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Luzhou 泸州市 | |
|---|---|
 Luzhou in 2008 | |
 Location of Luzhou City jurisdiction in Sichuan | |
  Luzhou Location in China | |
| Coordinates (Luzhou municipal government):28°52′16″N105°26′31″E / 28.871°N 105.442°E /28.871; 105.442 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Sichuan |
| County-level divisions | 7 |
| Established | 151 BC |
| Municipal seat | Jiangyang District |
| Government | |
| • Type | Prefecture-level city |
| • CPC Luzhou Secretary | Jiang Fuyi (蒋辅义) |
| • Mayor | Liu Qiang (刘强) |
| Area | |
| 12,233.58 km2 (4,723.41 sq mi) | |
| • Metro | 981.7 km2 (379.0 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 262 m (860 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 4,254,149 | |
| • Density | 347.7436/km2 (900.6518/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,596,119 |
| • Metro | 1,241,273 |
| • Metro density | 1,264/km2 (3,275/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Luzhouese |
| Majorethnic groups | |
| • Han | 98.47% |
| • Hmong[2][circular reference] | 1.26% |
| • other ethnic groups | 0.27% |
| GDP[3] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 272.5 billion US$ 38.4 billion[4] |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 65,662 US$ 9,291 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 646000 |
| Area code | 830 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-SC-05 |
| City flower | Osmanthus fragrans |
| City tree | Longan tree |
| Regional dialect | Chuan:Luzhou dialect (泸州话) |
| License plate prefix | 川E |
| Website | luzhou |
Luzhou (Chinese:泸州;pinyin:Lúzhōu;Sichuanese Pinyin: Nu2zou1;Luzhou dialect:[nu˨˩tsəu˥]) is aprefecture-level city located in the southeast ofSichuan Province, China. It is also known as the "Liquor City" (酒城). It was namedJiangyang (simplified Chinese:江阳;traditional Chinese:江陽;pinyin:Jiāngyáng) until theNorthern and Southern dynasties. Situated at the confluence of theTuo River and theYangtze River, Luzhou has been Sichuan province's largest port in both size and output sinceChongqing's separation from Sichuan in 1997. As of the2020 Chinese census, its population was 4,254,149. Of these, 1,241,273 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made ofJiangyang andLongmatan districts, asNaxi district is not conurbated yet.Luzhou bordersYunnan,Guizhou provinces and theChongqing municipality. As the only geographic junction of the four provinces, it was an important port location in ancient China. After the PRC was founded in 1949, Luzhou became the capital of southern Sichuan province. In 1983, Luzhou was upgraded toprefecture-level city status.
Luzhou is best known for itsalcoholic beverages, particularlybaijiu.[5]
Luzhou was incorporated into theBa state early in theShang andZhou period, in the 11th century BC. In 316 BC, during theWarring States period,King Huiwen of Qin established Ba prefecture, which included most of Luzhou, after he conquered the states ofBa andShu. The local economy and culture expanded as a result of the advanced production technique and culture introduced by immigrants from the rest of China.During theWestern Han dynasty (206 BC-AD 9), Jiangyang county was set up in what is the current Jiangyang district, at the confluence of theTuo River andYangtze River. The county was further expanded during the reign ofEmperor Wu of Han. As a result, Luzhou became the portal of the Tuojing River leading to western Sichuan, which brought great prosperity to salt-refinery and agriculture in the area.
TheSong dynasty was an important period in Luzhou's history. It was known as the natural granary of southern Sichuan as the liquor-distilling and salt-refining industries expanded. The method todecoct salt with natural gas was discovered at that time, according to ancient literature. In addition, trade and business between Luzhou residents and ethnic groups was brisk and a protective wall as well as forts were constructed by the local government.
In theYuan dynasty, Luzhou remained an important place for trade, especially the liquor-distillation, salt-refinery and tea-making industries. A large number of wooden ships were constructed to further the shipping industry.
During theQing dynasty (1644–1911), waves of immigrants from other parts of China brought rapid growth in economy and culture. Luzhou served as a political, economic, military and cultural center for the provinces ofSichuan,Guizhou andYunnan.
