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Lyndon LaRouche | |
|---|---|
.jpg) LaRouche, circa 1988 | |
| Born | Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche Jr. (1922-09-08)September 8, 1922 Rochester, New Hampshire, U.S. |
| Died | February 12, 2019(2019-02-12) (aged 96) |
| Other names | Lyn Marcus |
| Education | Northeastern University (no degree) |
| Organization | National Caucus of Labor Committees |
| Political party |
|
| Movement | LaRouche movement |
| Spouses | |
| Signature | |
| Leader of theU.S. Labor Party | |
| In office 1973–1979 | |
| Preceded by | Party established |
| Succeeded by | Party dissolved |
Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche Jr. (September 8, 1922 – February 12, 2019) was an American political activist who founded theLaRouche movement and its main organization, theNational Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC).[1][2][3][4] He was a prominentconspiracy theorist andperennial presidential candidate.[5][6] He began infar-left politics in the 1940s and later supported thecivil rights movement; however, in the 1970s, he moved to thefar-right.[4][5][6] His movement is sometimes described as, or likened to, acult.[7][8][9] Convicted of fraud, he served five years in prison from 1989 to 1994.[5][6]
Born inRochester, New Hampshire, LaRouche was drawn tosocialist andMarxist movements in his twenties duringWorld War II. In the 1950s, while aTrotskyist, he was also amanagement consultant in New York City.[10] By the 1960s, he became engaged in increasingly smaller and more radical splinter groups. During the 1970s, he created the foundation of the LaRouche movement and became more engaged in conspiratorial beliefs and violent and illegal activities. Instead of the radical left, he embracedradical right politics andantisemitism.[10][11] At various times, he alleged that he had been targeted for assassination byQueen Elizabeth II,Zionist mobsters, his own associates (who he said had been drugged and brainwashed byCIA and British spies), in addition to others.[12][13]
It is estimated that the LaRouche movement never exceeded a few thousand members, but it had an outsized political influence,[7] raising more than $200 million by one estimate,[5] and running candidates in more than 4,000 elections in the 1980s.[10] It was noted for disguising its candidates as conservative Democrats and harassing opponents.[10][7] It reached its height in electoral success when Larouchite candidates won the Democratic primaries for the1986 Illinois gubernatorial election and related state offices; this alarmed Democratic Party officials, whose national spokesman called the Larouchites "kook fringe".[14] The defeated mainstream Democratic candidates ran in the general election as members of theIllinois Solidarity Party; the Larouchite Democrats all finished a distant third. Later in the 1980s, as part of theLaRouche criminal trials, criminal investigations led to convictions of several LaRouche movement members, including LaRouche himself. He was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment but served only five.
LaRouche was a perennial candidate forPresident of the United States. He ran in every election from 1976 to 2004 as a candidate of third parties established by members of his movement, peaking at around 78,000 votes in the1984 United States presidential election.[7][15] He also tried to gain the Democratic presidential nomination. In the1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he received 5% of the total nationwide vote. In 2000, he received enough primary votes to qualify for delegates in some states, but theDemocratic National Committee refused to seat his delegates and barred LaRouche from attending theDemocratic National Convention.[16][17]
LaRouche was born in Rochester, New Hampshire, the oldest of three children of Jessie Lenore (née Weir) and Lyndon H. LaRouche Sr.[18] His paternal grandfather's family emigrated to the United States fromRimouski, Quebec, whereas his maternal grandfather was born inScotland.[19] His father worked for theUnited Shoe Machinery Corporation in Rochester before the family moved toLynn, Massachusetts.[20]
His parents becameQuakers after his father converted fromCatholicism. They forbade him from fighting with other children, even in self-defense, which he said led to "years of hell" from bullies at school. As a result, he spent much of his time alone, taking long walks through the woods and identifying in his mind with great philosophers. He wrote that, between the ages of 12 and 14, he read philosophy extensively, embracing the ideas ofLeibniz and rejecting those ofHume,Bacon,Hobbes,Locke,Berkeley,Rousseau, andKant.[21][22][23][24] He graduated fromLynn English High School in 1940. In the same year, the Lynn Quakers expelled his father from the group, for reportedly accusing other Quakers of misusing funds, while writing under the pen name Hezekiah Micajah Jones. LaRouche and his mother resigned in sympathy with his father.[25][26][27]
LaRouche attendedNortheastern University inBoston and left in 1942. He later wrote that his teachers "lacked the competence to teach me on conditions I was willing to tolerate".[28] As a Quaker, he was aconscientious objector duringWorld War II and joined aCivilian Public Service camp in lieu of military service.[29] In 1944, he decided to enlist in theUnited States Army and served with theMedical Corps inIndia andBurma during theBurma campaign. At the end of the war, he was working as a clerk in theOrdnance Corps, and later described his decision to enlist as the most important decision of his life.[30] In his 1988 autobiography, LaRouche said that being asked to express his views on the death of PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt to a group of fellowG.I.s led him to define his "principal lifelong political commitment, that the United States should take postwar world leadership in establishing a world order dedicated to promoting the economic development of what we call today "developing nations".[31]
LaRouche wrote that, while in the conscientious objector camp, he discussedMarxism, and while traveling home on the SSGeneral Bradley in 1946, he met Don Merrill, a fellow soldier, also from Lynn, who converted him toTrotskyism. Back in the U.S., he resumed his education at Northeastern University but dropped out.[10] He returned to Lynn in 1948 and the next year joined theSocialist Workers Party (SWP) to recruit at the GE River Works there, adopting the name "Lyn Marcus" for his political work.[32][10] He arrived in New York City in 1953, where he worked as amanagement consultant.[33] In 1954 he married Janice Neuberger, a member of the SWP. Their son, Daniel, was born in 1956.[34]
Twenty to thirty students would ... sit on the floor surrounding LaRouche, who now sported a very shaggy beard ... LaRouche gave them esoteric assignments, such as searching through the writings ofGeorges Sorel to discoverRudd's anarchistic origins, or studyingRosa Luxemburg'sThe Accumulation of Capital.
