The nameLuzon is thought to derive fromᜎᜓᜐᜓᜅ᜔lusong, aTagalog word referring to a particular kind of large woodenmortar used in dehuskingrice.[6][7] A 2008 research paper by Eulito Bautista and Evelyn Javier provides an image of a lusong, explaining:
Traditional milling was accomplished in the 1900s by pounding the palay with a wooden pestle in a stone or wooden mortar called lusong. The first pounding takes off the hull and further pounding removes the bran but also breaks most grains. Further winnowing with a bamboo tray (bilao) separates the hull from the rice grains. This traditional hand-pounding chore, although very laborious and resulted in a lot of broken rice, required two to three skilled men and women to work harmoniously and was actually a form of socializing among young folks in the villages.[8]
Before 1000 CE, theTagalog,Kapampangan, andPangasinan peoples of south and central Luzon had established several major coastalpolities, notablyMaynila,Tondo andNamayan. The oldest known Philippine document, written in 900, is theLaguna Copperplate Inscription, which names places in and aroundManila Bay and also mentionsMedan, a place in Indonesia.[23] These coastal Philippine kingdoms werethalassocracies, based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities, and structured by leases between chiefs or lords (Datu) and paramount lords (Lakan) orRajahs, by whom tributes were extracted and taxes were levied.
There was also a Buddhist polity known asMa-i or Maidh, described in Chinese and Bruneian records in the 10th century, although its location is still unknown and scholars are divided on whether it is in modern-dayBay, Laguna orBulalacao,Mindoro.[24][25]
According to sources at the time, the trade in large nativeRuson-tsukuri (literallyLuzon-made, Japanese:呂宋製) clay jars used for storinggreen tea andrice wine with Japan flourished in the 12th century, and localTagalog,Kapampangan andPangasinan potters had marked each jar withBaybayin letters denoting the particular urn used and the kiln the jars were manufactured in. Certainkilns were renowned over others; prices depended on the reputation of the kiln.[26][27] Of this flourishing trade, theBurnay jars ofIlocos are the only large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time.
In the early 1300s the Chinese annals,Nanhai zhi, reported that Hindu Brunei invaded or administeredSarawak andSabah as well as the Philippine kingdoms ofButuan,Sulu, and in Luzon:Ma-i (Mindoro) and Malilu 麻裏蘆 (present-dayManila);Shahuchong 沙胡重 (present-day Siocon orZamboanga), Yachen 啞陳Oton (Part of theMadja-as Kedatuan), and 文杜陵 Wenduling (present-dayMindanao),[28] which would regain their independence at a later date.[29]
In 1405, theYongle Emperor appointed a Chinese governor of Luzon, Ko Ch'a-lao, duringZheng He'svoyages.[30][31] China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago.[32] China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongle's reign.[33]
Afterwards, some parts of Luzon wereIslamized when the former Majapahit province of Poni broke free, converted toIslam, and importedSharif Ali, a prince fromMecca who became the Sultan ofBrunei, a nation that then expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up theKingdom of Maynila as its puppet-state.[34] The invasion of Brunei spread Chinese royal descent likeOng Sum Ping's kin and Arab dynasties too into the Philippines like the clan of SultanSharif Ali. However, other Luzon kingdoms resisted Islam, likePangasinan. It had remained a tributary state of China and was a largelySinified kingdom, which maintained trade with Japan.[35] ThePolity of Cainta also existed as a fortified city-state, armed with walls and cannons.