On December 6, 1949, two months after the founding of the People's Republic of China, thePeople's Liberation Army took control of Luzhou from theKuomintang government. Before its abolition on August 7, 1952, the Chuannan Administrative District governed one prefecture-level city, four prefectures, totaling five prefecture-level administrative divisions, as well as five urban districts, four county-level cities, and 33 counties, amounting to 42 county-level administrative divisions. Luzhou was the seat of both the Administrative Inspector's Office of Luzhou and Luxian District (at the prefecture level), as well as the Commissioner's Office of the Luzhou Prefecture (also at the prefecture level). It also served as the location of the Chuannan Administrative Office and was under both the jurisdiction of the Chuannan Administrative Region and the prefecture-level administration. In 1960, Luzhou prefecture was created with five counties that had been part ofYibin prefecture. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), Luzhou experienced a series of armed factional conflicts that lasted nearly four years (1967–1970). In just three major battles, more than 2,000 people were killed and over 16,000 injured—over 8,000 of them left permanently disabled. Additionally, more than 300 million yuan of state funds were misappropriated, over 68.4 million jin (approximately 34,200 tons) of grain were consumed or lost, more than 1,000 vehicles were destroyed, and a large quantity of materials was damaged or looted.[6]
The prefecture was upgraded to theprefecture-level city of Luzhou in 1983. Nowadays, Luzhou is considered a center of the chemical, machinery, and liquor-distilling industries.
Located in downtown Luzhou, the Bao’en Pagoda (simplified Chinese:报恩塔;traditional Chinese:報恩塔;pinyin:bào'ēn tǎ) was built in 1148 at the request of southernSong dynasty, and was restored in 1983 and 1985,Qing dynasty. It is an octagon 33.3 m high, built of brick and stone in a seven-tiered pavilion style. It has a bronze top and there are 107 steps in its spiral staircase. The base is an octagon of 4.1 m per side, 4.5 m high; inside are 256 figures set in 90 niches. The pagoda was listed by the People's Government of Sichuan Province as a historical and cultural relic under provincial protection in April 1991.
Constructed during theMing dynasty, Dragon Head Bridge spans the Nine Bends Creek and is a stone bridge in theMing dynasty style. It is 5 m high, 54 m long and 1.9 m wide, and has 14 piers. The eight midsection piers are characterized by traditionally carved auspicious beasts, such as dragons, lions, elephants andqilin. It was declared a key national cultural relic in 1996.
Longtou Pass, about 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long, is located in the southern suburban area of Luzhou. Construction began in the Han dynasty during theGuangxu Emperor's reign. Its name, Longtou Pass, derives from its resemblance to a huge dragon crossing the Tuo River in the north and Yangtze river in the south. Longtou Pass is the location whereLiu Bocheng waged the Luzhou Uprising. It was listed as a protected historic and cultural relic of Luzhou in 1984 and a provincial one in 1996.
The Guojiao Square (simplified Chinese:国窖广场;traditional Chinese:國窖廣場;pinyin:Guójiào guángchǎng;lit. 'National Fermentation Pit Square') is a key cultural site ofbaijiu producerLuzhou Laojiao. Its name refers to a baijiu fermentation pit that was commissioned during theMing dynasty in 1573 and has been in continuous operation ever since. The square is anAAAA-level scenic spot, listed under the name Luzhou Laojiao Tourism Area (simplified Chinese:泸州老窖旅游区;traditional Chinese:瀘州老窖旅遊區;pinyin:Lúzhōu Lǎojiào lǚyóu qū).[7]
Situated inXuyong county, the Spring and Autumn Temple was built in 1906, during theQing dynasty. Originally, it was a temple for Guany (the Lord of Guan) and then rebuilt as aShaanxi salt merchants' assembly hall. It has a typical local architecture style, and has been listed as a protected historic and cultural relic of Luzhou.
Baizitu is situated near theTuojiang river, in the northwestern corner of Luzhou city. It is named for the stone inscription of theQing dynasty and was the protected historic and cultural relic of Luzhou.
Built in 2015, Luzhou City Park is an important project of Luzhou City in order to promote the ecological environment construction, and upgrade the eco-city level of Luzhou City. The total investment of the project is about 120 million RMB and covers an area of about 107mu. It is located in the valley of the east of Chengxi Park in Jiangyang, Luzhou. Superior, is expected to receive more than 1.5 million tourists trips each year.
