TheLycian peasants, also known asLatona and the Lycian peasants, is a short tale from ancientGreek andRoman mythology centered aroundLeto (known to the Romans as Latona), the mother of the Olympian twin godsArtemis andApollo, who after much exhausting wandering was prohibited from drinking water from a pond inLycia by the unhospitable people living there. The goddess then turned the peasants into frogs as punishment.
The myth's theme tackles the ancient Greek concept ofxenia, or sacred hospitality, as well as Leto's special connection to the land of Lycia, a historical region in southwesternAsia Minor. The impious Lycians refuse to exercise the due hospitality, the ritualized guest-friendship termed xenia by the ancient Greeks, or else also calledtheoxenia, which refers specifically to the instances when a god, such as Leto and her infant children, is involved.
This myth is most famously known fromOvid's rendition of it in his first-century narrative poem theMetamorphoses. The myth has inspired a lot of post-classical art.
The story of the Lycian peasants is a short one; legend says that after a very troubling labour onDelos, the goddessLeto took her newborn infants,Artemis andApollo, and crossed over toLycia (a region in southwesternAsia Minor) where she attempted to bathe her children in and drink from a spring she found there. But the local people tried to stop her, stirring the bottom of the spring so that the mud would come up. Enraged over their lack of hospitality, Leto turned them all into frogs, forever doomed to swim and hop in the murky waters of the spring.[1][2][3]
The grammarianServius implied that the birth of the twins took place between her two visits to Lycia, the first in which she was rejected, and the second where she returned to enact her punishment.[4] Antoninus Liberalis mentions that the spring Leto tried to drink from on her way to the river Xanthos was called Melite; after being driven away by cattle herders who wished to keep the water for their cattle, some wolves befriended her and led her to the Xanthos, where she bathed her children. She then returned to the spring to transform the Lycians into frogs.[5][6]
One of theVatican Mythographers records the story and supplants Leto withCeres/Demeter, who tried to drink from the spring, thirsty as she was after days of looking for her abducted daughterPersephone, who had been snatched byHades, the king of theUnderworld. The anonymous author is the only one to record the variation with Demeter.[7]
Leto was particularly worshipped in Lycia, and was seen as the 'national deity' of the Lycians,[8] and similarly Lycia was an important cult center for her two children as well.[9] Leto had an important sanctuary, theLetoon, in Lycia, just west of the city ofXanthos, along the Xanthos river.[9][10] Traditionally, the etymology offered for Leto's (Ancient Greek:Λητώ,romanized: Lētṓ) name has even been the Lycian wordlada, meaning 'wife', although other scholars likePaul Kretschmer andRobert S. P. Beekes have suggested apre-Greek origin instead.[11] Although not explicitly stated, it is implied, and apparently understood in antiquity, that the site where the confrontation between Leto and the Lycians took place was the same where the Letoon was erected, as the description matches geography.[12]
The region's name Lycia had been (erroneously) connected by the ancient Greeks to their word for wolf,lykos, and held that the land had taken its name after the friendly wolves who, unlike the rejecting humans, showed hospitality to Leto.[13] Similarly, Leto's son Apollo bore the epithetLyceus, an epithet which, although usually indicating his youth and connection to light (lyke), had been interpreted occasionally to denote Apollo's connection to wolves and Lycia.[14][15]
Stephanos of Byzantium recounts a story of how an elderly Lycian woman named Syessa received and entertained Leto in her cottage, a sharp contrast to the unhospitable peasants, and more like the friendly wolves;[16] Polycharmos held that Apollo and Leto had been both born inAraxa, up in the Xanthos valley, which seems to be a Hellenistic innovation. Stitching those fragments together, a story can be assembled, in which the twins are born in Araxa, Leto arrives in Xanthos, the wolves lead her to the water while Syessa offers her food, and Leto finally establishes her shrine.[16] Thanks to Antoninus Liberalis citing the earlier writersMenecrates of Ephesus andNicander as the sources for his tale, Leto's arrival in Lycia can be dated to around the early fourth century BC, a period during which the city of Xanthos would have been a mixed settlement of Greeks and local Lycians.[17]
Xenia, in an ancient Greek concept, is understood to mean 'guest-friendship' or 'ritualized friendship', and was an institutionalized relationship rooted in generosity, gift exchange, and reciprocity.[18] Offering hospitality to strangers, whether ethnic Greeks or foreigners, was seen as a moral obligation, and was based on two basic rules; the respect of the hosts towards the guests, who must provide a meal, bath and gifts, and the respect of the guests towards the hosts, who have to be courteous and not overstay their welcome.[19]
The Lycian peasants, who callously attempted to stop a fatigued mother and her young children from using the water of the pond thus broke a very sacred rule and concept of ancient Greek culture, and thus paid by being transformed into creatures that were regarded as hideous and disgusting.[20]
In post-antiquity art, the myth of Leto's transformation of the peasants into frogs of the pond became very popular, the most popular depiction of Leto. This scene, dubbed calledLatona and the Lycian Peasants orLatona and the Frogs, became very popular inNorthern Mannerist art, as it allowed a combination of mythology with landscape painting and scenes of peasantry, combining history painting and genre painting.[21] In later art, the Lycian peasants became the scene in which Leto exclusively appeared in.[22] In paintings, Leto is usually portrayed with the two little children by the lake, while the peasants, about to be changed into frogs, are in a short distance away from her.[23]
In theGardens of Versailles,France, lies theLatona Fountain, built in 1670, which depicts the myth; on the top tier stands a statue of Leto with her children Artemis and Apollo surrounded by six lead half-human, half-frog sculptures placed around the perimeter of the basin.[24] The four tiers are covered in 230 pieces of marble, composed of the white and grey-veinedCararra, greenish marble fromCampan, and red marble fromLanguedoc.[25] A copy of the Latona fountain was built in the gardens ofHerrenchiemsee, a palace complex inBavaria,Germany.[26]
The tale has also inspired music, like theVerwandlung der lycischen Bauern in Frösche ("Transformation of the Lycian Peasants into Frogs") by Austrian composerCarl Ditters von Dittersdorf, one among the several symphonies composed based on tales from Ovid'sMetamorphoses.[27]
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