ThePortuguese were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts asLuçonia orLuçon, calling the inhabitantsLuções.[36]Edmund Roberts, who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was "discovered" in 1521.[7]
Many people from Luzon were employed within Portuguese Malacca. For example, thespice magnateRegimo de Raja, based in Malacca, was highly influential and was appointed asTemenggong (Sea Lord)—a governor and chief general responsible for overseeing of maritime trade—by the Portuguese. AsTemenggong, de Raja was also the head of anarmada which traded and protected commerce in theIndian Ocean, theStrait of Malacca, theSouth China Sea,[37] and themedieval maritime principalities of the Philippines.[38][39] His father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon. The "surname" of "de Raja" or "diraja" could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskritadiraja.[40]
Fernão Mendes Pinto noted that a number of Luções in the Islamic fleets went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century. The Sultan of Aceh gave one of them (Sapetu Diraja) the task of holding Aru (northeast Sumatra) in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511.[41]Antonio Pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521.[42] However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims. Pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538.[41]
OnMainland Southeast Asia, Lusung/Luções warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547. At the same time, Lusong warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayutthaya.[43] Luções military and trade activity reached as far asSri Lanka inSouth Asia where Lungshanoid pottery made in Luzon were discovered in burials.[44]
Scholars have thus suggested that they could be mercenaries valued by all sides.[19][20][21]
In 1569, a Spanish expedition dispatched byMiguel Lopez de Legazpi led by Luis Enriquez de Guzman and Augustinian friar Alonso Jimenez first set foot in Albay. They arrived on the coastal settlement calledIbalon in present-dayMagallanes, Sorsogon after exploring the islands ofMasbate,Ticao andBurias and proceeded inland as far as present-dayCamalig, Albay.[45][46] TheSpanish arrival in the 16th century saw the incorporation of the Luções people and the breaking up of their kingdoms and the establishment of theLas Islas Filipinas with its capitalCebu, which was moved toManila following the defeat of the localRajah Sulayman in 1570.Martín de Goiti, having been dispatched by Legazpi to Luzon, conqueredMaynila. Legazpi followed with a larger fleet comprising both Spanish and a majorityVisayan force,[47]: 79-80 taking a month to bring these forces to bear due to slow speed of local ships.[48] This large force caused the surrender of neighboringTondo. An attempt by some local leaders, known as theTondo Conspiracy, to defeat the Spanish was repelled.
Depiction of the Luzon people in 1700s from the Chinese bookHuang Qing Zhigong Tu. The Chinese called them Lu Song whom they recognized as a prosperous and powerful "kingdom" under the Spanish Empire.
Legazpi renamed MaynilaNueva Castilla, and declared it the capital of the Philippines,[47]: 80 and thus of the rest of theSpanish East Indies,[49] which also encompassed Spanish territories inAsia and thePacific.[50][51] Legazpi became the country's first governor-general. Under Spain, Luzon also came to be known as theNueva Castilla or theNew Castile. The population of Luzon at the time of the first Spanish missions is estimated as between 1 and 1.5 million, overall density being low.[52] Moros from western Mindanao and theSulu Archipelago also raided the coastal Christian areas of Luzon and the Visayas. Settlers had to fight off theChinese pirates (who lay siege to Manila, the most famous of which wasLimahong in 1573).
Man of the Island of Luzon 1820 by John Crawfurd
after the successful expedition and the exploration of the North, Juan de Salcedo founded "Villa Fernandina de Vigan" in honor of King Philip II's son, Prince Ferdinand, who died at the age of four. From Vigan, Salcedo rounded the tip of Luzón and proceeded to pacifyCamarines,Albay, andCatanduanes. As a reward for his services to theKing of Spain, Salcedo was awarded theold province of Ilocos, which consisted of the modern provinces ofIlocos Norte, Ilocos Sur,Abra,La Union and part ofMountain Province as hishacienda (estate), and was accorded the title ofJusticia Mayor de esta Provincia de Ylocos (Province Mayor of Ilocos).[53][54]
In Spanish times, Luzon became the focal point for trade between the Americas and Asia. TheManila Galleons constructed in theBicol region broughtsilver mined fromPeru andMexico to Manila. The silver was used to purchase Asian commercial goods like Chinesesilk, Indiangems and Indonesianspices, which were then exported back to the Americas. The Chinese valued Luzon so much, in that when talking about Spain and the
Spanish-Americas, they preferred to call it as "Dao Lusong" (Greater Luzon) while the original Luzon was referred to as "Xiao (Small) Lusong" to refer to not only Luzon but the whole Philippines.[55]
Luzon also became a focal point for global migration. The walled city ofIntramuros was initially founded by 1200 Spanish families.[56] The nearby district ofBinondo became the center of business and transformed into the world's oldestChinatown.[57] There was also a smaller districtreserved for Japanese migrants inDilao.Cavite City also served as the main port for Luzon andmany Mexican soldiers and sailors were stationed in the naval garrisons there.[58][59] When the Spanish evacuated fromTernate, Indonesia; they settled thePapuan refugees inTernate, Cavite which was named after their evacuated homeland. After the shortBritish Occupation of Manila, the IndianSepoy soldiers that mutinied against their British commanders and joined the Spanish, then settled inCainta, Rizal.
