Luis Fajardo | |
|---|---|
| Born | c. 1556 Murcia, Spain |
| Died | 21 May 1617(1617-05-21) (aged 60–61) Madrid, Spain |
| Allegiance |  Spanish Empire |
| Branch | Spanish Navy |
| Rank | Captain General |
| Commands |
|
| Battles / wars | |
Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño,[1] (c. 1556[2] – 21 May 1617[3]), known simply asLuis Fajardo,[2] was a Spanishadmiral andnobleman who had an outstanding naval career in theSpanish Navy. He is considered one of the most reputable Spanish militaries of the last years of the reign ofPhilip II and the reign ofPhilip III.[2] He held important positions in the navy and carried out several military operations in which he had to fight against English, Dutch, French and Barbary forces in theAtlantic, theCaribbean and theMediterranean. He is known for theconquest ofLa Mamora in 1614.
Because he belonged to a noble family, he had several appointments such asAdelantado deMurcia,Knight of theOrder of Calatrava and Commander ofAlmuradiel.[3]
Luis Fajardo was born around 1556 in Murcia, twenty-three years after the death of his father's only wife.[2] He was the illegitimate son ofLuis Fajardo y de la Cueva,2nd Marquis of Los Vélez,Grandee of Spain and1st Marquis de Molina. His mother was Ana Ruiz de Avendaño y Alarcón, a neighbor ofVélez-Blanco and a native ofVillapalacios, inLa Mancha.[2]
Due to his illegitimate status, he did not initially have the same social status as the other children his father had previously fathered by his wife, Leonor Fernández de Córdoba.[2] Later he managed to ascend socially, due to the military prestige he obtained during his naval career and the support of his influential paternal family, the House of Los Vélez.[4] On the maternal side, Luis became the only son and heir of his mother.[4]
His father later recognized the younger Luis as his son, due to his good relationship with his father and the rest of his paternal family.[5] This allowed him to marry a noble woman,Luisa de Tenza, Lady of Espinardo, with whom he had three children.[6] The marriage ties of his descendants, which he helped manage, also reinforced his social position, as well as that of his children, gaining large possessions for his family inMurcia.[7]
His eldest son wasAlonso Fajardo de Tenza, who became governor and captain general of thePhilippines in 1616.[8] His second son wasJuan Fajardo de Tenza, who accompanied his father on military operations and also became an admiral, and was governor ofGalicia.[9] He also had a daughter named Mencía Fajardo de Tenza, who in 1609 married Juan Antonio Usodemar Narváez, lord of the village ofAlcantarilla, a fact that initially did not please her father.[10] In addition to the three children he had with Luisa, he had an illegitimate son named Luis with a single woman. Little is known about this son, except that he accompanied his brother Alonso to the Philippines.[8]
While still very young he accompanied his father, along with his brother Diego, to suppress theAlpujarras Revolt (1568–1571). He was thestandard-bearer for his father when the army leftVélez-Blanco, at the beginning of 1569, when he was thirteen years old. In June of that year, he was commissioned to defendOria andCantoria from theMoorish attack on the marquisate.[11]
Later, he began his naval career in theSpanish Navy while still young,[11] although the first news of his life in the navy dates back to the 1590s. In 1593, Fajardo was under the command of Francisco Coloma, captain general of theArmada de Tierra Firme, participating in the transshipment of the silver left in theAzores Islands for Luis Alfonso de Flores, with his fleet of 12 ships. The following year he was an overseer of theArmada de Tierra Firme and then succeeded Coloma in office.[3]
In 1597, he carried out an inspection inCádiz together with the lawyer Diego Armenteros, due to theAnglo-Dutch sacking of that port the previous year.[12] He was also appointed by the king to preside over the proceedings against those responsible for this disaster.[3]
In 1598, Fajardo was appointed captain general of theArmada de la Guardia de la Flota de Indias,[3] charged with protecting theSpanish treasure fleet fromprivateers on their way to Spain, a dangerous and vital job for theSpanish Empire. This would be his main mission until his death, and for which he would obtain several honors from the king.[13]