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (12 31 2017 est.) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| 1 | Jiangyang District | 江阳区 | Jiāngyáng Qū | 616,500 | 649 | 950 |
| 2 | Naxi District | 纳溪区 | Nàxī Qū | 488,300 | 1,151 | 407 |
| 3 | Longmatan District | 龙马潭区 | Lóngmǎtán Qū | 382,400 | 333 | 1150 |
| 4 | Lu County | 泸县 | Lú Xiàn | 870,100 | 1,532 | 568 |
| 5 | Hejiang County | 合江县 | Héjiāng Xiàn | 707,600 | 2,422 | 292 |
| 6 | Xuyong County | 叙永县 | Xùyǒng Xiàn | 581,600 | 2,975 | 195 |
| 7 | Gulin County | 古蔺县 | Gǔlìn Xiàn | 690,700 | 3,172 | 218 |
Luzhou is situated in the southeast region ofSichuan province, at the intersection ofSichuan,Yunnan,Guizhou andChongqing, atlongitude 105° 08' 41"E ~106° 28'E andlatitude 27° 39' N ~ 29° 20'N. Aprefecture-level city ofSichuan with a registered population of 4.8 million, Luzhou is 267 km (166 mi) away fromChengdu, the provincial capital. It is adjacent to Chongqing in the east, bordersGuizhou andYunnan provinces in the south,Yibin City andZizhong City in the west, Chongqing andNeijiang in the north. The city governs 7administrative divisions, including 3districts (Jiangyang, Longmatan, Naxi) and 4 counties (Lu, Hejiang, Xuyong, Gulin).
Owing to its position in the southern peripheral area ofSichuan Basin and the connective region withYunnan–Guizhou Plateau, Luzhou is characterised by river valleys, hills, and level lands in the north and highland areas, and by mountains, sheer valleys, and rushing rivers in the south. Fishing and agriculture are the primary industries in the northern area, and forest and mineral resources are primary in the southern part of the region. Luzhou's lowest point is 203 metres (666 ft), at the surface ofYangtze river in Jiucengyan,Hejiang county, while the highest point is located at the peak of Liangzi mountain,Xuyong County, reaching 1,902 metres (6,240 ft). Luzhou is also a region covered by rivers. TheYangtze river flows through the whole area from west to east, covering a total course of 133 kilometres (83 mi), and the maximum flood level was 18.68 metres (61.3 ft) during the past 30 years. Other rivers converge here, such asTuo River, Yongling River, Chishui River, and Laixi River.
Covering an area of 12,246.87 square kilometres (4,728.54 sq mi), it is 121.64 kilometres (75.58 mi) wide from east to west and 181.84 kilometres (112.99 mi) long from south to north.
Luzhou has amonsoon-influencedhumid subtropical climate (KöppenCfa) and is largely mild, except during the summer, and humid, with four distinct seasons and ample rainfall: winters are short, mild, and comparatively dry, while summers are long, hot, and humid. Within the prefecture, annual mean temperatures range from 17.1 to 18.5 °C (62.8 to 65.3 °F). In the urban area, monthly daily average temperatures range from 7.6 °C (45.7 °F) in January to around 27 °C (80.6 °F) in July and August, with August being slightly warmer. Thediurnal temperature variation is 6.1 °C (11.0 °F) and is lowest during winter. Snow is rare here. The annual precipitation in the prefecture ranges from 748.4 to 1,184.2 millimetres (29.46 to 46.62 in), 70% of which occurs from May to September. Sunshine is quite low, with only 1200 to 1400 hours per year, and the frost-free period is lengthy, lasting 300 to 358 days.
