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Los Angeles-class submarine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Class of nuclear-powered fast attack submarines of the United States Navy
"688 class" redirects here. For the Italian locomotive class, seeFS 688.

Los Angeles-class SSN profile
USS Los Angeles, lead boat of the class.
Class overview
Builders
Operators United States Navy
Preceded bySturgeon class
Succeeded bySeawolf class
Cost$900 million, 1990 dollars;[1] $1.9 billion, 2024 dollars[2]
Built1972–1996
In commission1976–present
Completed62
Active23
Retired36
Preserved2 (asmoored training ships)
General characteristics
TypeNuclear attack submarine
Displacement
  • Surfaced: 6,082 t (5,986long tons)
  • Submerged: 6,927 t (6,818 long tons)
Length362 ft (110 m)
Beam33 ft (10 m)
Draft31 ft (9.4 m)
Propulsion
  • 1 ×S6G nuclear reactor (150–165 MW)
  • 2 × steam turbines (30,000–33,500) shp
  • 1 × shaft
  • 1 × secondary propulsion motor 325 hp (242 kW)
Speed
  • Surfaced: 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)
  • Submerged: Over 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph), official;[3] 33+ knots, reported[4][5]
RangeRefueling required after 30 years[1]
Endurance90 days
Test depth450 m (1,480 ft)[4]
Complement129
Sensors &
processing systems		BQQ-5 suite which includes active and passive systemssonar, BQS-15 detecting and ranging sonar, WLR-8V(2)ESM receiver, WLR-9 acoustic receiver for detection of active search sonar and acoustic homing torpedoes, BRD-7 radio direction finder,[6] BPS-15radar
Electronic warfare
& decoys		WLR-10 countermeasures set[6]
Armament4 ×21 in (533 mm)torpedo tubes, 37 ×Mk 48 torpedo,Tomahawk land attack missile,Harpoon anti-ship missile, Mk 67 mobile, orMk 60 CAPTOR mines (FLTII and 688i FLTIII have a 12-tube VLS)

TheLos Angeles class of submarines arenuclear-poweredfast attack submarines (SSN) in service with theUnited States Navy. Also known as the688 class (pronounced "six-eighty-eight") after the hull number of lead vesselUSS Los Angeles (SSN-688), 62 were built from 1972 to 1996, the latter 23 to an improved688i standard. As of 2025, 23 of theLos Angeles class remainin commission and they account for almost half of the U.S. Navy's 50 fast attack submarines.[7]

Submarines of this class are named after American towns and cities, such asAlbany, New York;Los Angeles, California; andTucson, Arizona, with the exception ofUSS Hyman G. Rickover, named for the "father of the nuclear Navy." This was a change from traditionallynaming attack submarines after marine animals, such asUSS Seawolf orUSS Shark. Rickover explained the decision to name the submarines after cities (and occasionally politicians influential in defense issues) by observing that "fish don't vote."[8]

Development

[edit]

In the late 1960s, the Soviet Union's advances in submarine technology increasingly threatened the survivability of US Navy (USN)carrier battle groups. Soviet fast-attack submarines became capable of keeping pace with carrier groups, while their newermissile submarines could potentially overwhelm the group's defenses with salvos of missiles.[9] Development of theLos Angeles class commenced in 1967 as a response. The class originally had essentially the same weapons and sensors as the precedingSturgeon class, but was approximately 50% larger with "major improvements" in stealth and speed so that they too could keep up with carrier battle groups.[9]

On 1 December 1976General Dynamics Electric Boat (GDEB) submitted a $544 million claim related to its contract for 18Los-Angeles-class submarines; the contractor alleged the USN made an undue amount of design changes while the government argued that Electric Boat mismanaged its operations.[10] The USN and General Dynamics reached an $843 million settlement agreement in June 1978;[10] the contract price was increased by $125 million, GDEB absorbed a $359 million loss, and the USN paid an additional $359 million under the authority ofPublic Law 85-804.[11] The USN and General Dynamics had a further dispute in 1979–1980 when it was discovered that nonconforming steel had been used in the construction of the submarines and thousands of welds were found to be either defective or missing. This led General Dynamics to file a $100 million insurance claim to cover the costs of re-inspections of the yard's work, "thus, Electric Boat was asking the Navy to reimburse it for its own mis-management." The parties reached an agreement in 1981 whereby GDEB was awarded a firm contract for an additional 688-class boat and two options; the Navy needed GDEB's shipbuilding capacity to achieve its procurement goals.[10]