By 1961, the LaRouches were living onCentral Park West inManhattan, and LaRouche's activities were mostly focused on his career and not on the SWP. He and his wife separated in 1963, and he moved into aGreenwich Village apartment with another SWP member, Carol Schnitzer, also known as Larrabee.[36] In 1964 he began an association with an SWP faction called theRevolutionary Tendency, a faction later expelled from the SWP, and came under the influence of British Trotskyist leaderGerry Healy.[37]
For six months, LaRouche worked with American Healyite leaderTim Wohlforth, who later wrote that LaRouche had a "gargantuan ego" and "a marvelous ability to place any world happening in a larger context, which seemed to give the event additional meaning, but his thinking was schematic, lacking factual detail and depth." Leaving Wohlforth's group, LaRouche briefly joined the rivalSpartacist League before announcing his intention to build a newFifth International.[35]
In 1967, LaRouche began teaching classes on Marx'sdialectical materialism at New York City's Free School,[38][self-published source] and attracted a group of students fromColumbia University and theCity College of New York, recommending that they readDas Kapital, as well asHegel, Kant, and Leibniz. During the1968 Columbia University protests, he organized his supporters under the nameNational Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC).[38] The aim of the NCLC was to win control of theStudents for a Democratic Society (SDS) branch – the university's main activist group – and build a political alliance between students, local residents, organized labor, and the Columbia faculty.[39][40][41][42] By 1973, the NCLC had over 600 members in 25 cities – including West Berlin and Stockholm – and produced what LaRouche's biographer, Dennis King, called the most literate of the far-left papers,New Solidarity.[43][44] The NCLC's internal activities became highly regimented over the next few years. Members gave up their jobs and devoted themselves to the group and its leader, believing it would soon take control of America's trade unions and overthrow the government.[45][46][47]
Robert J. Alexander writes that LaRouche first established an NCLC "intelligence network" in 1971. Members all over the world sent information to NCLC headquarters, which would distribute the information via briefings and other publications. LaRouche organized the network as a series of news services and magazines, which critics say was done to gain access to government officials under press cover.[48] The publications includedExecutive Intelligence Review, founded in 1974. Other periodicals under his aegis includedNew Solidarity,Fusion Magazine,21st Century Science and Technology, andCampaigner Magazine. His news services and publishers included American System Publications, Campaigner Publications, New Solidarity International Press Service, and The New Benjamin Franklin House Publishing Company. LaRouche acknowledged in 1980 that his followers impersonated reporters and others, saying it had to be done for his security.[49] In 1982,U.S. News & World Report sued New Solidarity International Press Service and Campaigner Publications for damages, alleging that members were impersonating its reporters in phone calls.[50][51]
U.S. sources toldThe Washington Post in 1985 that the LaRouche organization had assembled a worldwide network of government and military contacts, and that his researchers sometimes supplied information to government officials.Bobby Ray Inman, the CIA's deputy director in 1981 and 1982, said LaRouche and his wife had visited him, offering information about the West German Green Party. A CIA spokesman said LaRouche met Deputy Director John McMahon in 1983 to discuss one of LaRouche's trips overseas. An aide to Deputy Secretary of StateWilliam Clark said when LaRouche's associates discussed technology or economics, they made good sense and seemed qualified. Norman Bailey, formerly with theU.S. National Security Council, said in 1984 that LaRouche's staff comprised "one of the best private intelligence services in the world. ... They do know a lot of people around the world. They do get to talk to prime ministers and presidents." Several government officials feared a security leak from the government's ties with the movement.[52] According to critics, the supposed behind-the-scenes processes were more often flights of fancy than inside information. Douglas Foster wrote inMother Jones in 1982 that the briefings consisted of disinformation, "hate-filled" material about enemies, phony letters, intimidation, fake newspaper articles, and dirty tricks campaigns.[53] Opponents were accused of being gay orNazis, or were linked to murders, which the movement called "psywar techniques".[54][55]
From the 1970s to the first decade of the 21st century, LaRouche founded several groups and companies. In addition to the National Caucus of Labor Committees, there was theCitizens Electoral Council (Australia), the National Democratic Policy Committee, theFusion Energy Foundation, and theU.S. Labor Party. In 1984, he founded theSchiller Institute in Germany with his second wife, and three political parties there – theEuropäische Arbeiterpartei,Patrioten für Deutschland, andBürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität – and in 2000 theWorldwide LaRouche Youth Movement. His printing services included Computron Technologies, Computype, World Composition Services, and PMR Printing Company, Inc, or PMR Associates.[56]
LaRouche wrote in his 1987 autobiography that violent altercations had begun in 1969 between his NCLC members and severalNew Left groups whenMark Rudd's faction began assaulting LaRouche's faction at Columbia University.[57] Press accounts alleged that between April and September 1973, during what LaRouche called "Operation Mop-Up", NCLC members began physically attacking members of leftist groups that LaRouche classified as "left-protofascists"; an editorial in LaRouche'sNew Solidarity said of theCommunist Party that the movement "must dispose of this stinking corpse".[58][59][60] Armed with chains, bats, and martial-artnunchuk sticks, NCLC members assaulted Communist Party, SWP, andProgressive Labor Party members andBlack Power activists on the streets and during meetings. At least 60 assaults were reported. The operation ended when police arrested several of LaRouche's followers; there were no convictions, and LaRouche maintained they had acted in self-defense. Journalist and LaRouche biographer Dennis King writes that theFBI may have tried to aggravate the strife, using measures such as anonymous mailings, to keep the groups at each other's throats.[61][62][63][64][65][66] LaRouche said he met representatives of the Soviet Union at the United Nations in 1974 and 1975 to discuss attacks by the Communist Party USA on the NCLC and propose a merger, but said he received no assistance from them.[67] One FBI memo, obtained under theFreedom of Information Act, proposes assisting the CPUSA in an investigation "for the purpose of ultimately eliminating him [LaRouche] and the threat of the NCLC" (see image to left).[independent source needed]
LaRouche's critics, such as King andAntony Lerman, allege that in 1973, with little warning, LaRouche adopted more extreme ideas, a process accompanied by a campaign of violence against his opponents on the left, and the development of conspiracy theories and paranoia about his personal safety.[68] According to these accounts, he began to believe he was under threat of assassination from the Soviet Union, the CIA, Libya, drug dealers, and bankers.[69] He also established a "Biological Holocaust Task Force", which, according to LaRouche, analyzed the public health consequences ofInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) austerity policies for impoverished nations in Africa, and predicted that epidemics ofcholera as well as possibly entirely new diseases would strike Africa in the 1980s.[70][71]
LaRouche founded the U.S. Labor Party in 1973 as the political arm of the NCLC.[72][73] At first, the party was "preaching Marxist revolution"; however, by 1977, it shifted from left-wing toright-wing politics.[74] A two-part article inThe New York Times in 1979 byHoward Blum andPaul L. Montgomery alleged that LaRouche had turned the party (at that point with 1,000 members in 37 offices in North America, and 26 in Europe and Latin America) into an extreme-right,antisemitic organization, despite the presence ofJewish members. LaRouche denied the newspaper's charges, and said he had filed a $100 million libel suit; his press secretary said the articles were intended to "set up a credible climate for an assassination hit".[75]
TheTimes alleged that members had taken courses in how to use knives and rifles; that a farm in upstate New York had been used for guerrilla training; and that several members had undergone a six-day anti-terrorist training course run byMitchell WerBell III, an arms dealer and former member of theOffice of Strategic Services who said he had ties to theCIA. Journalists and publications the party regarded as unfriendly were harassed, and it published a list of potential assassins it saw as a threat. LaRouche expected members to devote themselves entirely to the party, place their savings and possessions at its disposal, and take out loans on its behalf. Party officials decided who each member should live with, and if someone left the movement, the remaining member was expected to live separately from the ex-member. LaRouche questioned spouses about their partner's sexual habits, theTimes said, and in one case reportedly ordered a member to stop having sex with his wife, because it was making him "politically impotent".[76][77][78]
LaRouche began writing in 1973 about the use of certain psychological techniques on recruits. In an article called "Beyond Psychoanalysis", he wrote that a worker's persona had to be stripped away to arrive at a state he called "little me", from which it would be possible to "rebuild their personalities around a new socialist identity", according toThe Washington Post.[79][80]The New York Times wrote that the first such session – which LaRouche called "ego-stripping" – involved a German member, Konstantin George, in the summer of 1973. LaRouche said that during the session he discovered that a plot to assassinate him had been implanted in George's mind.[81]
He recorded sessions with a 26-year-old British member, Chris White, who had moved to England with LaRouche's former partner, Carol Schnitzer. In December 1973 LaRouche asked the couple to return to the U.S. His followers sent tapes of the subsequent sessions with White toThe New York Times as evidence of an assassination plot. According to theTimes, "[t]here are sounds of weeping, and vomiting on the tapes, and Mr. White complains of being deprived of sleep, food and cigarettes. At one point someone says 'raise the voltage', but [LaRouche] says this was associated with the bright lights used in the questioning rather than an electric shock." TheTimes wrote: "Mr. White complains of a terrible pain in his arm, then LaRouche can be heard saying, 'That's not real. That's in the program'." LaRouche told the newspaper White had been "reduced to an eight-cycle infinite loop with look-up table, with homosexual bestiality". He said White had not been harmed and that a physician – a LaRouche movement member – had been present throughout.[81][82] White ended up telling LaRouche he had been programmed by the CIA and British intelligence to set up LaRouche for assassination by Cuban exile frogmen.[83]
