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Lucien Bouchard | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Bouchard in 2013 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 27th Premier of Quebec | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office January 29, 1996 – March 8, 2001 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarch | Elizabeth II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Martial Asselin Jean-Louis Roux Lise Thibault | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deputy | Bernard Landry | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Jacques Parizeau | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Bernard Landry | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President of the Parti Québécois | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office January 27, 1996 – March 2, 2001 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Jacques Parizeau | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Bernard Landry | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leader of the Opposition | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office November 4, 1993 – January 14, 1996 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Jean Chrétien | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Gilles Duceppe | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leader of the Bloc Québécois | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office July 25, 1990 – January 16, 1996 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Position established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Gilles Duceppe (interim) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Born | (1938-12-22)December 22, 1938 (age 86) Saint-Cœur-de-Marie, Quebec, Canada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Parti Québécois (provincial, 1990–2010) Bloc Québécois (federal, 1990–2010) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other political affiliations | Progressive Conservative (federal, c. 1984–1990) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | Solange Dugas (since May 18, 2013) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | Université Laval | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Profession | Lawyer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lucien BouchardPC GOQ (French pronunciation:[lysjɛ̃buʃɑʁ]; born December 22, 1938) is a Canadian lawyer, diplomat and retiredpolitician who was the 27thpremier of Quebec from 1996 to 2001.
Before his premiership in Quebec, he was a minister for two years in theMulroney cabinet, Bouchard then founded and led theBloc Québécois and becameLeader of the Opposition in theHouse of Commons of Canada from 1993 to 1996. He became a central figure for the "Yes" side in the1995 Quebec referendum, alongsideJacques Parizeau, whom he succeeded to serve as premier.
Bouchard was born inSaint-Cœur-de-Marie, Québec, the son of Alice (née Simard) and Philippe Bouchard.[1] His brother is the historianGérard Bouchard. Lucien Bouchard graduated from Jonquière Classical College in 1959,[citation needed] and obtained a bachelor's degree in social science and a law degree atUniversité Laval in 1964.[citation needed] He was called to theBar of Quebec later that year.[citation needed]
He practised law inChicoutimi until 1985,[citation needed] while being given many charges as a public servant over the years: president of the arbitration committee for the education sector (1970 to 1976),[citation needed] prosecutor in chief for the commission for labour and industry (Cliche commission, 1974–75),[2] and co-president of the study commission on the public and parapublic sectors (Martin-Bouchard commission — 1975).[citation needed] From then, he acted as a coordinator or member of many special teams on behalf ofQuebec's government in thetrade union negotiations for the public sector.[citation needed] In a 2000 interview with the journalistMichel Auger about his work with the Cliche commission, Bouchard named union bossAndré Desjardins one of the most toughest witnesses that he ever cross-examined.[3]
Bouchard's relationship with politics is a complex one, as he affiliated himself over the years with variouspolitical parties with highly divergingideologies, going as far as founding one, theBloc Québécois.
Bouchard has been aQuebec nationalist during his entire political career. Contrary to popular belief, during the1970 Quebec general election, he didnot work for thefederalistQuebec Liberal Party. He was deeply shaken by the events of Quebec'sOctober Crisis, especially byPrime MinisterPierre Trudeau's imposition of theWar Measures Act requested by then Quebec PremierRobert Bourassa.[4]
Bouchard worked with the "Yes" side during the1980 Quebec referendum on sovereignty. In 1984Brian Mulroney, Bouchard's close friend from his law school days at Université Laval, became Canadian Prime Minister. Mulroney would go on to ask Bouchard to serve in various official capacities, including (in 1985) as Canadian ambassador toFrance.[5]
In 1988, Bouchard returned to Canada to serve as Mulroney'sQuebec lieutenant, and was elected as aProgressive Conservative from aSaguenay-area riding. He was immediately named to Cabinet as Secretary of State and later Minister of the Environment.
While still a strong Quebec nationalist, he believed that Mulroney'sMeech Lake Accord was sufficient to placate nationalist feelings and keep Quebec in Confederation. However, after a commission headed byJean Charest recommended some changes to the Accord, Bouchard opposed them, saying they diluted the original spirit and objectives of Meech. Mulroney rejected his reasoning.
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Soon afterward, Bouchard declared himself a sovereigntist and sent a message of support to the PQ, which was holding an anniversary meeting in his riding.
René Lévesque's memory will unite us all this weekend. He was the one who led Quebecers to realize they had the inalienable right to decide their own destiny.