Los Angeles-class submarines were built in three successive flights:[12]

FlightPennant numbersOrdered datesUpgrades (where applicable)
ISSNs 688–7181971–1977N/A
IISSNs 719–7501977–198212 vertical launch tubes for Tomahawk cruise missiles and an upgraded reactor core.
IIISSNs 751–7731982–1989"688i" (for Improved): Quieter, advanced BSY-1 sonar suite, the ability to lay mines and configured for under-ice operations.

Design

[edit]

Flights

[edit]
Flight II 688 VLS.
Flight III 688I.

In 1982, after building 31 boats, the class underwent a minor redesign. The following eight that made up the second "flight" of subs had 12 new vertical launch tubes that could fireTomahawk missiles. The last 23 had a significant upgrade with the688i improvement program. These boats are quieter, with more advanced electronics, sensors, and noise-reduction technology. Thediving planes are placed at the bow rather than on thesail, and are retractable.[13] A further four boats were proposed by the Navy, but later cancelled.[14]

Capabilities

[edit]
Crewmen monitor consoles at the diving station aboard aLos Angeles-class submarine

According to theU.S. Department of Defense, the top speed of the submarines of theLos Angeles class is over 25knots (46 km/h; 29 mph), although the actual maximum is classified. Some published estimates have placed their top speed at 30 to 33 knots (56 to 61 km/h; 35 to 38 mph).[4][15] In his bookSubmarine: A Guided Tour Inside a Nuclear Warship,Tom Clancy estimated the top speed ofLos Angeles-class submarines at about 37 knots (69 km/h; 43 mph).

The U.S. Navy gives the maximum operating depth of theLos Angeles class as 650 ft (200 m),[16] whilePatrick Tyler, in his bookRunning Critical, suggests a maximum operating depth of 950 ft (290 m).[17] Although Tyler cites the 688-class design committee for this figure,[18] the government has not commented on it. The maximum diving depth is 1,475 ft (450 m) according toJane's Fighting Ships, 2004–2005 Edition, edited by Commodore Stephen Saunders of the Royal Navy.[19]

Weapons

[edit]
A portside bow view of the fore section ofUSS Santa Fe tied up at the pier in February 1994: The doors of the Mark 36 vertical launch system for the Tomahawk missiles are in the "open" position.

Los Angeles-class submarines carry 24torpedo tube-launched weapons, as well as Mark 67 andMark 60 CAPTORmines and were designed to launchTomahawkcruise missiles, andHarpoon missiles horizontally (from the torpedo tubes). The last 31 boats of this class (Flight II and Flight III/688i) also have 12 dedicatedvertical launching system tubes for launching Tomahawks. The tube configuration for the first two boats of Flight II differed from the later ones:Providence andPittsburgh have four rows of three tubes vs. the inner two rows of four and outer two rows of two tubes found on other examples. The 688i ("improved") model submarines are capable of deploying the Mk 67Submarine Launched Mobile Mines.[20]

Control systems

[edit]

Over close to 40 years, the control suite of the class has changed dramatically. The class was originally equipped with the Mk 113 mod 10 fire control system, also known as the Pargo display program. The Mk 113 runs on aUYK-7 computer.[21][22]

The Mk 117 FCS, the first "alldigital"fire control system, replaced the Mk 113. The Mk 117 transferred the duties of the analog Mk 75 attack director to the UYK-7, and the digital Mk 81 weapon control consoles, removing the two analog conversions, and allowing "all digital" control of the digital Mk 48 control.[23] The first 688 sub to be built with the Mk 117 wasUSS Dallas.