| Climate data for Luzhou (Naxi District), elevation 367 m (1,204 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.7 (67.5) | 24.1 (75.4) | 32.5 (90.5) | 35.9 (96.6) | 37.5 (99.5) | 37.7 (99.9) | 39.5 (103.1) | 42.1 (107.8) | 40.4 (104.7) | 33.0 (91.4) | 26.9 (80.4) | 18.8 (65.8) | 42.1 (107.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) | 13.0 (55.4) | 18.0 (64.4) | 23.5 (74.3) | 26.7 (80.1) | 28.5 (83.3) | 31.9 (89.4) | 32.1 (89.8) | 27.0 (80.6) | 21.0 (69.8) | 16.7 (62.1) | 11.1 (52.0) | 21.6 (70.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) | 9.9 (49.8) | 14.0 (57.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 22.0 (71.6) | 24.2 (75.6) | 27.0 (80.6) | 27.0 (80.6) | 22.9 (73.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 13.8 (56.8) | 8.8 (47.8) | 17.8 (64.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.7 (42.3) | 7.7 (45.9) | 11.1 (52.0) | 15.3 (59.5) | 18.5 (65.3) | 21.2 (70.2) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.3 (73.9) | 20.2 (68.4) | 16.0 (60.8) | 11.7 (53.1) | 7.2 (45.0) | 15.1 (59.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.1 (30.0) | −0.7 (30.7) | 1.8 (35.2) | 5.8 (42.4) | 9.6 (49.3) | 15.0 (59.0) | 17.6 (63.7) | 17.6 (63.7) | 13.4 (56.1) | 6.3 (43.3) | 1.7 (35.1) | −2.0 (28.4) | −2.0 (28.4) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 32.2 (1.27) | 26.8 (1.06) | 50.1 (1.97) | 85.2 (3.35) | 122.1 (4.81) | 193.0 (7.60) | 166.2 (6.54) | 156.9 (6.18) | 132.9 (5.23) | 93.5 (3.68) | 45.8 (1.80) | 32.2 (1.27) | 1,136.9 (44.76) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.5 | 11.2 | 12.9 | 14.0 | 15.8 | 17.5 | 13.4 | 11.9 | 14.9 | 18.2 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 169.9 |
| Average snowy days | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 87 | 83 | 79 | 78 | 79 | 85 | 81 | 79 | 84 | 89 | 87 | 88 | 83 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 32.3 | 52.7 | 94.4 | 123.7 | 127.3 | 110.5 | 184.6 | 186.1 | 103.4 | 52.3 | 50.6 | 29.6 | 1,147.5 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 10 | 17 | 25 | 32 | 30 | 26 | 43 | 46 | 28 | 15 | 16 | 9 | 25 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[8][9] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[10] | |||||||||||||
| mechanism | Chinese Communist Party Luzhou Municipal Committee | Luzhou Municipal People's Congress Standing Committee | Luzhou Municipal People's Government
| Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Luzhou Municipal Committee |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Position | secretary | director | mayor | President |
| Name | Liu Xiaoliu (刘筱柳)[11] | Ju Li（鞠丽）[12] | Zhang Wei（张伟）[13] | Tian Yadong（田亚东）[14] |
| nationality | Han | Han | Han | Han |
| Native Place | Chengdu, Sichuan Province | Nanchong City, Sichuan Province | Hebei Province | Zhongjiang County, Sichuan Province |
| Date of birth | March 1971 (age 54) | June 1966 (age 59) | September 1976 (age 49) | February 1962 (age 63) |
| Date of appointment | Cheng read, SI wear province | January 2022 | April 2025 | January 2017 |
|
|
Luzhou has always been a hub of economic activities in the tri-province border area ofSichuan,Yunnan, andGuizhou. Food, liquor, and chemicals production, along with construction equipment manufacturing are the most important industries of the local economy. In 2006, Luzhou's totalGDP reached 33.11 billion yuan (7,819 yuan per capita).
Luzhou is a center of liquor production, particularlybaijiu.Luzhou Laojiao (Chinese:泸州老窖;lit. 'Luzhou Old Fermentation Pit') and Gulin Langjiu (Chinese:古蔺郎酒) are the two best known brands with national and international reputation.
Luzhou is a manufacturing center of hydraulic trucks, cranes and excavators in China. Among the cities along theYangtze River, Luzhou is the second largest producer of hydraulic trucks, afterShanghai.
The chemical industry, particularly natural gas production, is also important to Luzhou's economy. At present, Luzhou has developed a national chemical industry system covering production, education, scientific research, design, machine and architecture. A group of national large scale enterprises have been established and achieved a globally advanced level. Lutianhua enterprise is the most extensivecarbamide and oil chemical production base in China, producing fatty acid, fatty amine, synthetic ammonia, and carbamide.[15] Its annual output of carbamide is 1.24 million tons and 0.9 million tons of synthetic ammonia. It is one of the 500 largest national enterprises. Tianhua Co, Ltd is a key enterprise which brings in 0.3 million tons of synthetic ammonia and 0.6 million tons of carbamide, processing two sets of chemical fertilizer devices with world technical levels. Luzhou Chemical Factory participates in military and civil chemical production. State-owned Torch Chemical Factory is the only producer of "801". It gained the national quality golden award, surpassing the America Standard.
