.jpeg) A Lusitano horse | |
| Other names | Portuguese horse, Peninsular horse, Betico-lusitano |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | Portugal |
| Traits | |
| Distinguishing features | Convex profile, powerful neck and hindquarters, high-stepping gait |
| Breed standards | |
TheLusitano, also known as thePure Blood Lusitano orPSL (Puro Sangue Lusitano), is aPortuguesehorse breed. Horses were known to be present on theIberian Peninsula as far back as 20,000 BC, and by 800 BC the region was renowned for itswar horses. The fame of the horses from Lusitania goes back to the Roman Age, which attributed its speed to the influence of the West wind, who was considered capable of fertilizing the mares. When theMuslims invaded Iberia in 711 AD, they broughtArabian horses with them that were crossed with the native horses, developing a horse that became useful for war,dressage andbull fighting. The Portuguese horse was named the Lusitano, after the wordLusitania, the ancient Roman name for the region that modern Portugal occupies. There are four main breed lineages within the breed today, and characteristics differ slightly between each line.
Lusitanos can be any solidcolor, although they are generallygray,bay orchestnut. Horses of the Alter Real strain are always brown. Members of the breed are ofBaroque type, with convex facial profiles, heavy muscling, intelligent and willing natures, with agile and elevated movement. Originally bred for war, dressage and bullfighting, Lusitanos are still used today in the latter two. They have competed in severalOlympics andWorld Equestrian Games as part of the Portuguese and Spanish dressage teams. They have also made a showing indriving competitions, with a Belgian team of Lusitanos winning multiple international titles.
Horses were known to humans on what is now theIberian Peninsula as far back as 25,000 to 20,000 BC, as shown by cave paintings in the area.[1] Among the local wild horses originally used by humans were the probable ancestors of the modern Lusitano, as studies comparing ancient and modern horse DNA indicate that the modern "Lusitano C" group contains maternal lineages also present in wild Iberian horses from the EarlyNeolithic period.[2] These ancient horses were used for war, with clear evidence of their use byPhoenicians around 1100 BC andCelts around 600 BC.[1] It is believed that these invaders also brought horses with them, contributing outside blood to the ancestry of the modern Iberian breeds.[2] By 800 BC, the alliance known asCeltiberians had been formed by the Iberians and Celts, and from this point on the horses bred in this area were renowned as war horses.Xenophon, writing around 370 BC, admired the advanced horsemanship and riding techniques used by Iberian horsemen in war, made possible in part by their agile horses. Legend claimed thatmares of the area were sired by the wind (hence their amazing swiftness, passed onto theirfoals), and one modern hypothesis suggests that the bond between Iberian humans and horses was the initial inspiration for thecentaur,[1] which was believed to come from the area of theTagus River. Later invasions into the area byCarthaginians andRomans resulted in these civilizations establishingstud farms that bred cavalry horses for the Roman army from local stock.[1]
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When theUmayyad Muslims invaded the Iberian peninsula in 711 AD, their invasion broughtBarb horses, which were crossed with native Iberian horses. The cross between these two breeds produced a war horse superior even to the original Iberian horse, and it was this new type that theConquistadors introduced to the Americas. Called the Iberian war horse, this ancestor of the Lusitano was used both on the battlefield and in major riding academies throughout Europe.Bullfighting on horseback and displays ofhigh school dressage were common entertainment for the Portuguese gentry.[1]
Mitochondrial DNA studies of the closely related modern Andalusian horse, compared to theBarb horse ofNorth Africa, present convincing evidence that Barbs and Iberian horses crossed theStrait of Gibraltar in each direction, were crossbred with each other, and thus each influenced the other's maternal bloodlines.[3] While Portuguese historian Ruy d'Andrade hypothesized that the ancientSorraia breed was an ancestor of the Southern Iberian breeds, including the Lusitano,[4] genetic studies usingmitochondrial DNA show that the Sorraia is part of agenetic cluster that is largely separated from most Iberian breeds.[3][5][6][7] One maternal lineage is shared with the Lusitano,[8] however, Sorraia lineages in Iberian breeds are relatively recent, dating to theMiddle Ages, making the Sorraia an unlikely prehistoric ancestor of the Lusitano.[2]
Prior to modern times, horse breeds throughout Europe were known primarily by the name of the region where they were bred.[9] The Lusitano takes its name from Lusitania,[9] an ancient Roman name for the region that today is Portugal. A very similar horse, the SpanishAndalusian, originally described the horses of distinct quality that came fromAndalusia in Spain.[10] Some sources state that the Andalusian and the Lusitano are genetically the same breed, and the only difference is the country in which individual horses are born.[11] The Lusitano is also known as the Portuguese, Peninsular, National or Betico-lusitano horse.[12]
During the 16th and 17th centuries, horses moved continually between Spain and Portugal, and horses from the studs of Andalusia were used to improve the Portuguese cavalry. Portugal's successfulrestoration war against Spain (1640–1668) was in part based on mounted troops riding war horses of Spanish blood.[13] During the reign ofPhilip III of Portugal (also Philip IV of Spain), Portuguese horse breeding reached its lowest point. The Spanish passed laws to halt the country's production of cavalry horses, and what stud farms did exist were run in secrecy with horses smuggled or stolen from Spain. These secret farms, however, provided the base for the modern Lusitano.[14] In 1662, whenCharles II of England marriedCatherine of Braganza of Portugal, the royal dowry included Portugal'sTangier andBombay garrisons. These garrisons included large groups of Portuguese cavalry, mounted on Iberian horses.[15]