The Mark 1 Combat Control System/All Digital Attack Center replaced the Mk 117 FCS, on which it was based. The Mk 1 CCS was built byLockheed Martin, and gave the class the ability to fire Tomahawk missiles.[24] The CSS internal tracker model providesprocessing for bothtowed-array and spherical-array trackers.Trackers are signal followers that generate bearing, arrival angle, and frequency reports based on information received by an acoustic sensor. It incorporated the Gyro Static Navigator into the system in replacement of the AN/WSN-1 DMINS (Dual Mini Ship'sInertial navigation system)[25] of the earlier 688 class.

The Mk 1 CCS was replaced by the Mk 2, which was built byRaytheon. Mk 2 provides Tomahawk Block III vertical launch capability as well as fleet-requested improvements toMk 48 ADCAP torpedo and Towed Array Target Motion Analysis operability. The Mk 2 CCS paired with the AN/BQQ-5E system is referred to as the QE-2" system. The CCS MK2 Block 1 A/B system architecture extends the CCS MK2 tactical system with a network of tactical advanced computers (TAC-3). These TAC-3s are configured to support the SFMPL, NTCS-A, LINK-11 and ATWCS subsystems.

Sensors

[edit]

Sonar

[edit]
AN/BQQ-5
[edit]

AN/BQQ-5 sensor suite consists of the AN/BQS-13 spherical sonar array and AN/UYK-44 computer. The AN/BQQ-5 was developed from the AN/BQQ-2 sonar system. The BQS 11, 12, and 13 spherical arrays have 1,241 transducers. Also equipped are a conformal hull array with 104 to 156 hydrophones and two towed arrays: the TB-12 (later replaced by the TB-16) and TB-23 or TB-29, of which there are multiple variants. There are five versions of the AN/BQQ-5 system, sequentially identified by letters A–E.

The 688i (Improved) subclass was initially equipped with the AN/BSY-1 SUBACS submarine advanced combat system that used an AN/BQQ-5E sensor system with updated computers and interface equipment. Development of the AN/BSY-1 and its sister the AN/BSY-2 for theSeawolf class was widely reported as one of the most problematic programs for the Navy, its cost and schedule suffering many setbacks.

A series of conformal passive hydrophones are hard-mounted to each side of the hull, using the AN/BQR-24 internal processor. The system uses FLIT (frequency line integration tracking) which homes in on precise narrowband frequencies of sound and, using the Doppler principle, can accurately provide firing solutions against very quiet submarines. The AN/BQQ-5's hull array doubled the performance of its predecessors.

AN/BQQ-10
[edit]

The AN/BQQ-5 system was replaced by the AN/BQQ-10 system. Acoustic Rapid Commercial Off-The-Shelf Insertion (A-RCI), designated AN/BQQ-10, is a four-phase program for transforming existing submarine sonar systems (AN/BSY-1, AN/BQQ-5, and AN/BQQ-6) from legacy systems to a more capable and flexible COTS/Open System Architecture (OSA) and also provide the submarine force with a common sonar system. A single A-RCI Multi-Purpose Processor (MPP) has as much computing power as the entireLos Angeles (SSN-688/688I) submarine fleet combined and will allow the development and use of complex algorithms previously beyond the reach of legacy processors. The use of COTS/OSA technologies and systems will enable rapid periodic updates to both software and hardware. COTS-based processors will allow computer power growth at a rate commensurate with the commercial industry.[26]

Engineering and auxiliary systems

[edit]
The aft end of the control room forUSS Jefferson City in June 2009

Two watertight compartments are used in theLos Angeles-class submarines. The forward compartment contains crew living spaces, weapons-handling spaces, and control spaces not critical to recovering propulsion. The aft compartment contains the bulk of the submarine's engineering systems, power generation turbines, and water-making equipment.[27] Some submarines in the class are capable of deliveringNavy SEALs through either aSEAL Delivery Vehicle deployed from theDry Deck Shelter or theAdvanced SEAL Delivery System mounted on the dorsal side, although the latter was cancelled in 2006 and removed from service in 2009.[28] A variety of atmospheric control devices are used to allow the vessel to remain submerged for long periods of time without ventilating, including anelectrolyticoxygen generator, which produces oxygen for the crew and hydrogen as a byproduct. The hydrogen is pumped overboard but there is always a risk of fire or explosion from this process.[1][29]