According toThe Washington Post, "brainwashing hysteria" took hold of the movement. One activist said he attended meetings where members were writhing on the floor saying they needed de-programming.[28] In two weeks in January 1974, the group issued 41 separate press releases about brainwashing. One activist, Alice Weitzman, expressed skepticism about the claims.[84]
LaRouche established contacts withWillis Carto'sLiberty Lobby and elements of theKu Klux Klan in 1974.[85]Frank Donner andRandall Rothenberg wrote that he made successful overtures to the Liberty Lobby andGeorge Wallace'sAmerican Independent Party, adding that the "racist" policies of LaRouche's U.S. Labor Party endeared it to members of the Ku Klux Klan.[86]George Michael, inWillis Carto and the American Far Right, says that LaRouche shared with the Liberty Lobby'sWillis Carto an antipathy towards theRockefeller family.[87] The Liberty Lobby defended its alliance with LaRouche by saying the U.S. Labor Party had been able to "confuse, disorient, and disunify the Left".[87]
Gregory Rose, a former chief of counter-intelligence for LaRouche who became an FBI informant in 1973, said that while the LaRouche movement had extensive links to the Liberty Lobby, there was also copious evidence of a connection to theSoviet Union. George and Wilcox say neither connection amounted to much – they assert that LaRouche was "definitely not a Soviet agent" and state that while the contact with the Liberty Lobby is often used to imply"'links' and 'ties' between LaRouche and the extreme right", it was in fact transient and marked by mutual suspicion. The Liberty Lobby soon pronounced itself disillusioned with LaRouche, citing his movement's adherence to "basic socialist positions" and his softness on "the majorZionist groups" as fundamental points of difference. According to George and Wilcox, Americanneo-Nazi leaders expressed misgivings over the number of Jews and members of other minority groups in his organization, and did not consider LaRouche an ally.[88] George Johnson, inArchitects of Fear, similarly states that LaRouche's overtures to far right groups were pragmatic rather than sincere. A 1975 party memo spoke of uniting with these groups only to overthrow the established order, adding that once that goal had been accomplished, "eliminating our right-wing opposition will be comparatively easy".[89]
Howard Blum wrote inThe New York Times that, from 1976 onward, party members sent reports to the FBI and local police regarding members of left-wing organizations. In 1977, he wrote, commercial reports on U.S. anti-apartheid groups were prepared by LaRouche members for the South African government, student dissidents were reported to the Shah of Iran'sSavak secret police, and the anti-nuclear movement was investigated on behalf of power companies.[90][91] Johnson says the intelligence network was made up of "obnoxious devotees commandeeringWATS lines and tricking bureaucrats into giving them information".[92] By the late 1970s, members were exchanging almost daily information withRoy Frankhouser, a government informant and infiltrator of both far right and far left groups who was involved with theKu Klux Klan and theAmerican Nazi Party.[93][91][94][95] The LaRouche organization believed Frankhouser to be a federal agent who had been assigned to infiltrate right-wing and left-wing groups, and that he had evidence that these groups were actually being manipulated or controlled by the FBI and other agencies.[96][97] LaRouche and his associates considered Frankhouser to be a valuable intelligence contact, and took his links to extremist groups to be a cover for his intelligence work.[93][98][12] Frankhouser played into these expectations, misrepresenting himself as a conduit for communications to LaRouche from "Mr. Ed", an alleged CIA contact who did not exist in reality.[93][99]
Blum wrote, at around this time, that LaRouche's Computron Technologies Corporation included Mobil Oil and Citibank among its clients, that his World Composition Services had one of the most advanced typesetting complexes in the city and had theFord Foundation among its clients, and that his PMR Associates produced the party's publications and some high school newspapers.[12]
Around the same time, according to Blum, LaRouche was telling his membership several times a year that he was being targeted for assassination, including by theQueen of the United Kingdom, Zionist mobsters, theCouncil on Foreign Relations, the Justice Department, and theMossad.[12] LaRouche sued the City of New York in 1974, saying the CIA and British spies had tortured and drugged his associates to brainwash his associates into killing him.[13] According toThe Patriot-News of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, LaRouche said he had been "threatened by Communists, Zionists, narcotics gangsters, the Rockefellers and international terrorists."[100] LaRouche later said:
Since late 1973, I have been repeatedly the target of serious assassination threats and my wife has been three times the target of attempted assassination. ... My enemies are the circles of McGeorge Bundy, Henry Kissinger, Soviet General SecretaryYuri Andropov,W. Averell Harriman, certain powerful bankers, and the Socialist and Nazi Internationals, as well as international drug traffickers,Colonel Gaddafi,Ayatollah Khomeini, and theMalthusian lobby.[101]
In March 1975,Clarence M. Kelley, director of the FBI, testified before theHouse Appropriations Committee that the NCLC was "a violence-oriented organization of 'revolutionary socialists' with a membership of nearly 1,000 in chapters in some 50 cities". He said that during the previous two years its members had been "involved in fights, beatings, using drugs, kidnappings, brainwashings, and at least one shooting. They are reported to be armed, to have received defensive training such as karate, and to attend cadre schools and training schools to learn military tactics".[102]
In 1975, under the nameLyn Marcus, LaRouche publishedDialectical Economics: An Introduction to Marxist Political Economy, described by its only reviewer as "the most peculiar and idiosyncratic" introduction to economics he had ever seen. Mixing economics, history, anthropology, sociology and a surprisingly large helping ofbusiness administration, the work argued that most prominent Marxists had misunderstood Marx, and thatbourgeois economics arose when philosophy took a wrong,reductionist turn underBritish empiricists likeLocke andHume.[103][104]
In 1976, LaRouche campaigned for the first time in a presidential election as a U.S. Labor Party candidate, polling 40,043 votes (0.05%). It was the first of eight consecutive presidential elections in which he ran between 1976 and 2004. It enabled him to attract $5.9 million in federalmatching funds; candidates seeking their party's presidential nomination qualify for matching funds if they raise $5,000 in each of at least 20 states.[105] His platform predicted financial disaster by 1980 accompanied by famine and the virtual extinction of the human race within 15 years, and proposed a debt moratorium; nationalization of banks; government investment in industry especially in the aerospace sector, and an "International Development Bank" to facilitate higher food production.[106] WhenLegionnaires' disease appeared in the U.S. that year, he said it was a continuation of theswine flu outbreak, and that senators who opposed vaccination were suppressing the link as part of a "genocidal policy".[107]
His campaign included a paid half-hour television address, which allowed him to air his views before a national audience, something that became a regular feature of his later campaigns. There were protests about this, and about the NCLC's involvement in public life generally. Writing inThe Washington Post,Stephen Rosenfeld said LaRouche's ideas belonged to the radical right, neo-Nazi fringe, and that his main interests lay in disruption and disinformation; Rosenfeld called the NCLC one of the "chief polluters" of political democracy. Rosenfeld argued that the press should be "chary" of offering them print or airtime: "A duplicitous violence-prone group with fascistic proclivities should not be presented to the public, unless there is reason to present it in those terms." LaRouche wrote in 1999 that this comment had "openly declared ... a policy of malicious lying" against him.[108]
LaRouche married again in 1977. His wife,Helga Zepp, was then a leading activist in theWest German branch of the movement. She went on to work closely with LaRouche for the rest of her career, standing for election in Germany in 1980 for hisEuropäische Arbeiterpartei (European Workers Party), and founding theSchiller Institute in Germany in 1984.[109]
From the autumn of 1979, the LaRouche movement conducted most of its U.S. electoral activities as the National Democratic Policy Committee (NDPC), a political action committee.[110] The name drew complaints from the Democratic Party'sDemocratic National Committee. Democratic Party leaders refused to recognize LaRouche as a party member, or to seat the few delegates he received in his seven primary campaigns as a Democrat.[111] In its 2019 obituary of LaRouche,New York magazine reported that LaRouche's attempts to pose as a Democrat were originally an attempt at a spoiler operation to divide the opponents ofRonald Reagan.[112]
LaRouche's campaign platforms advocated a return to theBretton Woods system, including a gold-based national and world monetary system; fixed exchange rates; and abolishing theInternational Monetary Fund.[113] He supported the replacement of thecentral bank system, including the U.S.Federal Reserve System, with a "national bank";[114] a war on drug trafficking and prosecution of banks involved in money laundering;[115] building atunnel under the Bering Strait; the building of nuclear power plants; and a crash program to buildparticle-beam weapons and lasers, including support for elements of theStrategic Defense Initiative (SDI). He opposed the Soviet Union and supported a military buildup to prepare for imminent war; supported the screening and quarantine ofAIDS patients; and opposed environmentalism, deregulation, outcome-based education, and abortion:[116]
No more will the United States fight World Wars to save theBritish Empire in any shape or guise. No more will the United States tolerate the British system, whether colonial orneo-colonial. No more will the United States tolerate the economics ofAdam Smith in any part of the world. We are going to take this aching, poor, hungry world and we're going to transform it with American methods. We're going to transform it through the export and development of high technology, we're going to haveManhattan Projects andNASA projects and everydirigiste, Federally-directed, scientific crazed program that we deem necessary.