Newcomers who were impoverished Mexicans and peninsulares were accused of undermining the submission of the natives. In 1774, authorities from Bulacan, Tondo, Laguna Bay, and other areas surrounding Manila reported with consternation that discharged soldiers and deserters (from Mexico, Spain and Peru) were providing Indios military training for the weapons that had been disseminated all over the territory during the British war.[60] There was also continuous immigration ofTamils andBengalis into the rural areas of Luzon: Spanish administrators, native nobles, and Chinese businessmen imported them asslave labor during this period.[61]
In the 1600s, Fr. Joaqin Martinez de Zuñiga, conducted a census of the Archdiocese of Manila which held most of Luzon under its spiritual care, and it had the following number of tributes, with each tribute representing a family of 6-7, and he reported 90,243 native Filipino tributes;[62]: 539 10,512 Chinese (Sangley) and mixed Chinese Filipino mestizo tributes;[62]: 537 and 10,517 mixedSpanish Filipino mestizo tributes.[62]: 539 Pure Spaniards are not counted as they are exempt from tribute. Out of these, Fr. Joaqin Martinez de Zuñiga estimated a total population count exceeding half a million souls.[62]: 537
People from the Philippines, primarily from Luzon, were recruited byFrance (then in alliance withSpain), first to defend Indo-Chineseconverts toChristianity being persecuted by their native governments. Eventually, Filipino mercenaries helped the Frenchconquer Vietnam and Laos and to re-establish Cambodia as a French Protectorate. This process culminated in the establishment ofFrench Cochinchina, centered inSaigon.[63]
A great number of infrastructure projects were undertaken during the 19th century that put the Philippine economy and standard of living ahead of most of its Asian neighbors and even many European countries at that time. Among them were arailway system for Luzon, a tramcar network for Manila, and Asia's first steel suspension bridge Puente Claveria, later calledPuente Colgante.[64]
After many years of Spanish occupation and resistance to reform, theAndres Novales uprising occurred and it was inspired by theLatin American Wars of Independence. Novales' uprising was primarily supported by Mexicans living in the Philippines[65] as well as immigrant Latinos from the now independent nations ofColombia,Venezuela,Peru,Chile,Argentina andCosta Rica.[66] Although the uprising failed it inspired theCavite Mutiny, the suppression of which, lead to the martyrdoms of Priests,Gomburza and the subsequent execution of the reformist and hero,Jose Rizal. Reeling against this, thePhilippine Revolution against Spain erupted in Cavite and spread all throughout Luzon and the Philippines. Consequently, theFirst Philippine Republic was established inMalolos, Bulacan. In the meantime,Spain sold the Philippines to the United States and the First Philippine Republic resisted theUnited States in thePhilippine–American War which the Republic's forces lost due to its diplomatic isolation (no foreign nation recognized the First Republic) as well as due to the numerical superiority of theAmerican military.[67] The Americans then set up the cool mountain city ofBaguio as a summer retreat for its officials. The Americans also rebuilt the capital, Manila, and established American military bases inOlongapo andAngeles cities mainlyClark Airbase andSubic Naval Base.[68]
During thePacific War, the Philippines were considered to be of great strategic importance because their capture by Japan would pose a significant threat to the U.S. As a result, 135,000 troops and 227 aircraft were stationed in the Philippines by October 1941. Luzon was captured byImperial Japanese forces in 1942 during theircampaign to capture the Philippines.GeneralDouglas MacArthur—who was in charge of the defense of the Philippines at the time—was ordered to Australia, and the remaining U.S. forces retreated to theBataan Peninsula.[69]
A few months after this, MacArthur expressed his belief that an attempt to recapture the Philippines was necessary. The U.S. Pacific CommanderAdmiralChester Nimitz andChief of Naval Operations AdmiralErnest King both opposed this idea, arguing that it must wait until victory was certain. MacArthur had to wait two years for his wish; it was 1944 before acampaign to recapture the Philippines was launched. The island ofLeyte was the first objective of the campaign, which wascaptured by the end of December 1944. This was followed by theattack on Mindoro and later, Luzon.[69]
U.S. Navy ships under attack while enteringLingayen Gulf, January 1945
The end of the World War necessitateddecolonization due to rising nationalist movements across the world's many colonies. Subsequently, the Philippines gained independence from the United States. Luzon then arose to become the most developed island in the Philippines. However, the lingering poverty and inequality caused by the long dictatorship of US-supported dictator,Ferdinand Marcos, gave rise to the Philippine diaspora and many people from Luzon have migrated elsewhere and had established large overseas communities; mainly in the United States, Hong Kong, Singapore andSaudi Arabia. Eventually, thePeople Power Revolution led byCorazon Aquino andCardinal Jaime Sin, removed Marcos and his cronies from power and they fled toHawaii where the US granted them asylum. The following administrations are subsequently managing the political and economic recovery of the Philippines with the particular aim of spreading development outside of Luzon and into the more isolated provinces of theVisayas andMindanao. During the administration of Ferdinand Marcos' son,Bongbong Marcos, Luzon became a destination of American and Japanese investments, it being the location of the Luzon Economic Corridor.[70]
The Cordillera mountain range, which feature the island's north-central section, is covered in a mixture oftropical pine forests andmontane rainforests, and is the site of the island's highest mountain,Mount Pulag, rising at 2,922 metres. The range provides the upland headwaters of theAgno River, which stretches from the slopes ofMount Data, and meanders along the southern Cordillera mountains before reaching the plains ofPangasinan.
