Lydia Maria Child | |
|---|---|
 An 1882 engraving of Child | |
| Born | Lydia Maria Francis February 11, 1802 Medford, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | October 20, 1880(1880-10-20) (aged 78) Wayland, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Resting place | North Cemetery Wayland, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Occupation |
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| Literary movement | Abolitionist, feminism |
| Notable works | |
| Spouse | |
| Relatives | Convers Francis (brother) |
| Signature | |
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Lydia Maria Child (néeFrancis; February 11, 1802 – October 20, 1880) was anAmerican abolitionist,feminist,Native American rights activist, novelist, journalist, and opponent ofAmerican expansionism. Her journals, both fiction and domestic manuals, reached wide audiences from the 1820s through the 1850s. At times she shocked her audience as she tried to take on issues of bothmale dominance andwhite supremacy in some of her stories.
Despite these challenges, Child may be most remembered for her poem "Over the River and Through the Wood". Hergrandparents' house, which she wrote about visiting, was restored byTufts University in 1976 and stands near theMystic River on South Street, inMedford, Massachusetts.
Lydia Maria Francis was born in Medford, Massachusetts, on February 11, 1802, to Susannah (née Rand) and Convers Francis. She went by her middle name, and pronounced it Ma-RYE-a.[1] Her older brother,Convers Francis, was educated atHarvard College and Seminary, and became aUnitarian minister. Child received her education at a local dame school and later at a women's seminary. Upon the death of her mother, she went to live with her older sister inMaine, where she studied to be a teacher. During this time, her brother Convers, by then a Unitarian minister, saw to his younger sister's education in literary masters such asHomer andMilton. In her early 20s, Francis lived with her brother and met many of the top writers and thinkers of the day through him. She also converted to Unitarianism.[1]
Francis chanced to read an article in theNorth American Review discussing the field offered to the novelist by earlyNew England history. Although she had never thought of becoming an author, she immediately wrote the first chapter of her novelHobomok. Encouraged by her brother's commendation, she finished it in six weeks and had it published. From this time until her death, she wrote continually.[2]
Francis taught for one year in aseminary in Medford, and in 1824 started a private school inWatertown, Massachusetts. In 1826, she founded theJuvenile Miscellany, the first monthly periodical for children published in the United States, and supervised its publication for eight years.[2] After publishing other works voicing her opposition to slavery, much of her audience turned against her, especially in the South.TheJuvenile Miscellany closed down after book sales and subscriptions dropped.[1]
In 1828, she marriedDavid Lee Child and moved to Boston.
Following the success ofHobomok, Child wrote several novels, poetry, and an instruction manual for mothers,The Mothers Book; but her most successful work wasThe Frugal Housewife. Dedicated to those who are not ashamed of Economy. This book contained mostly recipes, but also contained this advice for young housewives, "If you are about to furnish a house, do not spend all your money.... Begin humbly."[1] First published in 1829, the book was expanded and went through 33 printings in 25 years.[3] Child wrote that her book had been "written for the poor ... those who can afford to beepicures will find the best of information in theSeventy-five Receipts" byEliza Leslie.[4]
Child changed the title toThe American Frugal Housewife in 1832 to end the confusion with the British authorSusannah Carter'sThe Frugal Housewife first published in 1765, and then printed in America from 1772. Child wrote that Carter's book was not suited "to the wants of this country".[4] To add further confusion, from 1832 to 1834 Child's version was printed in London and Glasgow. Around this time she also published inThe Token annualgift book.[5]
In 1831,William Lloyd Garrison began publication of his influential abolitionist newspaper,The Liberator. Lydia Child and her husband read it from the beginning and began to identify themselves with the anti-slavery cause. Personal contact with Garrison was another factor.[6][2] Child was awomen's rights activist, but did not believe significant progress for women could be made until after theabolition of slavery. She believed that white women and enslaved people were similar in that white men held both groups in subjugation and treated them as property, instead of individual human beings. As she worked towards equality for women, Child publicly said that she did not care for all-female communities. She believed that women would be able to achieve more by working alongside men. Child, along with many other female abolitionists, began campaigning for equal female membership and participation in theAmerican Anti-Slavery Society, provoking a controversy that latersplit the movement.[citation needed]
In 1833, she published her bookAn Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans. It argued, as did Garrison, in favor of the immediate emancipation of the enslaved people without compensation to their legal owners. She is sometimes said to have been the first white woman to have written a book in support of this policy. She "surveyed slavery from a variety of angles—historical, political, economic, legal, and moral" to show that "emancipation was practicable and that Africans were intellectually equal to Europeans."[7] In this book, she wrote that "the intellectual inferiority of the negroes is a common, though most absurd apology, for personal prejudice."[1] The book was the first anti-slavery work printed in America in book form. She followed it with several smaller works on the same subject. HerAppeal attracted much attention, andWilliam Ellery Channing, who attributed to it part of his interest in the slavery question, walked from Boston to Roxbury to thank Child for the book. She had to endure social ostracism, but from this time was considered a conspicuous champion of anti-slavery.[2]
Child, a strong supporter and organizer in anti-slavery societies, helped with fundraising efforts to finance the firstanti-slavery fair, which abolitionists held in Boston in 1834. It was both an educational and a major fundraising event, and was held annually for decades, organized underMaria Weston Chapman. In 1839, Child was elected to the executive committee of theAmerican Anti-Slavery Society (AASS), and became editor of the society'sNational Anti-Slavery Standard in 1840. In doing so, she became the first woman to edit a national political paper.[8]