— Lyndon LaRouche, at the opening of theNational Democratic Policy Committee, 1979
In December 1980, LaRouche and his followers started what came to be known as the "October Surprise" allegation,[117] namely that in October 1980 Ronald Reagan's campaign staff conspired with the Iranian government during theIran hostage crisis to delay the release of 52 American hostages held in Iran, with the aim of helping Reagan win the1980 United States presidential election againstJimmy Carter. The Iranians had agreed to this, according to the theory, in exchange for future weapons sales from the Reagan administration. The first publication of the story was in LaRouche'sExecutive Intelligence Review on December 2, 1980, followed by hisNew Solidarity on September 2, 1983, alleging thatHenry Kissinger, one of LaRouche's regular targets, had met Iran's AyatollahBeheshti in Paris, according to Iranian sources in Paris. The theory was later echoed by former Iranian PresidentAbolhassan Banisadr and former Naval intelligence officer and National Security Council memberGary Sick.[118]
The Washington Post wrote that LaRouche and his wife moved in August 1983 from New York to a 13-room Georgian mansion on a 250-acre section of theWoodburn Estate, nearLeesburg,Loudoun County,Virginia. The property was owned at the time by a company registered in Switzerland. Companies associated with LaRouche continued to buy property in the area, including part of Leesburg's industrial park, purchased by LaRouche's Lafayette/Leesburg Ltd. Partnership to develop a printing plant and office complex.[119]
Neighbors said they saw LaRouche guards in camouflage clothes carrying semi-automatic weapons, and thePost wrote that the house had sandbag-buttressed guard posts nearby, along with metal spikes in the driveway and concrete barriers on the road. One of his aides said LaRouche was safer in Loudoun County: "The terrorist organizations which have targeted Mr. LaRouche do not have bases of operations in Virginia." LaRouche said his new home meant a shorter commute to Washington. A former associate said the move also meant his members would be more isolated from friends and family than they had been in New York.[119] According to thePost in 2004, local people who opposed him for any reason were accused in LaRouche publications of being communists, homosexuals, drug pushers, and terrorists. He reportedly accused the Leesburg Garden Club of being a nest of Soviet sympathizers, and a local lawyer who opposed LaRouche on a zoning matter went into hiding after threatening phone calls and a death threat.[28] In leaflets supporting his application of concealed weapons permits for his bodyguards in Leesburg, Virginia, he wrote:
I have a major personal security problem ... [Without the permits] the assassination teams of professional mercenaries now being trained in Canada and along the Mexico border may be expected to start arriving on the streets of Leesburg ... If they come, there will be many people dead or mutilated within as short an interval as 60 seconds of fire.[120]
Of LaRouche's paramilitary security force, armed with semi-automatic weapons,[121] a spokesperson said that it was necessary because LaRouche was the subject of "assassination conspiracies".[122]
Helga Zepp-LaRouche founded the Schiller Institute in Germany in 1984.[123] In the same year, LaRouche raised enough money to purchase 14 television spots, at $330,000 each, in which he calledWalter Mondale—the Democratic Party's presidential nominee—a Soviet agent of influence, triggering over 1,000 telephone complaints.[124] On April 19, 1986, NBC'sSaturday Night Live aired a sketch satirizing the ads, portraying the Queen of the United Kingdom and Henry Kissinger as drug dealers. LaRouche received 78,773 votes in the 1984 presidential election.[125]
In 1984, media reports stated that LaRouche and his aides had met Reagan administration officials, including Norman Bailey, senior director of international economic affairs for the National Security Council (NSC), and Richard Morris, special assistant toWilliam P. Clark, Jr. There were also reported contacts with theDrug Enforcement Administration, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the CIA. The LaRouche campaign said the reporting was full of errors.[126] In 1984 two Pentagon officials spoke at a LaRouche rally in Virginia; a Defense Department spokesman said the Pentagon viewed LaRouche's group as a "conservative group ... very supportive of the administration." White House spokesmanLarry Speakes said the Administration was "glad to talk to" any American citizen who might have information.[127] According to Bailey, the contacts were broken off when they became public.[128] Three years later, LaRouche blamed his criminal indictment on the NSC, saying he had been in conflict withOliver North over LaRouche's opposition to the NicaraguanContras.[129] According to a LaRouche publication, a court-ordered search of North's files produced a May 1986 telex fromIran–Contra defendant GeneralRichard Secord, discussing the gathering of information to be used against LaRouche.[130] According to King, LaRouche'sExecutive Intelligence Review was the first to report important details of the Iran–Contra affair, predicting that a major scandal was about to break months before mainstream media picked up on the story.[131]
The LaRouche campaign supported Reagan'sStrategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Dennis King wrote that LaRouche had been speculating about space-based weaponry as early as 1975. He set up the Fusion Energy Foundation, which held conferences and tried to cultivate scientists, with some success. In 1979, FEF representatives attended a Moscow conference onlaser fusion. LaRouche began to promote the use of lasers and related technologies for both military and civilian purposes, calling for a "revolution inmachine tools."[132]
According to King, LaRouche's associates had for some years been in contact with members of the Reagan administration about LaRouche's space-based weapons ideas.[133] LaRouche proposed the development of defensive beam technologies as a policy that was in the interest of both the U.S. and the Soviet Union, as the alternative to an arms race in offensive weapons and as a generator of spin-off economic benefits. Between February 1982 and February 1983, with the NSC's approval, LaRouche met with Soviet embassy representative Evgeny Shershnev to discuss the proposal. During this period, Soviet economists also began to study LaRouche's economic forecasting model. But after Reagan's public announcement of the SDI in March 1983, Soviet representatives broke off contact with LaRouche and his representatives.[132]
PhysicistEdward Teller, a proponent of SDI and X-ray lasers, told reporters in 1984 that he had been courted by LaRouche but had kept his distance. LaRouche began calling his plan the "LaRouche-Teller proposal," though they had never met. Teller said LaRouche was "a poorly informed man with fantastic conceptions."[134]
LaRouche later attributed thecollapse of the Soviet Union to its refusal to follow his advice to accept Reagan's offer to share the technology.[135] Former Secretary of DefenseDonald Rumsfeld reported in his 2011 memoir that at a 2001 dinner in Russia with leading officials, he was told by GeneralYuri Baluyevsky, then the second highest-ranking officer in the Russian military, that LaRouche was the brains behind SDI. Rumsfeld said he believed LaRouche had had no influence on the program, and surmised that Baluyevsky must have obtained the information off the Internet.[136] In 2012 the former head of the Russian bureau of Interpol, General Vladimir Ovchinsky, also described LaRouche as the man who proposed the SDI.[137]