The northeastern section of Luzon is generally mountainous, with theSierra Madre, the longest mountain range in the country, abruptly rising a few miles from the coastline. Located in between the Sierra Madre and the Cordillera Central mountain ranges is the largeCagayan Valley. This region, which is known for being the second largest producer of rice and the country's top corn-producer, serves as thebasin for theCagayan River, the longest in the Philippines.
Along the southern limits of the Cordillera Central lies the lesser-knownCaraballo Mountains. These mountains form a link between the Cordillera Central and the Sierra Madre mountain ranges, separating the Cagayan Valley from theCentral Luzon plains.[71]
The central section of Luzon is characterized by a flat terrain, known as the Central Luzonplain, the largest in the island in terms of land area. The plain, approximately 11,000 square kilometres (4,200 sq mi) in size, is the country's largest producer of rice, and is irrigated by two major rivers; theCagayan to the north, and thePampanga to the south. In the middle of the plain rises the solitaryMount Arayat.
The western coasts of Central Luzon are typically flat extending east from the coastline to theZambales Mountains, the site ofMount Pinatubo, made famous because of its enormous1991 eruption. These mountains extend to the sea in the north, formingLingayen Gulf, and to the south, forming theBataan Peninsula. The peninsula enclosesManila Bay, a naturalharbor considered to be one of the best natural ports in East Asia, due to its size and strategic geographical location.
TheSierra Madre mountain range continues to stretch across the western section of Central Luzon, snaking southwards into theBicol Peninsula.
Southern Luzon is dominated byLaguna de Bay (Old Spanish, "Lake ofBay town"), the largestlake in the country. The 949-square-kilometre (366 sq mi) lake is drained intoManila Bay by thePasig River, one of the most important rivers in the country due to its historical significance and because it runs through the center ofMetro Manila.
Located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Laguna de Bay isTaal Lake, acrater lake containing theTaal Volcano, the smallest in the country. The environs of the lake form theuplandTagaytay Ridge, which was once part of a massive prehistoric volcano that covered the southern portion of the province ofCavite and the whole ofBatangas province.
^Land area figures are the sum of each region's component provinces (and/or independent cities), derived from the National Statistical Coordination Board (Philippine Statistics Authority) official website.
The North-Southeastern trending braided left-lateral strike-slipPhilippine Fault System traverses Luzon, fromQuezon province andBicol to the northwestern part of the island. This fault system takes up part of the motion due to the subducting plates and produces large earthquakes. Southwest of Luzon is a collision zone where the Palawan micro-block collides with SW Luzon, producing a highly seismic zone nearMindoro island. Southwest Luzon is characterized by a highly volcanic zone, called the Macolod Corridor, a region of crustal thinning and spreading.
Using geologic and structural data, seven principal blocks were identified in Luzon in 1989: the Sierra Madre Oriental, Angat,Zambales,Central Cordillera of Luzon, Bicol, andCatanduanes Island blocks.[75] Using seismic and geodetic data, Luzon was modeled by Galgana et al. (2007) as a series of six micro blocks or micro plates (separated by subduction zones and intra-arc faults), all translating and rotating in different directions, with maximum velocities ~100 mm/yr NW with respect to Sundaland/Eurasia.
English is spoken by many inhabitants. The use ofSpanish as anofficial language declined following theAmerican occupation of the Philippines. Almost inexistent among the general populace, Spanish is still used by the elderly of some families of great tradition (Rizal, Liboro...).
The economy of the island is centered inMetro Manila withMakati serving as the main economic and financial hub. Major companies such asAyala,Jollibee Foods Corporation,SM Group, andMetrobank are based in the business hubs ofMakati Central Business District,Ortigas Center, andBonifacio Global City. Industry is concentrated in and around the urban areas of Metro Manila while agriculture predominates in the other regions of the island producing crops such as rice, bananas, mangoes, coconuts, pineapple, and coffee.[83] Other sectors include livestock raising, tourism, mining, and fishing.
^abc"Islands of Philippines".Island Directory Tables. United Nations Environment Programme. Archived fromthe original on April 28, 2019. RetrievedApril 18, 2016.
