songbirds, and is noted for its elaborate tail and excellent mimicry Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Albert's lyrebird or Northern lyrebird
| Menura alberti Bonaparte, 1850 | between New South Wales and Queensland, Australia | Size: Named in honour ofPrince Albert, the husband ofQueen Victoria Habitat: Diet: | LC |
The lyrebirds are largepasserine birds, amongst the largest in the order. They are ground living birds with strong legs and feet and short rounded wings. They are poor fliers and rarely fly except for periods of downhill gliding.[7] The superb lyrebird is the larger of the two species. Lyrebirds measure 31 to 39 inches in length, including their tail. Males tend to be slightly larger than females. Females weigh around 2 pounds, and males weigh around 2.4 pounds.
The superb lyrebird is found in areas of rainforest inVictoria,New South Wales, and south-eastQueensland. It is also found inTasmania where it was introduced in the 19th century. Many superb lyrebirds live in theDandenong Ranges National Park andKinglake National Park aroundMelbourne, theRoyal National Park andIllawarra region south of Sydney, in many other parks along the east coast of Australia, and non protected bushland. Albert's lyrebird is found only in a small area ofSouthern Queenslandrainforest.
Lyrebirds are shy and difficult to approach, particularly the Albert's lyrebird, with the result that little information about its behaviour has been documented. When lyrebirds detect potential danger, they pause and scan the surroundings, sound an alarm, and either flee the area on foot, or seek cover and freeze.[7] Firefighters sheltering in mine shafts duringbushfires have been joined by lyrebirds.[12]
Lyrebirds feed on the ground and as individuals. A range of invertebrate prey is taken, includinginsects such ascockroaches,beetles (both adults and larvae),earwigs, fly larvae, and the adults and larvae of moths. Other prey taken includescentipedes,spiders,earthworms. Less commonly taken prey includes stick insects, bugs,amphipods,lizards, frogs and occasionally,seeds. They find food by scratching with their feet through theleaf-litter.[7]
Mixing and aerating soil and leaf litter while scratching for food amounts to a form of ecosystem engineering, or farming; foraging by superb lyrebirds has been shown to thus create microhabitats which nurture larger and more abundant prey.[13] This activity also improves forest health by burying potential wildfire fuel and by measurably increasing the diversity of invertebrates.[14] Such positive effects cover millions of hectares of land.[15]
Lyrebirds are long-lived birds that can live as long as 30 years. They have long breeding cycles and start breeding later in life than other passerine birds. Female superb lyrebirds start breeding at the age of five or six, and males at the age of six to eight. Males defend territories from other males, and those territories may contain the breeding territories of up to eight females. Within the male territories, the males create or use display platforms; for the superb lyrebird, this is a mound of bare soil; for the Albert's lyrebird, it is a pile of twigs on the forest floor.[7]
Male lyrebirds call mostly during winter, when they construct and maintain an open arena-mound in densebush, on which they sing and dance[16] in an elaboratecourtship display performed for potential mates, of which the male lyrebird has several. The strength, volume, and location of the nest built by the female lyrebird is dependent on the rainfall and predation during the nest building period. It is important for the nest to be water resistant and hidden in secluded areas so predators cannot attack. Once the nest is made in the preferred location, the female lyrebird lays a singleegg. The egg isincubated over 50 days solely by the female, and the female also fosters the chick alone.