Luzhou is a tourist destination; specific scenic spots include Yuchan in Luxian county, Fobao inHejiang county, Mt. Fangshan in Jiangyang county, thelychee andlongan orchard along theYangtze River andTuojiang River, and many others. With the official approbation of the National Ministry of Forestry, Fobao Forest Park became a National Forestry Park and was classified as an "AAA"tourist attraction in 2001 by the National Tourism Administration.
Luzhou andXuyong county have national cultural significance. The Luzhou Old Fermentation Pit (Luzhou Laojiao,泸州老窖) and Dragon Head Bridge are listed askey protected cultural relics of the nation. There are more than ten protected historical relics in Sichuan Province, including the site of theBattle of Chishui River. This site was chosen as the "National Demonstration Base for Patriotic Education" by theCentral Propaganda Ministry in 2001.
The Sci-tech Park of Luzhou Laojiao is a national industry tourism demonstration spot and Luzhou ZhangbaLongan Orchard is a national agricultural tourism spot. Other scenic areas nearby includeLeshan,Yibin,Zigong andChongqing, such as the Bamboo Forest, Mt. Simianshan inChongqing and Sidong Channel in Guizhou Province.
Luzhou is a key comprehensive development zone in the upperYangtze River andSichuan province as well as an important production base for rice, fruit such aslitchi andlongan, cured tobacco, poultry, tea, andtraditional Chinese medicine ingredients.
The Sichuan Pilot Free Trade Zone (FTZ) officially launched on 1 April 2017, forms part of a third batch of government-endorsed pilot FTZs. All told, the zone covers an area of 119.99 km2 and consists of three sub-zones: The Chengdu Tianfu New Area (90.32 km2 inclusive of the Chengdu High-Tech Comprehensive Bonded Area 4 (Shuangliu Park) (4 km2) and the Chengdu Airport Bonded Logistics Centre (Type B) (0.09 km2)), the Chengdu Qingbaijiang Railway Port Area (9.68 km2 inclusive of the Chengdu Railway Bonded Logistics Centre (Type B) (0.18 km2)), and the Chuannan Lingang Area (19.99 km2 inclusive of the Luzhou Port Bonded Logistics Centre (Type B) (0.21 km2)).
The Chuannan Lingang Area will focus on developing a range of high quality professional services, including shipping logistics, port trade, education and medical support. As part of its remit, it will also look to nurture the advanced manufacturing industries, as well as looking to take a lead in a number of other sectors, including equipment manufacturing, medicine and food/beverages. Furthermore, it will play a key role in the development of an integrated transport hub, which will provide streamlined connections between the Chengdu-Chongqing city cluster and Yunnan and Guizhou, its southerly neighbours.
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Expressways connecting toChengdu andChongqing were completed in the 1990s. Railroads and an airport provide additional links to several cities in China. The city has fourbridges over the Yangtze which form part of Sichuan's overland corridor to theSouth China Sea.
TheG76 Xiamen-Chengdu Expressway connects Luzhou to Chengdu and Guiyang, theG93 Chengdu Ring Expressway connects Luzhou to Chongqing, and theG4215 Chengdu-Zunyi Expressway connects Luzhou to Chengdu and Zunyi. Other main highways includeG321,G353 Heze-Baoji, the national highway and several provincial highways.
Luzhou is served by a freight-only branch. A passenger service briefly operated but was cancelled in 1995.[16]A new railway station served by multiple high-speed lines has opened on June 28, 2021, with links toChengdu and various other cities.[citation needed]
Luzhou is an importantinland port serving as a transshipment point for goods heading to cities deeper into Sichuan such asChengdu. Making it the largest river port inSichuan on the upperYangtze, with the capability to load and unload container ships. The Luzhou International Container Pier handled over 500,000 containers in 2016.[17]
Luzhou Lantian Airport was built in 1945 and initially provided an air route between China and India for theUS Air Force during World War II. Services were suspended in the 1960s, but later it was used for training purposes by theChinese Air Force. Major renovations and expansions were completed in January 2001, and now the airport serves direct flights toBeijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Kunming,Guiyang,Shenzhen,Xiamen,Hangzhou,Haikou,Changsha,Nanning,Xi'an,Daocheng Yading Airport,Lanzhou,Lijiang,Nanjing,Wuhan andZhengzhou.[18]The newLuzhou Yunlong Airport opened in September 2018, and all services were transferred from Lantian to the new location, 11 km north of the city.
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