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Lord High Steward

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
First of the Great Officers of State in England
Not to be confused withLord Steward.
"Great Steward" redirects here. For the Scottish title, seemormaer.

Lord High Steward of England
Longest Serving
John of Gaunt
1362–1399
TypeGreat Officer of State
AppointerTheMonarch
Term lengthAt His Majesty's Pleasure
Formation1154
First holderThe 2nd Earl of Leicester
Superseded byChief Justiciar

TheLord High Steward is the first of theGreat Officers of State inEngland, nominally ranking above theLord Chancellor.

The office has generally remained vacant since 1421, and is now anad hoc office that is primarily ceremonial and is filled only for acoronation.

Atcoronations of the British monarch, the Lord High Steward bearsSt Edward's Crown. The Lord High Steward has the sole legal power to preside overimpeachmenttrials of peers (which last happened in 1806). Thetrial of peers by their peers (a law which applied for felonies) was abolished in 1948. In general, but not invariably, theLord Chancellor was deputised (to act as Lord High Steward) in the felony trials. There was aCourt of the Lord High Steward which served this purpose when Parliament was not in session.[1]

Initially the position was largely an honorary one. It grew in importance until its holder became one of the most powerful men of the kingdom. From the late 12th century, the office was considered to be bound with theEarldom of Leicester. When the House of Lancaster ascended the throne in 1399,Henry IV made his second son,Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, Lord High Steward. He held the post until his death in 1421.[citation needed]

The equivalent offices inScotland andIreland respectively are theGreat Steward of Scotland (always held by the heir to the throne, known in Scotland as theDuke of Rothesay) and theLord High Steward of Ireland (held by theEarls of Shrewsbury, who are also Earls of Waterford in thePeerage of Ireland).[citation needed]

Lord High Stewards of England, 1154–1421

[edit]

Lord High Stewards of England, 1422–present

[edit]
See also:List of coronations of British monarchs
See also:List of trials of peers in the House of Lords

Incomplete before 1660.

Coronations

[edit]
NameYearNotesRef.
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester1429Coronation ofKing Henry VI (Humphrey's nephew)[2]
Thomas de Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon1445Coronation ofMargaret of Anjou[citation needed]
John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk1461Coronation ofKing Edward IV (brother of Pole's wife,Elizabeth of York)[citation needed]
George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence1465Coronation ofElizabeth Woodville (wife of George's brother,Edward IV)[3]
John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk1483Coronation ofKing Richard III (Howard's close friend) and his wifeAnne Neville[citation needed]
John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford1485Coronation ofKing Henry VII (Vere was commander of Henry's army at theBattle of Bosworth Field)[4]
Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford1487Coronation ofElizabeth of York (Tudor was half-brother to the lateHenry VI and paternal uncle toHenry VII)
Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham1509Coronation ofKing Henry VIII and his wifeQueen Catherine[5]
The Duke of Suffolk1533Coronation ofQueen Anne[6]
The Baron Russell1547Coronation ofKing Edward VI[7]
The Earl of Derby1553Coronation ofQueen Mary I[8]
The Earl of Arundel1559Coronation ofQueen Elizabeth I[9]
The Earl of Nottingham1603Coronation ofKing James I and his wifeQueen Anne[10]
The Duke of Buckingham1626Coronation ofKing Charles I[11]
The Duke of Ormond1661Coronation ofKing Charles II[12]
1685Coronation ofKing James II and his wifeQueen Mary
The Earl of Devonshire1689Coronation ofKing William III andQueen Mary II
The Duke of Devonshire1702Coronation ofQueen Anne
The Duke of Grafton1714Coronation ofKing George I
The Duke of Dorset1727Coronation ofKing George II and his wifeQueen Caroline
The Earl Talbot1761Coronation ofKing George III and his wifeQueen Charlotte
The Marquess of Anglesey1821Coronation ofKing George IV
The Duke of Hamilton and Brandon1831Coronation ofKing William IV and his wifeQueen Adelaide
1838Coronation ofQueen Victoria
The Duke of Marlborough1902Coronation ofKing Edward VII and his wifeQueen Alexandra[13]
The Duke of Northumberland1911Coronation ofKing George V and his wifeQueen Mary[14]
The Marquess of Salisbury1937Coronation ofKing George VI and his wifeQueen Elizabeth[15]
The Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope1953Coronation ofQueen Elizabeth II[16]
Sir Gordon Messenger2023Coronation ofKing Charles III and his wifeQueen Camilla[17]