In January 1984,NBC aired a news segment about LaRouche, and in March a "First Camera" report produced byPat Lynch. The reports called LaRouche "the leader of a violence-prone, anti-Semitic cult that smeared its opponents and sued its critics", as Lynch wrote in 1985 in theColumbia Journalism Review.[50] In interviews, former members of the movement gave details about their fundraising practices, and alleged that LaRouche had spoken about assassinating PresidentJimmy Carter. The reports said an investigation by theInternal Revenue Service would lead to an indictment, and quotedIrwin Suall, theAnti-Defamation League's fact-finding director, who called LaRouche a "small-timeHitler". After the broadcast, LaRouche members picketed NBC's office carrying signs saying "Lynch Pat Lynch," and the NBC switchboard said it received a death threat against her. Another NBC researcher said someone placed fliers around her parents' neighborhood saying she was running a call-girl ring from her parents' home.[138] Lynch said LaRouche members began to impersonate her and her researchers in telephone calls, and called her "Fat Lynch" in their publications.[50]
LaRouche filed a defamation suit against NBC and the ADL, arguing that the programs were the result of a deliberate campaign of defamation against him.[139] The judge ruled that NBC need not reveal its sources, and LaRouche lost the case. NBC won a countersuit, the jury awarding the network $3 million in damages, later reduced to $258,459, for misuse of libel law, in what was called one of the more celebrated countersuits by a libel defendant.[140] LaRouche failed to pay the damages, pleading poverty, which the judge described as "completely lacking in credibility."[141] LaRouche said he had been unaware since 1973 who paid the rent on the estate, or for his food, lodging, clothing, transportation, bodyguards, and lawyers. The judge fined him for failing to answer. After the judge signed an order to allow discovery of LaRouche's personal finances, a cashier's check was delivered to the court to end the case.[142] When LaRouche appealed, theFourth Circuit Court of Appeals, rejecting his arguments, set forth a three-pronged test, later called the "LaRouche test," to decide when anonymous sources must be named in libel cases.[143]
LaRouche interpreted the AIDS pandemic as fulfillment of his 1973 prediction that an epidemic would strike humanity in the 1980s. According to Christopher Toumey, his subsequent campaign followed a familiar LaRouche pattern: challenging the scientific competence of government experts, and arguing that LaRouche had special scientific insights, and his own scientific associates were more competent than government scientists. LaRouche's view of AIDS agreed with orthodox medicine in that HIV caused AIDS, but differed from it in arguing that HIV spread like the cold virus or malaria, by way of casual contact and insect bites – which, if true, would make HIV-positive people extremely dangerous. He advocated testing anyone working in schools, restaurants, or healthcare, and quarantining those who tested positive. Some of LaRouche's views on AIDS were developed byJohn Seale, a Britishvenereological physician who proposed that AIDS was created in a Soviet laboratory. Seale's highly speculative writings were published in three prestigious medical journals, lending these ideas some appearance of being hard science.[70]
LaRouche and his associates devised a "Biological Strategic Defense Initiative" that would cost $100 billion per annum, which they said would have to be directed by LaRouche. Toumey writes that those opposing the program, such as theWorld Health Organization andCenters for Disease Control, were accused of "viciously lying to the world," and of following an agenda of genocide and euthanasia.[144] In 1986 LaRouche proposed that AIDS be added to California's List of Communicable Diseases. Sponsored by his "Prevent AIDS Now Initiative Committee" (PANIC), Proposition 64 – or the "LaRouche initiative" – qualified for the California ballot in 1986, with the required signature gatherers mostly paid for by LaRouche's Campaigner Publications. Seale, presented as an AIDS expert by PANIC, supported the LaRouche initiative, but disagreed with several of LaRouche's views, including that HIV could be spread by insects, and described the group's political beliefs and conspiracy theories as "rather odd".[145] According toDavid Kirp, professor of public policy at theUniversity of California at Berkeley, the proposal would have required that 300,000 people in the area with HIV or AIDS be reported to public health authorities; might have removed over 100,000 of them from their jobs in schools, restaurants and agriculture; and would have forced 47,000 children to stay away from school.[146]
The proposal was opposed by leading scientists and local health officials as based on inaccurate scientific information and, as the public health schools put it, running "counter to all public health principles." It was defeated, reintroduced two years later, and defeated again, with two million votes in favor the first time, and 1.7 million the second. AIDS became a leading plank in LaRouche's platform during his 1988 presidential campaign.[147]
In March 1986, Mark Fairchild andJanice Hart – LaRouche National Democratic Policy Committee candidates – won the Democratic primary for statewide offices inIllinois, gaining national attention for LaRouche.[148] The Democratic gubernatorial candidate,Adlai Stevenson III, withdrew his nomination rather than run on the same slate as LaRouche members, and told reporters the party was "exploring every legal remedy to purge these bizarre and dangerous extremists from the Democratic ticket." A spokesman for the Democratic National Committee said it would have to do a better job of communicating to the electorate that LaRouche's National Democratic Policy Committee was unrelated to the Democratic Party.[14]The New York Times wrote that Democratic Party officials were trying to identify LaRouche candidates in order to alert voters, and asked the LaRouche organization to release a full list of its candidates.[149]
A month later, LaRouche held a press conference to accuse the Soviet government, British government, drug dealers, international bankers, and journalists of being involved in multiple conspiracies. Flanked by bodyguards, he said: "If Abe Lincoln were alive, he'd probably be standing up here with me today," and that there was no criticism of him that did not originate "with the drug lobby or the Soviet operation ..." He said he had been in danger from Soviet assassins for over 13 years, and had to live in safe houses. He refused to answer a question from an NBC reporter, saying "How can I talk with a drug pusher like you?" He called the leadership of the United States "idiotic" and "berserk," and its foreign policy "criminal or insane." He warned of the imminent collapse of the banking system and accused banks of laundering drug money. Asked about the movement's finances, he said "I don't know. ... I'm not responsible, I'm not involved in that."[150]
In October 1986, hundreds of state and federal officers raided LaRouche offices in Virginia and Massachusetts. A federal grand jury indicted LaRouche and twelve of his associates on credit card fraud and obstruction of justice. The charges stated that they had attempted to defraud people of millions of dollars, including several elderly people, by borrowing money they did not intend to repay. LaRouche disputed the charges, alleging that they were politically motivated.[151]
When LaRouche's "heavily fortified"[152] estate was surrounded, he at first warned law-enforcement officials not to arrest him, saying that any attempt to do so would be an attempt to kill him. A spokesman would not rule out the use of violence against officials in response. While surrounded, LaRouche sent a telegram to president Ronald Reagan saying that an attempt to arrest him "would be an attempt to kill me. I will not submit passively to such an arrest, ... I will defend myself."[153][154]
In 1987, a number of LaRouche entities, including theFusion Energy Foundation, were taken over through an involuntary bankruptcy proceeding. The government's use of a sealed order in this proceeding was regarded as a rare legal maneuver.[155]
On December 16, 1988, LaRouche was convicted of conspiracy to commitmail fraud involving more than $30 million in defaulted loans; eleven counts of actual mail fraud involving $294,000 in defaulted loans; and a single count of conspiring to defraud the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.[citation needed] He was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison, but was released on parole after serving five years on January 26, 1994.[1]
Thirteen associates were sentenced to prison terms ranging from one month to 77 years for mail fraud and conspiracy.[151]