Prior to the 1960s, the Iberian-type horse was called the Andalusian in both Portugal and Spain. In 1966, the Lusitano name was adopted by Portugal after a studbook separation by the two countries.[16] The revolutions of Portugal's African colonies resulted in the near economic collapse of Portugal. The landed class attracted political agitators, estates were vacated, and stud farms were broken up and their horses sold to Spain. However, the best lines were saved through the efforts of breeders, and breeding soon increased.[17] Today, Lusitanos are bred mainly in Portugal and Brazil, but maintain a presence in many other countries throughout the world, including Australia, the United States, Great Britain, South Africa, and other European countries.Crossbred horses of partial Lusitano blood are popular, especially when crossed with Andalusian,Arabian orThoroughbred blood.[18]
The Portuguese stud book recognizes six horses (fivestallions and onemare) that are called the "heads of lineage". These six horses are thefoundation horses of the three main breed lineages: Andrade, Veiga and Coudelaria Nacional (Portuguese State Stud). Although each line meets breed standards, they differ from each other in individual characteristics. The six foundation horses are:[19]
The Alter Real is a strain of the Lusitano which is bred only at the Alter Real State Stud in Portugal.[20][21] The stud was founded in 1748 by thePortuguese royal family to provide horses for the national riding academy and royal use. ThePortuguese School of Equestrian Art (Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre) uses these horses exclusively in their performances.[22] The strain was developed from 300 Iberian mares imported from Spain in 1747. WhenNapoleon invaded Spain in the early 19th century, the Alter Real strain deteriorated due to the introduction ofArabian,Thoroughbred,Spanish-Norman andHanoverian blood. However, in the 19th and 20th centuries the strain was re-established with the further introduction of Spanish blood.[23]
In the early 20th century, with the1910 revolution that ended the monarchy, the Alter Real strain faced extinction, as records were burned, stallions were gelded and the stud discontinued. Ruy d'Andrade, a specialist in Iberian horse breeds, saved two stallions and several mares, and was able to re-establish the strain, turning his herd over to the Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture in 1942, when the stud was reopened.[24] The Portuguese state has maintained ownership of the stud, and continues to produce horses for use inhigh school dressage.[25]
Today, outside of Portugal and Spain, breeding, showing andregistration of both Lusitanos and Andalusians are often closely linked. One example is theAustralasian Lusitano Horse Association of Australasia (LHAA), which shares responsibility for the Purebred Iberian Horse (an Andalusian/Lusitano cross) with the Australasia Andalusian Association,[26] as well as hosting a combined National Show for the two breeds in Australia. The LHAA was formed in 2003 to register and promote the Lusitano breed in Australia and New Zealand, and in June 2005 signed an agreement with their parent organization, the Portuguese Associação Portuguesa de Criadores do Cavalo Puro Sangue Lusitano, to follow that association's rules and regulations. The LHAA maintains two studbooks (for the purebred Lusitano and the purebred Iberian) and a crossbred registry for horses with one Lusitano parent.[27][28] An example of a combined registry is the International Andalusian and Lusitano Horse Association (IALHA).[29]
Lusitanos are generallygray,bay orchestnut,[1] though they can be of any solid color, includingblack,buckskin andpalomino. Only bays are bred at the Alter Real stud.[12][18] They usually stand 15.2 and 15.3 hands (62 and 63 inches, 157 and 160 cm) high, although some stand over 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm).[12] Members of the breed have narrow, but well-proportioned, heads with profiles that are slightly convex. The necks are thick and arched, leading to well definedwithers, shoulders that are muscular and sloping and a deep, broad chest. The horses have short, strongbacks and rounded, slopedcroups, leading to a low-set tail. The legs are sturdy and muscled. Lusitanos are known as powerful horses, noted for their intelligence and willing nature.[1] The breed'sgaits are agile and elevated, but generally comfortable to ride.[12] The Lusitano differs from the Andalusian through having a more slopedcroup, a lower-set tail, and a more convex head profile. The mane and tail are extremely thick in both breeds.[16]
The ancestors of the Lusitano were originally used forclassical dressage,driving andbullfighting on horseback. Today, Lusitanos are seen in internationdisciplines, including high-levelcombined driving competition. In 1995, a four-in-hand team driven by Belgian Felix Brasseur won theFEI Driving World Cup, and took the World Championships in 1996. In 2002, there was a Lusitano on theWorld Equestrian Games bronze-winning dressage team that went on to collect a silver medal at the 2004Summer Olympics.[30] In 2006, the entire Portuguese dressage team rode Lusitanos at theWorld Equestrian Games, as did one Spanish dressage competitor. The Belgian Brasseur took the gold medal in four-in-hand driving at the same competition with a team composed solely of Lusitanos.[31]
They are still used for mounted bullfighting today, in a form where the bull is not killed and it is considered a disgrace to the rider if the horse is injured. Horses bred for this sport must be agile and calm, remaining in the control of the rider even when confronted by a bull.[32] Between 1980 and 1987, Lusitanos were used for breedingColorado Ranger horses, although these crosses are no longer allowed by the breed registry.[33] An Alter Real stallion, taken to Brazil prior to Napoleon's invasion, was afoundation stallion of theMangalarga Marchador breed.[24]
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