When Mulroney learned about this, he called Bouchard into his office and fired him, though Bouchard long publicly insisted that he had resigned rather than support what he saw as a betrayal of Meech.[6][7] It turned out that Bouchard had cut a deal with PQ leaderJacques Parizeau in which Bouchard would declare his support for sovereigntism; PQ leaders had told Bouchard that if Meech succeeded, it would mean the end of the PQ. Mulroney only learned of the deal when Parizeau revealed the plot in the early 2000s, and was angered to learn that Bouchard had "cooked up the deal with Parizeau while he was a member of my cabinet."[7][8]
Years later, Mulroney toldCTV News'Lloyd Robertson that he seriously considered sacking Bouchard when Bouchard supported Quebec's ban on English-language signs after promising Mulroney that he opposed them. In hindsight, Mulroney said, not firing Bouchard then was "a mistake."[6] The two did not speak for years afterward, though they reconciled shortly before Mulroney's death in February 2024.[9]
Bouchard resigned from the Progressive Conservatives soon afterward, and sat as an independent for a few months. After the failure of the Meech Lake Accord, Bouchard formed the sovereigntistBloc Québécois with five former Tories and two former Liberals.
The PQ campaigned for the Bloc in the1993 federal election in order to prepare Quebec for sovereignty, according to theThree Periods strategy devised by Parizeau. In this election, the Bloc Québécois won 54 out of 75 ridings in Quebec, including a near-sweep of the francophone ridings. Despite only running candidates in Quebec, its heavy concentration of support there was enough to give it the second-most seats in the House. Bouchard thus became the first separatistleader of the Opposition in the history of Canada.
Soon after the election, Bouchard discovered that most of the members of his large caucus could not speak English nearly well enough to use it in debate (although he and most of the Bloc's other founding members were fluently bilingual). More or less out of necessity, he announced that Bloc MPs would only speak French on the Commons floor, a policy that remains in place to this day. Since the Official Opposition has considerable advantages over the other parties not in government,Question Periods during the 35th Parliament were dominated by issues of Canadian unity.
However, Prime MinisterJean Chrétien regardedReform leaderPreston Manning as his main opponent on non-Quebec matters. For example, in 1995, when Bouchard garnered an invitation to meet visiting US PresidentBill Clinton by virtue of being Opposition Leader, Manning was also granted a meeting with Clinton in order to diffuse Bouchard's separatist leverage.[10]
Bouchard was still serving in that capacity in Ottawa, and working closely with the provincialParti Québécois to bring about the independence of Quebec, when he lost a leg tonecrotizing fasciitis on December 1, 1994.[11]
In 1995, Bouchard signed, as Bloc leader, a tripartite agreement with Parti Québécois leader Jacques Parizeau andAction démocratique leaderMario Dumont, which mapped the way to thereferendum on independence. He was instrumental in convincing Parizeau to include a plan of association with Canada in the referendum question. He campaigned with the other two leaders for the "Oui" side. Quebec premier Jacques Parizeau first led the "Oui" campaign but, as support for sovereignty began to plateau, Bouchard was given the official leadership. The referendum was extremely narrowly defeated by a majority vote of 50.58% to 49.42%.
Not long before the 1995 referendum, Bouchard drew considerable ire when he said on October 14, 1995, "We're one of the white races that has the fewest children."Liza Frulla, former Quebec culture minister commented, "We were shocked and hurt by Mr. Bouchard's various comments over the weekend. ... He is insulting our intelligence."[12] The next week, on October 25, Bouchard's TV appeal following Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's televised address to the nation was likewise the subject of controversy. During his speech, Bouchard suddenly brandished a newspaper from the 1981 constitutional negotiations featuring a front-page photo of Pierre Trudeau and Chrétien together, laughing at a joke. Bouchard claimed they had been laughing at Quebec. In his autobiography of his years as prime minister, Chrétien describes the stunt as "absolutely the worst kind of demagoguery. It was the crudest stunt I had ever seen in Canadian politics."[13]
After the Yes side lost the 1995 referendum, Parizeau resigned as Quebec premier. Bouchard wasacclaimed his successor as leader of the Parti Québécois in January 1996, and was appointed premier of Quebec shortly afterward.
On the matter of sovereignty, while in office, he stated that no new referendum would be held, at least for the time being. In 2014, Bouchard revealed to Chantal Hébert that he had no plans calling for a referendum when becoming Premier.[14]
A main concern of the Bouchard government, considered part of the necessary "conditions gagnantes" ("winning conditions" for the feasibility of a new referendum on sovereignty), was economic recovery through the achievement of "zero deficit". Long-termKeynesian policies resulting from the "Quebec model", developed by both PQ governments in the past and the previousLiberal government had left a substantialdeficit in the provincial budget.
Bouchard led the PQ into the1998 provincial election. He faced his former Cabinet colleague, Charest, who was now leader of the provincial Liberal Party. Although the Liberals won a narrow plurality of the popular vote, most of their margin was wasted on huge majorities in federalist areas of the province. As a result, the PQ suffered a net loss of only one seat, allowing it another term in government.