A lyrebird'ssong is one of the more distinctive aspects of its behavioural biology. Lyrebirds sing throughout the year, but the peak of the breeding season, from June to August, is when they sing with the most intensity. During this peak males may sing for four hours of the day, almost half the hours of daylight. The song of the lyrebird is a mixture of elements of its own song and mimicry of other species. Lyrebirds render with great fidelity the individual songs of other birds[17][18][19] and the chatter of flocks of birds,[20][21] and also mimic other animals such as possums,[20]koalas anddingoes.[7] Lyrebirds have been recorded mimicking human sounds[22] such as a mill whistle, a cross-cut saw,chainsaws,car engines andcar alarms,fire alarms,rifle-shots,camera shutters,dogs barking, crying babies, music, mobile phone ring tones, and even the human voice. However, while the mimicry of human noises is widely reported, the extent to which it happens is exaggerated.[7] Parts of the lyrebird's own song can resemble human-madesound effects, which has given rise to theurban legend that they frequently imitate video game or film sounds.[23][24]
The superb lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including from other superb lyrebirds. An instructive example is the population of superb lyrebirds in Tasmania, which have retained the calls of species not native to Tasmania in their repertoire, with some local Tasmanian endemic bird songs added. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics capable of complex vocalisations. Superb lyrebird females are silent during courtship; however, they regularly produce sophisticated vocal displays during foraging and nest defense.[25] A recording of a superb lyrebird mimicking sounds of an electronic shooting game, workmen and chainsaws was added to theNational Film and Sound Archive'sSounds of Australia registry in 2013.[26]
Both species of lyrebird produced elaborate lyrebird-specific vocalisations including 'whistle songs'.[18][25][27] Males also sing songs specifically associated with their song and dance displays.
One researcher, Sydney Curtis, has recorded flute-like lyrebird calls in the vicinity of theNew England National Park. Similarly, in 1969, a park ranger, Neville Fenton, recorded a lyrebird song which resembled flute sounds in the New England National Park, near Dorrigo in northern coastal New South Wales. After much detective work by Fenton, it was discovered that in the 1930s, a flute player living on a farm adjoining the park used to play tunes near his pet lyrebird. The lyrebird adopted the tunes into his repertoire, and retained them after release into the park. Neville Fenton forwarded a tape of his recording toNorman Robinson. Because a lyrebird is able to carry two tunes at the same time, Robinson filtered out one of the tunes and put it on the phonograph for the purposes of analysis. One witness suggested that the song represents a modified version of two popular tunes in the 1930s: "The Keel Row" and "Mosquito's Dance". Musicologist David Rothenberg has endorsed this information.[28][29] However, a "flute lyrebird" research group (including Curtis and Fenton) formed to investigate the veracity of this story found no evidence of "Mosquito Dance" and only remnants of "Keel Row" in contemporary and historical lyrebird recordings from this area. Neither were they able to prove that a lyrebird chick had been a pet, although they acknowledged compelling evidence on both sides of the argument.[30]
Until the2019–2020 Australian bushfire season, superb lyrebirds were not considered threatened in the short to medium term. Concern has since grown as early analyses have shown the extent of destruction of the lyrebird's preferred wet-forest habitats, which in less intense previous bushfire seasons have been spared, in large part due to their moisture content.[31] Albert's lyrebird has a very restricted habitat and had been listed asvulnerable by theIUCN, but because the species and its habitat were carefully managed, the species was re-assessed tonear threatened in 2009.[32] The superb lyrebird had already been seriously threatened byhabitat destruction in the past. Its population had since recovered, but the 2019–2020 bushfires damaged much of its habitat, which may lead to a reclassification of its status from "common" to "threatened".[33] Beyond this new threat are the long-term vulnerabilities to predation bycats andfoxes, as well as human population pressure on its habitat.[7]
The lyrebird is so called because the male bird has a spectacular tail, consisting of 16 highly modifiedfeathers (two long slenderlyrates at the centre of the plume, two broadermedians on the outside edges and twelvefilamentaries arrayed between them), which was originally thought to resemble alyre. This happened when a superb lyrebird specimen (which had been taken from Australia toEngland during the early 19th century) was prepared for display at theBritish Museum by ataxidermist who had never seen a live lyrebird. The taxidermist mistakenly thought that the tail would resemble a lyre, and that the tail would be held in a similar way to that of apeacock duringcourtship display, and so he arranged the feathers in this way. Later,John Gould (who had also never seen a live lyrebird), painted the lyrebird from the British Museum specimen.
The male lyrebird's tail is not held as in John Gould's painting. Instead, the male lyrebird's tail is fanned over the lyrebird during courtship display, with the tail completely covering his head and back—as can be seen in the image in the "breeding" section of this page, and also the image of the 10-cent coin, where the superb lyrebird's tail (in courtship display) is portrayed accurately.
The lyrebird has been featured as a symbol and emblem many times, especially inNew South Wales andVictoria (where the superb lyrebird has its natural habitat), and inQueensland (where Albert's lyrebird has its natural habitat).
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