USS Greeneville with an attachedASDS

While on the surface or at snorkel depth, the submarine may use the submarine's auxiliary or emergencydiesel generator for power or ventilation[30][31] (e.g., following a fire).[32] The diesel engine in a 688 class can be quickly started by compressed air during emergencies or to evacuate noxious (nonvolatile) gases from the boat, although 'ventilation' requires raising a snorkel mast. During nonemergency situations, design constraints call for operators to allow the engine to reach normal operating temperatures before it is capable of producing full power, a process that may take from 20 to 30 minutes. However, the diesel generator can be immediately loaded to 100% power output, despite design criteria cautions, at the discretion of the submarine commander on the recommendation of the submarine's engineer, if necessity dictates such actions to: (a) restore electrical power to the submarine, (b) prevent a reactor incident from occurring or escalating, or (c) to protect the lives of the crew or others as determined necessary by the commanding officer.[33]

USS Key West submerged atperiscope depth off the coast ofHonolulu,Hawaii in July 2004

Propulsion

[edit]

TheLos Angeles class is powered by the General ElectricS6Gpressurized water reactor. The hot reactor coolant water heats water in the steam generators, producing steam to power the propulsion turbines and ship service turbine generators (SSTGs), which generate the submarine's electrical power. The high-speed propulsion turbines drive the shaft and propeller through a reduction gear. In the case of a reactor plant casualty, the submarine has a diesel generator and a bank of batteries to provide electrical power. An emergency propulsion motor on the shaft line or a retractable 325-hp secondary propulsion motor power the submarine off the battery or diesel generator.

The S6G reactor plant was originally designed to use the D1G-2 core, similar to the D2G reactor used on theguided missile cruiserUSS Bainbridge. The D1G-2 core had a rated thermal power of 150 MW and the turbines were rated at 30,000 shp. AllLos Angeles-class submarines fromUSS Providence on were built with a D2W core and older submarines with D1G-2 cores have been refueled with D2W cores. The D2W core is rated at 165 MW and turbine power rose to approximately 33,500 shp.[34]

Boats in class

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Summary of StatusCount
Active, in commission20
Active (Reserve), Awaiting Decommissioning2
Converted tomoored training ship2
Inactive or decommissioned & stricken26
Disposed of bysubmarine recycling11
Total62

The class has a total of 62 boats divided into three flights as follows:

  • 31 × Flight I
  • 8 × Flight II with VLS
  • 23 × Flight III 688i (Improved)