As Premier, Bouchard presided both over balanced budgets and a significant expansion of the province's social safety net with the implementation of a universalchildcare system and pharmacare.[15]During his time as Premier, Bouchard refused to grant provincial funding to theMontreal Expos for a new stadium, which would have played a major role in helping the Expos stay in Montreal. Bouchard said that he couldn't in good conscience authorize funding for a new sports facility when the province was being forced to shutter hospitals.[16]
Bouchard retired from electoral politics in 2001, and was replaced as Quebec premier byBernard Landry. He stated that his relative failure to revive the sovereigntist flame was a cause of his departure, something for which he took responsibility. Others have speculated that theMichaud Affair, regarding allegedly anti-Semitic comments by Parti Québécois candidateYves Michaud, was another factor favouring Bouchard's departure.
He returned to practising law by becoming a partner atDavies Ward Phillips & Vineberg, where he specializes in commercial and corporate law. He serves as a negotiator, legal counsel and mediator in commercial matters and, occasionally, in labour-related disputes. He sits on the board of several private companies as well as organizations like theMontreal Symphony Orchestra,TC Transcontinental,Saputo Inc., Groupe BMTC and, until August 2021,[17]TFI International. In April 2004, he helped launch the Centre for International Studies of theUniversité de Montréal (CÉRIUM), of which he is a board member.He served as President of the Quebec Oil and Gas Association from 2011 until 2013.[18]
After retiring as premier, Bouchard avoided making public comments on politics until 2010, when he used a panel event celebrating the 100th anniversary of Montreal newspaperLe Devoir to argue that sovereignty was no longer a realistic goal for Quebec. Although he still considered himself a sovereigntist at heart, Bouchard argued that sovereignty did not offer any solutions for Quebec. He also accused the PQ of being so fixated on independence that it had no solutions for the province's basic needs, and also accused it of pandering to xenophobic elements by taking a hard line on immigration. In response, several sovereigntists, including PQ leaderPauline Marois, accused Bouchard of becoming one of the sovereigntist movement's manybelle mères (idiomatically analogous toarmchair quarterback).[19]
Bouchard revealed in a 2014 documentary that the Bloc Québécois was only intended to last long enough to prepare the ground for the 1995 referendum.[6] He believed its long duration weakened Quebec's influence within Canada by limiting the potential pool for federal cabinet ministers in successive Liberal and Conservative governments.[6][15] He also averred that the 1995 referendum may have passed had it been part of a two-step process. In his view, there should have been a first referendum to give the government the authority to negotiate Quebec sovereignty with an economic and political partnership with Canada and a second to approve the results of negotiations. He blamed Parizeau's rejection of that approach for the referendum's failure.[6][15]
Bouchard married his first wife, Jocelyne Côte, on October 15, 1966.[20]
Following their divorce, Bouchard married his second wife,[21] Audrey Best.[21] Best was theCôte d'Azur-born andCalifornia-raised daughter of James Best, a U.S. Navy officer, and his French wife, Marie-Josée Massa. Best worked as a flight attendant, where she met Bouchard. She later became a lawyer, eventually working for the Heenan-Blaikie firm of Montreal.[22] She died on January 25, 2011, aged 50, frombreast cancer. Best had separated from Bouchard for several years before her passing.[23]
On May 18, 2013, Bouchard married his third wife, Solange Dugas.
Bouchard has two children, Alexandre and Simon, who hold dual Canadian-United States citizenship via Audrey Best, their mother.
In 1994, while serving as Leader of the Opposition, Bouchard lost his left leg to a type of flesh-eating bacteria.[24]
On October 19, 2005, Bouchard and eleven other Quebecers of different backgrounds and political aspirations published a manifesto entitled "Pour un Québec lucide" ("For a clear-eyed vision of Quebec"). The manifesto warned Quebec's aging population about the challenges the future poses, demographically, economically and culturally. It made a certain impression on theParti Québécois leadership race of 2005, getting mixed reactions. It was well received in other quarters, garnering praise on the editorial page ofThe Globe and Mail.
On October 16, 2006, Bouchard declared toTVA news reporter Paul Larocque, that the population of the province is not working enough and that it should be more productive in order to produce more resources for the population. He also added that his generation had contracted 75% of the province's current debt and that the future generations should not be handling the burden of paying for the previous ones.[25]
Bouchard's government implemented some controversial policies, including cuts to the province'shealth care spending in order to balance the provincial budget, and the amalgamation of Quebec's larger cities undertaken by his successorBernard Landry. Other aspects of his legacy include the creation of a low-cost, universal public daycare system, the implementation of a universal system of pharmacare,[15] the birth ofEmploi Québec, and achieving a balanced budget. He is remembered for his sometimes short fuse when provoked and his unforgiving demands for excellence in those he worked with, but also for his charm and eloquence, and was appreciated as a formidable foe by his political adversaries. Bouchard has stated that he will not return to politics.[26]
He won the1998 election and resigned in 2001. Bouchard is the only PQ leader to be Premier of Quebec for his entire leadership and the only non-interim PQ leader to never lose an election.
When asked whether her predecessor had become one of her party's notorious armchair quarterbacks (the expression used in Quebec is "mother-in-law" – or "belle mère"), Marois said he had.
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