The trial judge called LaRouche's claim of a politicalvendetta "arrant nonsense", and said "the idea that this organization is a sufficient threat to anything that would warrant the government bringing a prosecution to silence them just defies human experience."[156]
Defense lawyers filed unsuccessful appeals that challenged the conduct of the grand jury, the contempt fines, the execution of the search warrants, and various trial procedures. At least ten appeals were heard by the United States Court of Appeals, and three were heard by the U.S. Supreme Court.[citation needed]
FormerAttorney GeneralRamsey Clark joined the defense team for two appeals, writing that the case involved "a broader range of deliberate and systematic misconduct and abuse of power over a longer period of time in an effort to destroy a political movement and leader, than any other federal prosecution in my time or to my knowledge."[157]
In his 1988 autobiography, LaRouche says the raid on his operation was the work ofRaisa Gorbachev.[158] In an interview that same year, he said that theSoviet Union opposed him, because he had invented theStrategic Defense Initiative. "The Soviet government hated me for it. Gorbachev also hated my guts and called for my assassination and imprisonment and so forth." He asserted that he had survived these threats, because he had been protected by unnamed U.S. government officials. "Even when they don't like me, they consider me a national asset, and they don't like to have their national assets killed."[159]
LaRouche received 25,562 votes in the 1988 presidential election.[160]
LaRouche had an interest in classical music up to the period ofBrahms. A motto of LaRouche's European Workers' Party is "Think likeBeethoven"; movement offices typically include a piano and posters of German composers, and members are known for their choral singing at protest events and for using satirical lyrics tailored to their targets.[161] LaRouche abhorred popular music; he said in 1980, "Rock was not an accidental thing. This was done by people who set out in a deliberate way to subvert the United States. It was done by British intelligence," and wrote thatthe Beatles were "a product shaped according to British Psychological Warfare Division specifications."[162]
LaRouche movement members have protested at performances ofRichard Wagner's operas, denouncing Wagner as an anti-Semite who found favor with the Nazis, and called a conductor "satanic" because he played contemporary music.[163]
In 1989, LaRouche advocated that classical orchestras should use aconcert pitch based onA above middle C (A4) tuned to 432 Hz, which the Schiller Institute called the "Verdi pitch", a pitch thatVerdi had suggested as optimal, though he also composed and conducted in other pitches such as the French officialdiapason normal of 435 Hz, including hisRequiem in 1874.[164]
The Schiller Institute initiative attracted support from more than 300 opera stars, includingJoan Sutherland,Plácido Domingo, andLuciano Pavarotti, who according toOpera Fanatic may not have been aware of LaRouche's politics. A spokesman for Domingo said Domingo had simply signed a questionnaire, had not been aware of its origins, and would not agree with LaRouche's politics.Renata Tebaldi andPiero Cappuccilli, who were running for the European Parliament on LaRouche's "Patriots for Italy" platform, attended Schiller Institute conferences as featured speakers. The discussions led to debates in the Italian parliament about reinstating "Verdi" legislation. LaRouche gave an interview toNational Public Radio on the initiative from prison. The initiative was opposed by the editor ofOpera Fanatic,Stefan Zucker, who objected to the establishment of a "pitch police," and argued that LaRouche was using the issue to gain credibility.[165]
LaRouche began his sentence in 1989, serving it at theFederal Medical Center inRochester, Minnesota. From there he ran for Congress in 1990, seeking to represent the10th District of Virginia, but he received less than one percent of the vote. He ran for president again in 1992 withJames Bevel as his running mate, a civil rights activist who had represented the LaRouche movement in its pursuit of theFranklin child prostitution ring allegations. It was only the second-ever campaign for president from prison.[166] He received 26,334 votes, standing again as the "Economic Recovery" party.[167] For a time he shared a cell with televangelistJim Bakker. Bakker later wrote of his astonishment at LaRouche's detailed knowledge of the Bible. According to Bakker, LaRouche received a daily intelligence report by mail, and at times had information about news events days before they happened. Bakker also wrote that LaRouche believed their cell was bugged. In Bakker's view, "to say LaRouche was a little paranoid would be like saying that theTitanic had a little leak."[168]
Viktor Kuzin, a member of the Moscow City Council and a founder of theDemocratic Union in Russia,[169] travelled to Minnesota in 1993 to meet LaRouche in prison, and afterwards participated in international campaigns to exonerate LaRouche.[170] An advertisement calling for exoneration was published in several U.S. newspapers, signed by Kuzin, Civil Rights attorneyJ. L. Chestnut, former Ugandan presidentGodfrey Binaisa, and others.[171] Chestnut was interviewed in theTuscaloosa News saying that when he met LaRouche, "I told him that he might as well be black and in Alabama."[172]
The exoneration campaigns garnered the support of a number of State Representatives and State Senators in the U.S., as well as a former justice of the Washington State Supreme Court.[173][174]
LaRouche was released on parole in January 1994, and returned to Loudoun County.The Washington Post wrote that he would be supervised by parole and probation officers until January 2004.[175] Also in 1994, his followers joined members of theNation of Islam to blame theAnti-Defamation League for what they alleged were crimes and conspiracies against African Americans, reportedly one of several such meetings since 1992.[176]
Former U.S. Attorney GeneralRamsey Clark wrote a letter in 1995 to then-Attorney GeneralJanet Reno in which he said that the case against LaRouche involved "a broader range of deliberate and systematic misconduct and abuse of power over a longer period of time in an effort to destroy a political movement and leader, than any other federal prosecution in my time or to my knowledge". He asserted that, "The government, ex parte, sought and received an order effectively closing the doors of these publishing businesses, all of which were involved in First Amendment activities, effectively preventing the further repayment of their debts." He called the convictions "a tragic miscarriage of justice which at this time can only be corrected by an objective review and courageous action by the Department of Justice".[177] The LaRouche movement organized two panels to review the cases: the Curtis Clark Commission,[178] and theMann-Chestnut hearings.[179]
Beginning in 1994, LaRouche made numerous visits to Russia, participating in conferences of theVernadsky State Geological Museum of theRussian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the RAS Institute of the Far East, and other places. He addressed seminars at the RAS Institute of Economics, the RAS Institute of Oriental Studies. He spoke at hearings in theState Duma of the Russian Federation on measures to ensure the development of the Russian economy at the point of destabilization of the world financial system.[clarification needed] Two of his books were translated into Russian.[180]
On September 18, 1996, a full-page advertisement appeared in theNew Federalist, a LaRouche publication, as well asThe Washington Post andRoll Call. Entitled "Officials Call for LaRouche's Exoneration", its signatories includedArturo Frondizi, formerpresident of Argentina; figures from the 1960s Americancivil rights movement such asRosa Parks,Amelia Boynton Robinson (a leader of the Larouche-affiliatedSchiller Institute), andJames Bevel (a Larouche movement participant); formerMinnesotaSenator and Democratic presidential candidateEugene McCarthy;Mervyn Dymally, who chaired theCongressional Black Caucus; and artists such as classical vocalistWilliam Warfield and violinistNorbert Brainin, former 1st Violin of theAmadeus Quartet.[181][independent source needed]