Submarines

[edit]
NameHull numberFlightBuilderOrderedLaid downLaunchedCommissionedDecommissionedService lifeStatusHomeport/
NVR page
Los AngelesSSN-688INewport News Shipbuilding,Newport News8 January 19718 January 19726 April 197413 November 19764 February 201134 years, 2 months and 22 daysDisposed of by submarine recyclingN/A[35]
Baton RougeSSN-68918 November 197226 April 197525 June 197713 January 199517 years, 6 months and 19 daysDisposed of by submarine recyclingN/A[36]
PhiladelphiaSSN-690General Dynamics Electric Boat,Groton12 August 197219 October 197425 June 197725 June 201033 years, 0 months and 0 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[37]
MemphisSSN-691Newport News Shipbuilding,Newport News4 February 197123 June 19733 April 197617 December 19771 April 201133 years, 3 months and 15 daysStricken, final disposition pending[38]N/A[39]
OmahaSSN-692General Dynamics Electric Boat,Groton31 January 197127 January 197321 February 197611 March 19785 October 199517 years, 6 months and 24 daysDisposed of by submarine recycling[40]N/A[41]
CincinnatiSSN-693Newport News Shipbuilding,Newport News4 February 19716 April 197419 February 197711 March 197829 July 199618 years, 4 months and 18 daysDisposed of by submarine recycling[42]N/A[43]
GrotonSSN-694General Dynamics Electric Boat,Groton31 January 19713 August 19739 October 19768 July 19787 November 199719 years, 3 months and 30 daysDisposed of by submarine recycling[44]N/A[45]
BirminghamSSN-695Newport News Shipbuilding,Newport News24 January 197226 April 197529 October 197716 December 197822 December 199719 years and 6 days
(0 months)		Disposed of by submarine recyclingN/A[46]
New York CitySSN-696General Dynamics Electric Boat,Groton15 December 197318 June 19773 March 197930 April 199718 years, 1 month and 27 daysStricken, to be disposed of by submarine recyclingN/A[47]
IndianapolisSSN-69719 October 197430 July 19775 January 198022 December 199818 years, 11 months and 17 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[48]
BremertonSSN-6988 May 197622 July 197828 March 198121 May 202140 years, 1 month and 23 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[49]
JacksonvilleSSN-69921 February 197618 November 197816 May 198116 November 2021[50]40 years and 6 monthsStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[51]
DallasSSN-70031 January 19739 October 197628 April 197918 July 19814 April 201836 years, 8 months and 17 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[52]
La JollaSSN-701/
MTS-701		10 December 197316 October 197611 August 197924 October 198115 November 201938 years and 22 daysConverted to amoored training ship for theNuclear Power School as of 2020Charleston, SC[53]
PhoenixSSN-70231 October 197330 July 19778 December 197919 December 198129 July 199816 years, 7 months and 10 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[54]
BostonSSN-70310 December 197311 August 197819 April 198030 January 198219 November 199917 years, 9 months and 20 daysDisposed of by submarine recyclingN/A[55]
BaltimoreSSN-70431 October 197321 May 197913 December 198024 July 198210 July 199815 years, 11 months and 16 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[56]
City of Corpus ChristiSSN-7054 September 197925 April 19818 January 19833 August 201734 years, 6 months and 26 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[57]
AlbuquerqueSSN-70627 December 197913 March 198221 May 198327 February 201733 years, 9 months and 6 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[58]
PortsmouthSSN-70710 December 19738 May 198018 September 19821 October 198310 September 200420 years, 11 months and 9 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[59]
Minneapolis-Saint PaulSSN-70831 October 197320 January 198119 March 198310 March 198428 August 200824 years, 5 months and 18 daysDisposed of by submarine recyclingN/A[60]
Hyman G. Rickover
(ex-Providence)		SSN-70910 December 197324 July 198127 August 198321 July 198414 December 200622 years, 4 months and 23 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[61]
AugustaSSN-7101 April 198321 January 198419 January 198511 February 200924 years and 23 days
(0 months)		Disposed of by submarine recyclingN/A[62]
San FranciscoSSN-711/
MTS-711		Newport News Shipbuilding,Newport News1 August 197526 May 197727 October 197924 April 19815 May 202241 years and 21 daysConverted to amoored training ship for theNuclear Power School as of 2021Charleston, SC[63]
AtlantaSSN-71217 August 197816 August 19806 March 198216 December 199917 years, 9 months and 10 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[64]
HoustonSSN-71329 January 197921 March 198125 September 198226 August 201633 years, 11 months and 1 dayStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[65]
NorfolkSSN-71420 February 19761 August 197931 October 198121 May 198311 December 201431 years, 6 months and 20 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[66]