Trials of peers

[edit]
NameYearNotesRef.
Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham1478Trial ofGeorge, Duke of Clarence (brother ofEdward IV, whose ward Stafford was)
John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford1499Trial ofEdward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick (the last male-lineYorkist)
Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk1503Trial ofEdward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley[citation needed]
Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk1521Trial of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham[citation needed]
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk1534Trial ofWilliam Dacre, 3rd Baron Dacre[citation needed]
1536Trial ofAnne Boleyn (Howard's niece)[citation needed]
Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter1537Trial ofThomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Darcy (Courtenay was a first-cousin to Henry VIII)
Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden1538Trial ofHenry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu and Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter (cousins; scions of theHouse of York)
1541Trial ofThomas Fiennes, 9th Baron Dacre
William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester1551Trial ofEdward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (fallen Lord Protector, regent and uncle of Edward VI; Paulet was one of the 16 executors)[18]
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk1553Trial ofJohn Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (fallen regent)[citation needed]
Henry FitzAlan, 19th Earl of Arundel1557Trial ofLord Stourton (FitzAlan was a godson of Henry VIII; Stourton a nephew of Dudley)
William Parr, 1st Marquess of Northampton1559Trial ofThomas Wentworth, 2nd Baron Wentworth (Parr was brother to the late queenCatherine; Wentworth a cousin of Seymour)
George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury1571Trial ofThomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk
William Paulet, 3rd Marquess of Winchester1587Funeral ofMary, Queen of Scots (Paulet was a judge at her trial)[citation needed]
Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby1589Trial ofPhilip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel
Thomas Sackville, 1st Baron Buckhurst1601Trial ofRobert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (a favourite ofElizabeth I)
Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry1631Trial ofMervyn Tuchet, 2nd Earl of Castlehaven (Coventry was Lord Keeper)[citation needed]
Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel1641Trial ofThomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (Howard was the Earl Marshal; Wentworth the former Deputy of Ireland)
Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon
(Lord Chancellor)		1666Trial ofThomas Park, 15th Baron Morley (Hyde was a member of Charles' exile court)
Heneage Finch, 1st Baron Finch
(Lord Chancellor)		1676Trial ofCharles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis
Trial ofPhilip Herbert, 7th Earl of Pembroke
1679Trial ofThomas Osborne, 1st Earl of Danby (later 1st Duke of Leeds)
1679Trial ofWilliam Herbert, 1st Earl of Powis;William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford;Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour;William Petre, 4th Baron Petre; andJohn Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse
1680Trial ofWilliam Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford,
George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys
(Lord Chancellor)		1686Trial ofHenry Booth, 2nd Baron Delamere
Thomas Osborne, 1st Marquess of Carmarthen (later 1st Duke of Leeds)
(Lord President of the Council)		1693Trial ofCharles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun
John Somers, 1st Baron Somers
(Lord Chancellor)		1699Trial ofEdward Rich, 6th Earl of Warwick; and ofCharles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun
William Cowper, 1st Baron Cowper
(Lord Chancellor)		1716Trial ofJames Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater;William Widdrington, 4th Baron Widdrington;William Maxwell, 5th Earl of Nithsdale;Robert Dalzell, 5th Earl of Carnwath;William Gordon, 6th Viscount of Kenmure; andWilliam Murray, 2nd Lord Nairne
1716Trial ofGeorge Seton, 5th Earl of Winton
1717Trial ofRobert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer
Peter King, 1st Baron King
(Lord Chancellor)		1725Trial ofThomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield
Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke
(Lord Chancellor)		1746Trial ofWilliam Boyd, 4th Earl of Kilmarnock;George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie; andArthur Elphinstone, 6th Lord Balmerino
1747Trial ofSimon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat
Robert Henley, 1st Baron Henley
(Lord Keeper)		1760Trial ofLaurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers
Robert Henley, 1st Earl of Northington
(Lord Chancellor)		1765Trial ofWilliam Byron, 5th Baron Byron
Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl Bathurst
(Lord Chancellor)		1776Trial ofElizabeth Pierrepont, Duchess of Kingston-upon-Hull
Edward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow
(Lord Chancellor; until 1793)		1788–1795Trial of Warren Hastings
Alexander Wedderburn, 1st Baron Loughborough
(Lord Chancellor; from 1793)
Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron Erskine
(Lord Chancellor)		1806Trial ofHenry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville
Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman
(Lord Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench)		1841Trial ofJames Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan
Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury
(Lord Chancellor)		1901Trial ofFrank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell
John Lambton, 3rd Earl of Durham1911–1912Lord High Steward toGeorge V during his visit to India from 1911 to 1912[19]
Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham
(Lord Chancellor)		1935Trial ofEdward Russell, 26th Baron de Clifford (last trial of a peer in theHouse of Lords)

References

[edit]
  1. ^William Blackstone (1769).Commentaries on the Laws of England vol. 4, chapter 19
  2. ^Nicolas, Nicholas Harris (1835),Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, Vol. 4 (8 H. VI to 14 H. VI), ed. by Sir Harris Nicholas, 1835, pp. 3-4; (here linked as pdf)
  3. ^Hipshon, David (26 August 2011),Richard III and the Death of Chivalry, by David Hipshon, 2011, The History Press,ISBN 9780752469157
  4. ^Baumgaertner, Wm. E. (2010),Squires, Knights, Barons, Kings: War and Politics in Fifteenth Century England; by Wm. E. Baumgaertner, 2010, Trafford,ISBN 9781426907692
  5. ^Stafford was ward of Henry VIII's grandmother,Margaret Beaufort
  6. ^Brandon's wife,Mary Tudor, was Henry VIII's sister
  7. ^Russell was one of the 16 executors of thewill of Henry VIII
  8. ^Stanley was a ward of King Henry VIII
  9. ^"The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth".History Today. Retrieved10 January 2012.
  10. ^Howard was Lord High Admiral, and a cousin to the late Thomas, 4th Duke of Norfolk
  11. ^Villiers was Lord High Admiral, and a favourite of King Charles I father, King James I
  12. ^Butler was a leading figure in the exile court of King Charles II
  13. ^"No. 27489".The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 October 1902. p. 6865.
  14. ^"No. 28535".The London Gazette (Supplement). 27 September 1911. p. 7084.
  15. ^"No. 34453".The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1937. p. 7051.
  16. ^"No. 40020".The London Gazette (Supplement). 20 November 1953. p. 6238.
  17. ^"Roles to be performed at the Coronation Service at Westminster Abbey". The Royal Family. 27 April 2023. Retrieved27 April 2023.
  18. ^Patrick Cracroft-Brennan,Winchester, Marquess of (E, 1551). Accessed 19 July 2014.
  19. ^"No. 28536".The London Gazette. 29 September 1911. p. 7121.

External links

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