In 1996, LaRouche was invited to speak at a convention organized by the Nation of Islam'sLouis Farrakhan andBen Chavis, then of the National African American Leadership Summit. As soon as he began speaking, he was booed off the stage.[182]
In the1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries, he received enough votes in Louisiana and Virginia to get one delegate from each state, but before the primaries began, the Democratic National Committee chair,Donald Fowler, ruled that LaRouche was not a "bona fide Democrat" because of his "expressed political beliefs ... which are explicitly racist and anti-Semitic," and because of his "past activities, including exploitation of and defrauding contributors and voters." Fowler instructed state parties to disregard votes for LaRouche.[183]
LaRouche opposed attempts to impeach PresidentBill Clinton, charging it was a plot by the British Intelligence to destabilize the U.S. government.[184][185] In 1996 he called for the impeachment of Pennsylvania governorTom Ridge.[186][187]
Efforts to clear LaRouche's name continued, including in Australia, where the Parliament acknowledged receipt of 1,606 petition signatures in 1998.[188]
In 1999, China's press agency, theXinhua News Agency, reported that LaRouche had criticized theCox Report, a congressional investigation that accused the Chinese of stealing U.S. nuclear weapons secrets, calling it a "scientifically illiterate hoax."[189] On October 13, 1999, during a press conference to announce his plans to run for president, he predicted the collapse of the world's financial system, saying, "There's nothing like it in this century. ... it is systematic and therefore inevitable." He said the U.S. and other nations had built the "biggest financial bubble in all history," which was close to bankruptcy.[190]
LaRouche founded the Worldwide LaRouche Youth Movement (WLYM) in 2000, saying in 2004 that it had hundreds of members in the U.S. and a lesser number overseas. During the Democratic primaries in June 2000, he received 53,280 votes, or 22% of the total, inArkansas.[191] Despite finishing above the 15% threshold needed to obtain delegates, LaRouche was denied any delegates and was barred from attending the2000 Democratic National Convention.[16]
In 2002, LaRouche'sExecutive Intelligence Review argued that theSeptember 11 attacks in 2001 had been an"inside job" and "attempted coup d'etat", and that Iran was the first country to question it. The article received wide coverage in Iran, and was cited by senior Iranian government officials, includingAkbar Hashemi Rafsanjani andHassan Rouhani. Mahmoud Alinejad wrote that, in a subsequent telephone interview with theVoice of the Islamic Republic of Iran, LaRouche said the attacks had been organized by rogue elements inside the U.S., aiming to use the incident to promote a war against Islam, and that Israel was a dictatorial regime prepared to commit Nazi-style crimes against thePalestinians.[192]
In 2003, LaRouche was living in a "heavily guarded" rented house inRound Hill, Loudoun County, Virginia.[193]
LaRouche again entered the primary elections for the Democratic Party's nomination in 2004, setting a record for the number of consecutive presidential campaigns; Democratic Party officials did not allow him to participate in candidate forum debates. He did not run in 2008.[194]
As during the preceding decade, LaRouche and his followers denied that human civilization had harmed the environment throughDDT,chlorofluorocarbons, orcarbon dioxide. According toChip Berlet, "Pro-LaRouche publications have been at the forefront of denying the reality ofglobal warming".[195]
Iqbal Qazwini wrote in the Arabic-language dailyAsharq Al-Awsat in 2003 that LaRouche was one of the first to predict the fall of theBerlin Wall in 1988 andGerman reunification. He said LaRouche had urged the West to pursue a policy of economic cooperation similar to theMarshall Plan for the advancement of the economy of the socialist countries. According to Qazwini, recent years have seen a proliferation of LaRouche's ideas in China and South Asia. Qazwini referred to him as the spiritual father of the revival of the newSilk Road orEurasian Landbridge, which aims to link the continents through a network of ground transportation.[196]
In 2005, thePeople's Daily of China covered LaRouche's economic forecasts and published an eight-part interview with him; the interviewer wrote that LaRouche was "quite famous in mainland China today".[197][198]
In 2007, LaRouche began a national lobbying campaign to restore theGlass-Steagall Act, saying that it would be possible to save the U.S. banking system by reorganizing it under bankruptcy protection.[199] Also in 2007, he proposed a "Homeowners and Bank Protection Act". This called for the establishment of a federal agency that would "place federal- and state-chartered banks under protection, freeze all existing home mortgages for a period of time, adjust mortgage values to fair prices, restructure existing mortgages at appropriate interest rates, and write off speculative debt obligations of mortgage-backed securities". The bill envisioned a foreclosure moratorium, allowing homeowners to make the equivalent of rental payments for an interim period, and an end to bank bailouts, forcing banks to reorganize under bankruptcy laws.[200] In spring 2007 he was an honorary foreign guest at a ceremony in honor of the 80th birthday ofStanislav Menshikov at the Russian Academy of Sciences.[180]
During the discussion of U.S. health care reform in 2009, LaRouche advocated asingle-payer health care bill and took exception to what he described as PresidentBarack Obama's proposal that "independent boards of doctors and health care experts [should] make the life-and-death decisions of what care to provide, and what not, based on cost-effectiveness criteria." LaRouche said the proposed boards would amount to the same thing as theNazis'Action T4 euthanasia program. A press release from his political action committee asserted: "Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouchePAC are the source of the campaign to expose the Obama ‘health care’ policy as modeled on that of Hitler in 1939."[201]
Images at tables of volunteers compared Obama toAdolf Hitler, and at least one had a picture of Obama with a Hitler-style mustache. In Seattle, police were called twice in response to people threatening to attack the volunteers. During one widely reported public meeting, CongressmanBarney Frank called the images "vile, contemptible nonsense."[202][203][204][205]
University of Notre Dame political philosophersCatherine Zuckert andMichael Zuckert write of LaRouche that "[I]t must be nearly unique in American politics that a presidential candidate ... makes the interpretation ofPlato a major issue in his campaign."[206]
According toGeorge Johnson, LaRouche saw history as a battle betweenPlatonists, who believe in absolute truth, andAristotelians, who rely onempirical data. Johnson characterizes LaRouche's views as follows: the Platonists include figures such asBeethoven,Mozart,Shakespeare,Leonardo da Vinci, andLeibniz. LaRouche believed that many of the world's ills result from the dominance of Aristotelianism as embraced by theempirical philosophers (such asHobbes,Locke,Berkeley, andHume), leading to a culture that favors the empirical over themetaphysical, embracesmoral relativism, and seeks to keep the general population uninformed. Industry, technology, and classical music should be used to enlighten the world, LaRouche argued, whereas the Aristotelians usepsychotherapy, drugs,rock music, jazz, environmentalism, andquantum theory to bring about a new Dark Age in which the world will be ruled byoligarchs. Left and right are false distinctions for LaRouche; what matters is the Platonic versus Aristotelian outlook, a position that has led him to form relationships with groups as disparate as farmers, nuclear engineers,Black Muslims,Teamsters, andanti-abortion advocates.[citation needed]