BuffaloSSN-71523 February 197625 January 19808 May 19825 November 198330 January 201935 years, 2 months and 25 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[67]
Salt Lake CitySSN-71615 September 197726 August 198016 October 198212 May 198415 January 200621 years, 8 months and 3 daysDisposed of by submarine recyclingN/A[68]
OlympiaSSN-71731 March 198130 April 198317 November 19845 February 202136 years, 2 months and 19 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[69]
HonoluluSSN-71810 November 198124 September 19836 July 19852 November 200722 years, 4 months and 27 daysDisposed of by submarine recyclingN/A[70]
ProvidenceSSN-719II withVLSGeneral Dynamics Electric Boat,Groton16 April 197914 October 19824 August 198427 July 198522 August 202237 years and 26 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[71]
PittsburghSSN-72015 April 19838 December 198423 November 198515 April 202034 years, 4 months and 23 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[72]
ChicagoSSN-721Newport News Shipbuilding,Newport News13 August 19815 January 198313 October 198427 September 198621 July 202336 years, 9 months and 24 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[73]
Key WestSSN-7226 July 198320 July 198512 September 198712 September 2025[74]38 yearsStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[75]
Oklahoma CitySSN-7234 January 19842 November 19859 July 19889 September 202234 years and 2 monthsStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[76]
LouisvilleSSN-724General Dynamics Electric Boat,Groton11 February 198224 September 198414 December 19858 November 19869 March 202134 years, 4 months and 1 dayStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[77]
HelenaSSN-72519 April 198228 March 198528 June 198611 July 198725 July 202538 years and 14 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[78]
Newport NewsSSN-750Newport News Shipbuilding,Newport News3 March 198415 March 19863 June 1989Proposed 2026[79]Active, in commissionGroton, CT[80]
San JuanSSN-751III 688i (Improved)General Dynamics Electric Boat,Groton30 November 19829 August 19856 December 19866 August 1988Proposed 2024[79]Active (Reserve), Awaiting DecommissioningGroton, CT[81]
PasadenaSSN-75220 December 198512 September 198711 February 1989Active, in commissionNorfolk, VA[82]
AlbanySSN-753Newport News Shipbuilding,Newport News29 November 198322 April 198513 June 19877 April 1990Active, in commissionNorfolk, VA[83]
TopekaSSN-754General Dynamics Electric Boat,Groton28 November 198313 May 198623 January 198821 October 1989Proposed 2024[79]Active (Reserve), Awaiting DecommissioningPearl Harbor, HI[84]
MiamiSSN-75524 October 198612 November 198830 June 199028 March 201423 years, 8 months and 28 daysStricken, final disposition pendingN/A[85]
ScrantonSSN-756Newport News Shipbuilding,Newport News26 November 198429 August 19863 July 198926 January 1991Proposed 2026[79]Active, in commissionSan Diego, CA[86]
AlexandriaSSN-757General Dynamics Electric Boat,Groton19 June 198723 June 199029 June 1991Proposed 2026[79]Active, in commissionSan Diego, CA[87]
AshevilleSSN-758Newport News Shipbuilding,Newport News9 January 198724 February 199028 September 1991Active, in commissionApra Harbor, GU[88]
Jefferson CitySSN-75921 September 198717 August 199029 February 1992Active, in commissionApra Harbor, GU[89]
AnnapolisSSN-760General Dynamics Electric Boat,Groton21 March 198615 June 198818 May 199111 April 1992Proposed 2027[79]Active, in commissionApra Harbor, GU[90]
SpringfieldSSN-76129 January 19904 January 19929 January 1993Active, in commissionApra Harbor, GU[91]
ColumbusSSN-7629 January 19911 August 199224 July 1993Active, in commissionPearl Harbor, HI[92]
Santa FeSSN-7639 July 199112 December 19928 January 1994Active, in commissionSan Diego, CA[93]
BoiseSSN-764Newport News Shipbuilding,Newport News6 February 198725 August 198823 March 19917 November 1992Active, in commissionNorfolk, VA[94]
MontpelierSSN-76519 May 198923 August 199113 March 1993Active, in commissionNorfolk, VA[95]
CharlotteSSN-76617 August 19903 October 199216 September 1994Active, in commissionPearl Harbor, HI[96]
HamptonSSN-7672 March 19903 April 19926 November 1993Active, in commissionSan Diego, CA[97]
HartfordSSN-768General Dynamics Electric Boat,Groton30 June 198822 February 19924 December 199310 December 1994Active, in commissionGroton, CT[98]
ToledoSSN-769Newport News Shipbuilding,Newport News10 June 19886 May 199128 August 199324 February 1995Active, in commissionGroton, CT[99]
TucsonSSN-77015 August 199120 March 199418 August 1995Active, in commissionPearl Harbor, HI[100]
ColumbiaSSN-771General Dynamics Electric Boat,Groton14 December 198821 April 199324 September 19949 October 1995Active, in commissionPearl Harbor, HI[101]
GreenevilleSSN-772Newport News Shipbuilding,Newport News28 February 199217 September 199416 February 1996Active, in commissionPearl Harbor, HI[102]
CheyenneSSN-77328 November 19896 July 199216 April 199513 September 1996Active, in commissionPearl Harbor, HI[103]

