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Lower Carniola | |
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 Typical Lower Carniolan landscape inSveti Vrh | |
 1714 map of Carniola byJohann Homann, Lower Carniola in green | |
| Country | Slovenia |
| Elevation | 400 m (1,300 ft) |
| Demonym | Lower Carniolan |
Lower Carniola (Slovene:Dolenjskapronounced[dɔˈlèːnska];German:Unterkrain) is atraditional region inSlovenia, the southeastern part of the historicalCarniola region. Its largest town and urban center isNovo Mesto, with other urban centers includingKočevje,Grosuplje,Krško,Trebnje, andRibnica.
Lower Carniola is delineated by the Ljubljana Basin with the city ofLjubljana to the northwest, by theKolpa River and the border withCroatia with theGorjanci Mountains to the south and southeast, by theSava River to the north and northeast, and byMount Krim, theBloke Plateau, and thePotok Plateau (Slovene:Potočanska planota) to the west. The southernmost region down to the border withCroatia on theKolpa River is calledWhite Carniola and usually considered part of Lower Carniola.[1]
Within theKočevje Rog karst plateau, the mountains reach an elevation of up to 1,099 m (3,606 ft). The historic centre of Lower Carniola isNovo Mesto, and other towns includeKočevje,Grosuplje,Krško,Trebnje,Mirna,Črnomelj,Semič, andMetlika.
In the 17th century, theHabsburg duchy ofCarniola was internally divided into three administrative districts. This division was thoroughly described by the scholarJohann Weikhard von Valvasor in his 1689 workThe Glory of the Duchy of Carniola. The districts were known in German asKreise (kresija in old Slovene). They were:Upper Carniola with its centre inLjubljana (formerlyKranj), comprising the northern areas of the duchy;Inner Carniola comprising the southwest, with its centre inPostojna, and Lower Carniola in the southeast, roughly corresponding to the medievalWindic March of theHoly Roman Empire. While the bulk of the population spoke Slovene, the German-speaking exclave of theGottschee Germans existed around Kočevje in the south.
This division remained, in various arrangements, up to the 1860s, when the old administrative districts were abolished and Lower Carniola was subdivided into the smallerBezirke of Novo Mesto (Rudolfswert), Kočevje (Gottschee), and Krško (Gurkfeld). Nevertheless, the regional identity remained strong also thereafter. Upon the dissolution ofAustria-Hungary afterWorld War I, Carniola was incorporated first into theState of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and then into theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and it ceased to exist as a separate political and geographical unit. The Carniolan regional identity soon faded away, but the regional identification with its sub-units (Upper Carniola, Lower Carniola, and, to a lesser extent, Inner Carniola) remain strong.
Since the 1890s, Lower Carniola has become significantly more connected with the surrounding regions through the construction of theLjubljana–Novo Mesto Railway (1894),Sevnica–Trebnje Railway (1908, 1938), and theBrotherhood and Unity Highway (1958) linking Ljubljana andZagreb.[2] In the early 21st century the Brotherhood and Unity Highway was replaced with the modernA2 motorway (completed in 2011).[3][4]
People of Lower Carniola speak various dialects with common characteristics, grouped together under theLower Carniolan dialect group.
In the 16th century, the Lower Carniolan reformer and writer of the first Slovene book,Primož Trubar, laid the foundation for what later became standard Slovene, giving it additions of his native speech, the Lower Carniolan dialect, combined with the capitalLjubljana's dialect.
Lower Carniola has had an important impact on Slovene folk music[citation needed], with many great local musicians, the most notable beingLojze Slak[citation needed].
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Since 2013,Woodland Pristava, an annualelectronic dance music festival, has been held inPristava nad Stično.
Lower Carniola shares most of the commonSlovene cuisine, with emphasis on grilled meat and local wine, such asCviček. Some other regional dishes includematevž,mlinci, andbelokranjska povitica.
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Media related toLower Carniola at Wikimedia Commons45°52′00″N14°59′00″E / 45.86667°N 14.98333°E /45.86667; 14.98333
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