While she was editor of theNational Anti-Slavery Standard, Child wrote a weekly column for the paper called "Letters from New-York", which she later compiled and published in book form. Child's management as editor and the popularity of her "Letters from New-York" column both helped to establish theNational Anti-Slavery Standard as one of the most popular abolitionist newspapers in the US.[9] She edited theStandard until 1843, when her husband took her place as editor-in-chief. She acted as his assistant until May 1844. During their stay in New York, the Childs were close friends ofIsaac T. Hopper, a Quaker abolitionist and prison reformer. After leaving New York, the Childs settled inWayland, Massachusetts, where they spent the rest of their lives.[2] Here, they provided shelter for runaway slaves trying to escape theFugitive Slave Law.[1] Child also served as a member of the executive board of the American Anti-Slavery Society during the 1840s and 1850s, alongsideLucretia Mott and Maria Weston Chapman.[citation needed]
During this period, she also wrote short stories, exploring, through fiction, the complex issues of slavery. Examples include "The Quadroons" (1842) and "Slavery's Pleasant Homes: A Faithful Sketch" (1843). She wrote anti-slavery fiction to reach people beyond what she could do in tracts. She also used it to address issues of sexual exploitation, which affected both the enslaved persons and the slaveholder family. In both cases she found women suffered from the power of men. The more closely Child addressed some of the abuses, the more negative the reaction she received from her readers.[7] She published an anti-slavery tract,The Duty of Disobedience to the Fugitive Slave Act: An Appeal to the Legislators of Massachusetts, in 1860.[10]
Eventually Child left theNational Anti-Slavery Standard, because she refused to promote violence as an acceptable weapon for battling slavery.[citation needed]
She did continue to write for many newspapers and periodicals during the 1840s, and she promoted greater equality for women. However, because of her negative experience with the AASS, she never worked again in organized movements or societies for women's rights orsuffrage. In 1844, Child published the poem "The New-England Boy's Song about Thanksgiving Day" inFlowers for Children, Volume 2, that became famous as the song "Over the River and Through the Wood".[11]
In the 1850s, Child responded to the near-fatal beating on the Senate floor of her good friendCharles Sumner, an abolitionist Senator from Massachusetts, by a South Carolina congressman, by writing her poem entitled "The Kansas Emigrants". The outbreak of violence in Kansas between anti- and pro-slavery settlers, prior to voting on whether the territory should be admitted as a free or slave state, resulted in Child changing her opinion about the use of violence. Along withAngelina Grimké Weld, another proponent for peace, she acknowledged the need for the use of violence to protect anti-slavery emigrants in Kansas. Child also sympathized with the radical abolitionistJohn Brown. While she did not condone his violence, she deeply admired his courage and conviction in theraid on Harper's Ferry. She wrote to Virginia GovernorHenry A. Wise asking for permission to travel toCharles Town to nurse Brown, but although Wise had no objection, Brown did not accept her offer.[12]
In 1860, Child was invited to write a preface toHarriet Jacobs's slave narrative,Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. She met Jacobs and not only agreed to write the preface but also became the editor of the book.[13]
Child published her first novel, the historical romanceHobomok, A Tale of Early Times, anonymously under the gender-neutral pseudonym "an American". The plot centers on theinterracial marriage between a white woman and a Native American man, who have a son together. The heroine later remarries, reintegrating herself and her child into Puritan society. The issue ofmiscegenation caused a scandal in the literary community and the book was not a critical success.[14]
During the 1860s, Child wrote pamphlets on Native American rights. The most prominent,An Appeal for the Indians (1868), called upon government officials, as well as religious leaders, to bring justice to American Indians. Her presentation sparkedPeter Cooper's interest in Indian issues. It contributed to the founding of the U.S.Board of Indian Commissioners and the subsequent Peace Policy in the administration ofUlysses S. Grant.
Born to a strict Calvinist father, Child slept with a bible under her pillow when she was young. However, although she joined the Unitarians in 1820, as an adult she was not active in that, or any other, church.[15] In 1855 she published the 3-volume "The Progress of Religious Ideas Through Successive Ages", within which she rejected traditional theology, dogma, and doctrines and repudiated the concept of revelation and creeds as the basis for moral action,[16] arguing instead "It is impossible to exaggerate the evil work that theology has done in the world" and, in commenting on the efforts of theologians, "What a blooming paradise would the whole earth be if the same amount of intellect, labor, and zeal had been expended on science, agriculture, and the arts!"[17]
Child'sAn Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans pushed for emancipation by highlighting the life of an enslaved Muslim man named Ben Solomon. In underscoring Ben Solomon's excellence and intelligence as an Arabic teacher and a man of Muslim faith, Child not only drove racial acceptance but religious acceptance as well.[18]
Lydia Francis taught school until 1828, when she marriedBoston lawyerDavid Lee Child.[6] His political activism and involvement in reform introduced her to the social reforms of Indian rights and Garrisonian abolitionism. She was a long-time friend of activistMargaret Fuller and frequent participant in Fuller's "conversations" held atElizabeth Palmer Peabody's North Street bookstore inBoston.
Child died inWayland, Massachusetts, aged 78, on October 20, 1880, at her home at 91 Old Sudbury Road. She was buried at North Cemetery in Wayland.[19] At her funeral, abolitionistWendell Phillips shared the opinion of many within the abolition movement who knew her, "We felt that neither fame, nor gain, nor danger, nor calumny had any weight with her."[1]
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