In 1600, Fajardo sent a report to the king, stating the convenience of havinggalleys inCartagena de Indias for any eventuality.[3] Between 1601 and 1602, in his work to protect the Spanish treasure fleet, he had some battles against an English fleet and even a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet, managing to successfully repel all these adversaries when they attacked him. In the battle against the combined fleet, which was 20 ships, superior to Fajardo's fleet of seven ships, he managed to damage theflagship and capture the vice-flagship and apatache, at the cost of 200 casualties between killed and wounded.[14] In one of these battles, the English commandersRichard Leveson andWiliam Monson had joined forces to attack him, but were unsuccessful in their attempt.[3]
In November 1604, he was appointed captain general of theArmada del Mar Océano, replacing the late AdmiralAlonso de Bazán.[15] With this naval force he had the mission of protecting the Iberian coast of the Atlantic and theStrait of Gibraltar, also taking into account that it was the route of arrival of the Spanish treasure fleet. This led him to engage the fleets of Dutch, English or French privateers on several occasions, even on the coasts of America.[A]
In 1605, Fajardo carried out with his fleet apunitive expedition to the Caribbean, more precisely inAraya, on the coasts ofCumaná and theMargarita Island. There he attacked by surprise a fleet of Dutch smugglers and privateers who were blocking the area and engaged in the illegal extraction ofsalt, destroying their fleet completely.[16][17] This fact affected the Dutch industry, which depended on the product for various uses.
After the attack, he spent a brief time in the Caribbean chasing privateers before returning to Spain. The following year, he defeated the fleet of Dutch AdmiralWillem Haultain at theBattle of Cape San Vicente, having done so with a makeshift fleet.[18] This allowed lifting the blockade of the Spanish-Portuguese coast and the arrival of the Spanish treasure fleet that year.[19]
By 1607 his son Juan had begun to assist him in directing theArmada del Mar Océano, accompanying him on his main missions.[20] In May 1609 he delivered a report to the king about the problems in the maintenance of the Spanish ships due to rot caused by inadequately curing the vessels.
With thePax Hispanica, Fajardo was frequently in theSpanish Levante,[21] dedicating himself to dealing with the growing threat ofAnglo-Barbary piracy in the Mediterranean, and trying to hunt down renowned pirates such asZymen Danseker andJack Ward.[22]
In June of that year, Fajardo commanded an expedition to theBarbary coast to pursue the pirate Danseker. He arrived at theTunisian coast, where heattacked the fortified anchorage ofLa Goulette, destroying and capturing all the ships in the place,[23] which made clear the Spanish capacity to face the pirates. Then he collaborated with part of the fleet in theexpulsion of the Moorish from Spain.[3]
In 1612, some four galleys of Fajardo's fleet captured the French privateer Jehan Philippe de Castelane's ship, which was carrying the entire collection of manuscripts from theZaydani Library, belonging to the Moroccan SultanMuley Zidan.[24] The manuscripts were not returned by the Spanish Crown and became part of the Royal Library ofEl Escorial.[25]
In August 1614, Fajardo commanded an expedition of almost 100 ships with 5,000 landing soldiers, with whom heconquered La Mamora, a military action that earned him great prestige for the measures he took during the attack, and for which he had no casualties.[26] The conquest of the place deprived Muley Zidan of a haven for pirates and prevented this strategic place from falling into Dutch hands.[21][B]
During the last years of his life, he continued to command theArmada del Mar Océano and had some naval engagements along the Spanish Atlantic coast. Fajardo died on 21 May 1617, being succeeded in command of the aforementioned naval force byFadrique de Toledo, 1st Marquess of Valdueza.[3] His death also produced disputes regarding his son, Juan, and alsoAntonio de Oquendo, his protégé during his lifetime.[28]