^Bautista, Eulito U.; Javier, Evelyn F. (2008)."Rice Production Practices: PIDS Research Paper Series 2008-02"(PDF).Philippine Institute of Development Studies Research Papers Series. Philippine Institute of Development Studies: 44. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on August 15, 2017. RetrievedMay 29, 2019.
^Quad, Matthias; Bussemachaer, Johann (1598)."Asia Partiu Orbis Maxima MDXCVIII".Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. RetrievedJune 16, 2021.
^Hondius, Jodocus (1606)."India Orientalis".Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. RetrievedJune 16, 2021.
^Blaeu, Willem Janszoon (1635)."Asia Noviter Delineata".Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. RetrievedJune 16, 2021.
^Alfonso, Ian Christopher B. (2016).The Nameless Hero: Revisiting the Sources on the First Filipino Leader to Die for Freedom. Angeles: Holy Angel University Press.ISBN9789710546527.
^abScott, William Henry (1994).Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.ISBN971-550-135-4.
^abPires, Tomé (1944).A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512 – 1515] [The Summa Oriental of Tomé Pires and the book by Francisco Rodriguez: Reading and notes by Armando Cortesão [1512 – 1515]] (in Portuguese). Translated by Cortesão, Armando. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society.
^Scott, William Henry (1989). "Societies in Prehispanic Philippines".Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.ISBN978-9711002268.
^Pires, Tomé, A suma oriental de Tomé Pires e o livro de Francisco Rodriguez: Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão [1512–1515], translated and edited by Armando Cortesao, Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1944.
^Antony, Robert J. Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers: Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010. Print, 76.
^Junker, Laura L. Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms. Honolulu: University of Hawaiì Press, 1999.
^Wilkinson, R J. An Abridged Malay-English Dictionary (romanised). London: Macmillan and Co, 1948. Print, 291.
^Pigafetta, Antonio (1969) [1524].First voyage round the world. Primo viaggio intorno al globo terraqueo.English. Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild.Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. RetrievedJune 22, 2019.
^Chinese in Mexico by Chao Romero, pages 203 to 205
^Barrows, David P. (1905).A History of the Philippines. New York: American Book Company. p. 179.Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. RetrievedOctober 12, 2018 – via Guttenburg.Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or "arrabales," all occupied by Spaniards ("todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles"). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.
^Mehl, Eva Maria (2016).Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World: From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 235.doi:10.1017/cbo9781316480120.ISBN978-1-316-48012-0.
^Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571–1720 By Furlong, Matthew J.Archived April 29, 2022, at theWayback Machine "Slaves purchased by the indigenous elites, Spanish and Hokkiens of the colony seemed drawn most often from South Asia, particularly Bengal and South India, and less so, from other sources, such as East Africa, Brunei, Makassar, and Java..." Chapter 2 "Rural Ethnic Diversity" Page 164 Translated from: "Inmaculada Alva Rodríguez, Vida municipal en Manila (siglos xvi–xvii) (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1997), 31, 35–36."
^Garcia de los Arcos has noted that the Regiment of the King, which had absorbed a large percentage of Mexican recruits and deportees between the 1770s and 1811, became the bastion of discontent supporting the Novales mutiny. ~Garcia de los Arcos, "Criollismo y conflictividad en Filipinas a principios del siglo XIX," in El lejano Oriente espanol: Filipinas ( ˜ Siglo XIX). Actas, ed. Paulino Castaneda ˜ Delgado and Antonio Garcia-Abasolo Gonzalez (Seville: Catedra General Casta ´ nos, ˜1997), 586.
^Smith, Robert Ross (1993).Triumph in the Philippines(Transcribed and formatted by Jerry Holden for the HyperWar Foundation). Honolulu, HI: University Press of the Pacific. p. 450.ISBN1410224953.Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. RetrievedDecember 25, 2014.
Antonio, Eleanor D.; Dallo, Evangeline M.; Imperial, Consuelo M.; Samson, Maria Carmelita B.; Soriano, Celia D. (2007).Turning Points I' 2007 Ed (unabridged ed.). Rex Bookstore, Inc.ISBN978-9712345388. RetrievedApril 24, 2014.
Corpuz, Onofre D. (1957).The bureaucracy in the Philippines. Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines. RetrievedApril 24, 2014.
Philippines (Republic). Office of Cultural Affairs (1965).The Philippines: a Handbook of Information. Contributor: National Economic Council (Philippines) (revised ed.). Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs. RetrievedApril 24, 2014.
Studies in Public Administration, Issue 4. Contributor: University of the Philippines. Institute of Public Administration. Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines. 1957. RetrievedApril 24, 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
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