InArchitects of Fear (1983), Johnson compares LaRouche's view to anIlluminati conspiracy theory; Johnson writes that after he wrote about LaRouche inThe Minneapolis Star, LaRouche's followers denounced him as part of a conspiracy of elitists that began inancient Egypt.[207][208][209][210][211] But according to LaRouche, Aristotelians are not necessarily in communication or coordination with one another: "From their standpoint, [they] are proceeding by instinct," LaRouche said. "If you're asking how their policy is developed – if there is an inside group sitting down and making plans – no, it doesn't work that way ... History doesn't function quite that consciously."[212][207][213][214][215]
In 2011, Stephen E. Adkins'sEncyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism In Modern American History called LaRouche "the leading neo-fascist politician in the United States".[216]
LaRouche was described as having "fascistic tendencies", taking positions on thefar right (despite his self-identification with theleft and some left-wing policies), and creatingdisinformation.[217]
LaRouche was commonly regarded as a conspiracy theorist: for example, in his Fox News obituary.[218] An article in theSouthern Poverty Law Center[219] website names him as "a fringe ideologue and conspiracy theorist whom Chip Berlet, senior analyst atPolitical Research Associates and an expert on the radical right calls "the man who brought us fascism wrapped in an American flag". An NPR obituary is titledConspiracy Theorist And Frequent Presidential Candidate Lyndon LaRouche Dies At 96.[5]The Washington Post obituary reports he was "often described as an extremist crank and fringe figure" and that he "built a worldwide following based on conspiracy theories, economic doom, anti-Semitism, homophobia and racism".[220]
Beginning in the mid-1970s, allegations began to appear saying that LaRouche hadfascist and antisemitic tendencies.[221]
In 1977, LaRouche married his second wife,Helga Zepp-LaRouche, a German 27 years younger than he. Her 1984 book,The Hitler Book, argues that "We need a movement that can finally free Germany from the control of theVersailles andYalta treaties, thanks to which we have staggered from one catastrophe to another for an entire century."[222] Helga founded theSchiller Institute, which has been described aspromoting antisemitic conspiracy theories by theBerliner Zeitung andPolitical Research Associates, a nonprofit research group that studies right-wing, white supremacist, and militia groups.[223][224]
LaRouche said he wasanti-Zionist, not antisemitic.[225] When theAnti-Defamation League (ADL) accused LaRouche of antisemitism in 1979, he filed a $26-million libel suit; the case failed when Justice Michael Dontzin of theNew York Supreme Court ruled that it wasfair comment and that the facts "reasonably give rise" to that description.[226][227] LaRouche started a campaign against the ADL and set up a group called "The Provisional Committee to Clean Up B'nai Brith".[citation needed]
LaRouche said in 1986 that descriptions of him as a neo-fascist or anti-Semite stemmed from "the drug lobby or the Soviet operation – which is sometimes the same thing";[228][229] in 2006, he wrote that "religious and racial hatred, such as antisemitism, or hatred against Islam, or, hatred of Christians, is, on record of known history, the most evil expression of criminality to be seen on the planet today."[230]Antony Lerman wrote in 1988 that LaRouche used "the British" as a code word for "Jews",[231] a theory also propounded by Dennis King, author ofLyndon LaRouche and the New American Fascism (1989). George Johnson argued that King's presentation failed to take into account that several members of LaRouche's inner circle were Jewish.[232]Daniel Pipes wrote in 1997 that LaRouche's references to the British really were to the British, though he agreed that an alleged British–Jewish alliance lay at the heart of LaRouche's conspiracism.[233]
As of 2016, theJewish Virtual Library states that "The international organization run by Lyndon LaRouche is a major source of such masked antisemitic theories globally. In the U.S. the LaRouchites spread these conspiracy theories in an alliance with aides to MinisterLouis Farrakhan of theNation of Islam. A series of LaRouchite pamphlets calls the neoconservative movement the 'Children of Satan', which links Jewish neo-conservatives to the historic rhetoric of theblood libel."[234]
Manning Marable ofColumbia University wrote in 1998 that LaRouche tried in the mid-1980s to build bridges to the black community. Marable argued that most of the community was not fooled and quoted theA. Philip Randolph Institute, an organization for African American trade unionists, declaring that "LaRouche appeals to fear, hatred and ignorance. He seeks to exploit and exacerbate the anxieties and frustrations of Americans by offering an array of scapegoats and enemies: Jews, Zionists, international bankers, blacks, labor unions – much the way Hitler did in Germany."[235] During LaRouche's slander suit against NBC in 1984,Roy Innis, leader of theCongress of Racial Equality, took the stand for LaRouche as a character witness, stating under oath that LaRouche's views on racism were "consistent with his own." Asked whether he had seen any indication of racism in LaRouche's associates, he replied that he had not.[236]
LaRouche material frequently acclaims him as the world's greatest economist and the world's most successful forecaster. For example, his book titleThe Economics of the Noösphere: Why Lyndon LaRouche Is the World's Most Successful Economic Forecaster of the Past Four Decades.[237] However, a website of disgruntled ex-movement leaders lists incorrect predictions of sudden world economic collapse, war or depression in 1956, 1961–1970, 1972, 1975–1992,[238] and 1994–2011.[239]
Apart from the numerous failed predictions are claimed some successful predictions or proposals: the eventual reunification of Germany,[239]the Star Wars initiative, the New Silk Road[239] (claimed as a precursor to the ChineseOne Belt One Road initiative.)[independent source needed]
Estimates of the size of LaRouche's movement have varied over the years; most say there is a core membership of 500 to 2,000. The estimated 600 members in 1978 paid monthly dues of $24. Johnson wrote in 1983 that both theFusion Energy Foundation and the National Democratic Policy Committee had attracted some 20,000 members, as well as 300,000 magazine subscribers.[240][241][242][243]
According to Christopher Toumey, LaRouche'scharismatic authority within the movement was grounded on members' belief that he possessed a unique level of insight and expertise. He identified an emotionally charged issue, conducted in-depth research into it, and then proposed a simplistic solution, which usually involved restructuring of the economy or national security apparatus. He and the membership portrayed anyone opposing him as immoral and part of the conspiracy.[244][245][246]
The LaRouche movement has been described as a cult or cult-like by critics and anti-cult organizations.[247][8][248][249]
A 1987 article by John Mintz inThe Washington Post reported that members of the LaRouche movement lived hand-to-mouth in crowded apartments, with their basic needs paid for by the movement. They worked raising money or selling newspapers for LaRouche, doing research for him, or singing in a group choir, spending almost every waking hour together.[250]
The group is known for its caustic attacks on opponents and former members. It has justified what it calls "psywar techniques" as necessary to shake people up; Johnson in 1983 quoted a LaRouche associate: "We're not very nice, so we're hated. Why be nice? It's a cruel world. We're in a war and the human race is up for grabs".[251] Charles Tate, a former LaRouche associate, toldThe Washington Post in 1987 that members see themselves as exempt from the ordinary laws of society: "They feel that the continued existence of the human race is totally dependent on what they do in the organization, that nobody would be here without LaRouche. They feel justified in a peculiar way doing anything whatsoever."[250]
LaRouche's death was announced on the website of one of his organizations. He died on February 12, 2019, at age 96. Neither the place nor cause of his death was specified.[1]
He built a political organization often likened to a cult and ran for president eight times, once while in prison for mail fraud.
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