Among the retired boats, a few were in commission for nearly 40 years or more, includingBremerton (40),Jacksonville (40),La Jolla (38) andSan Francisco (41). With a wide variance in longevity, twelve boats were laid up halfway through their projected lifespans, withBaltimore being the youngest to be retired at only 15 years, 11 months.[1] Another five boats were also laid up early (within 20–25 years), due to theirmidlife reactor refueling being cancelled, andone was lost during overhaul due toarson. All retired boats have been or will be scrapped per the Navy'sShip-Submarine Recycling Program. In addition, two boats,La Jolla andSan Francisco, have been converted tomoored training ships.

In popular culture

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See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdSSN-688 Los Angeles classArchived 13 August 2014 at theWayback Machine fromFederation of American Scientists retrieved 29 February 2008 :The 18 SSN-688 class submarines that will be refueled in their midlives could make good candidates for a service life extension because they could operate for nearly 30 years after the refueling. After these submarines serve for 30 years, they could undergo a two-year overhaul and serve for one more 10-year operating cycle, for a total service life of 42 years.
  2. ^Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023)."What Was the U.S. GDP Then?".MeasuringWorth. Retrieved30 November 2023. United StatesGross Domestic Product deflator figures follow theMeasuringWorth series.
  3. ^"Attack Submarines – SSN".United States Navy. Retrieved12 March 2023.General Characteristics, Los Angeles class [...] Speed: 25+ knots (28+ miles per hour, 46.3 +kph)
  4. ^abcPolmar, Norman; Moore, Kenneth J. (2003).Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Brassey's. p. 271.ISBN 1-57488-594-4.
  5. ^"Officials: U.S. submarine hit undersea mountain".CNN. 11 January 2005.Archived from the original on 18 October 2009. Retrieved20 April 2008.The submarine was traveling in excess of 33 knots—about 35 mph—when its nose hit the undersea formation head-on, officials said.
  6. ^abPolmar, Norman "The U. S. Navy Electronic Warfare (Part 1)"United States Naval Institute Proceedings October 1979 p. 137
  7. ^"Submarine Force Facts". Archived fromthe original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved29 July 2020.
  8. ^Clarity, James F.; Weaver, Warren Jr. (22 April 1985)."Briefing; Navy Reverts to Fish".The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved2 June 2022.
  9. ^abBierly, Paul; Gallagher, Scott; Spender, J.C. (15 January 2014). "Innovation decision-making in high-risk organizations: A comparison of the US and Soviet attack submarine programs".Industrial and Corporate Change.23 (3):759–795.doi:10.1093/icc/dtt026.
  10. ^abcWasserman Goodman, Sherri (1988). "Legal Dilemmas in the Weapons Acquisition Process: The Procurement of the SSN-688 Attack Submarine".Yale Law & Policy Review.6 (2):393–427.
  11. ^General Accounting Office (18 May 1984)."The 1978 Navy Shipbuilding Claim Settlement At Electric Boat – Status As Of July 2, 1983"(PDF).www.gao.gov.
  12. ^"SSN-688 Los Angeles-class".www.fas.org. 14 February 2000.
  13. ^Farley, Robert (18 October 2014)."The Five Best Submarines of All Time".The National Interest.Archived from the original on 20 October 2014.
  14. ^Polmar, Norman (2013).The Naval Institute Guide to Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet (19th ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 82.ISBN 978-1-59114-687-2.
  15. ^Tyler, Patrick (1986).Running Critical. New York: Harper and Row. pp. 24, 56,66–67.ISBN 978-0-06-091441-7.
  16. ^Waddle, Scott (2003).The Right Thing. Integrity Publishers. pp. xi (map/diagram).ISBN 1-59145-036-5.This reference is for operating depth only
  17. ^Tyler, (1986). pp. 66–67, 156
  18. ^"Notes in pp. 64–67: Deliberations of ad-hoc committee on SSN 688 design taken from confidential sources and from interviews with Admiral [Ret] Rickover. ..." From Tyler, p. 365
  19. ^Saunders, (2004). pp. 838
  20. ^Winnefeld, James A. "Warfare Could Be Key."Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute, December 2023.
  21. ^U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. p. 118.
  22. ^"Systems, Navy Chapter".vipclubmn.org.Archived from the original on 2 October 2012.
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References

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