Longyan 龙岩市 Lungyen | |
|---|---|
     Clockwise from top: Longyan City,Chuxi tulou cluster inYongding District, the ancient city walls inChangting County, Zhangdi village, and a night view from inside atulou. | |
 | |
 Interactive map of Longyan | |
  Longyan  Longyan | |
| Coordinates (Longyan municipal government):25°04′34″N117°01′01″E / 25.076°N 117.017°E /25.076; 117.017 | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Fujian |
| Municipal seat | Xinluo |
| Area | |
| 19,069 km2 (7,363 sq mi) | |
| Population (2020) | |
| 2,723,627 | |
| • Density | 142.83/km2 (369.93/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,712,623 |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 287 billion US$ 41.6 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 105,548 US$ 16,575 |
| Time zone | UTC+08:00 (CST) |
| Postal code | 364000, 366000 |
| Area code | 597 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-FJ-08 |
| License plate | 闽F |
| Administrative division code | 350800 |
| Local dialect | Longyan Min andHakka Chinese |
| Website | Longyan.gov.cn |
Longyan (simplified Chinese:龙岩;traditional Chinese:龍巖;pinyin:Lóngyánⓘ;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Lêng-nâ or Liong-nâ;lit. 'dragon rock';Hakka:Liùng-ngàm;Longyan dialect:Liông-nâ [lioŋ¹¹ nã¹¹]) is aprefecture-level city in south-westernFujian Province, China, borderingGuangdong to the south andJiangxi to the west.
In 736 AD (during theTang dynasty), theprefecture ofTingzhou was established in western Fujian, orMinxi (闽西), administeringChangting, Huanglian andXinluo counties. Six years later Xinluo was named Longyan for the nearby cavern, a famous scenic site.[3]
Due to the ancient conflicts in centralChina and aggression from northern tribes, many Han people moved from central China to Longyan.
In 1734, the Hokkien-speaking counties of Longyan city and Zhangping were ceded fromZhangzhou to form the Longyan Prefecture within the Hakka peasant Tingzhou prefecture, a typical Hakka peasant society culturally distinct from the Minnanese by the imperial court. In 1913, it reverted to its former name Longyan County and in 1981, Longyan City was established.
Minxi was a strategic base during theChinese Civil War.
It is said[by whom?] that tens of thousands of people were recruited from the Hakka peasantry from the western Longyan to join the PLA during the Chinese Civil War, and nearly every Hakka family had someone sacrificed lives on behalf of CCP side especially during Mao's early purges in Tingzhou and Ganzhou which killed roughly 700,0000 Hakka people and some ethnic minorities. There are more than 26,000 locals that took part in the Long March which in total was carried out by 86,000. Moreover, during 1955 and 1968, 68 people from Longyan were awarded Brigadier General or above, which accounts for 82% of all generals from Fujian province at the time, therefore, Longyan is also named as "The Home of Generals".[citation needed]
Unlike many Chinese cities, the forest coverage of Longyan reaches an unusually high 77.9%, which is unparalleled in Fujian province.[4] Meihuashan National Nature Reserve, a part of theChina Biosphere Reserve Network, is located in Longyan.
GobyRhinogobius longyanensis was first described from Longyan and named after it.[5] Presumably also the prehistoric bivalveClaraia longyanensis got its name from Longyan.[6]
Longyan is situated in the upper reaches of theJiulong andTing Rivers. It borders the prefecture-level cities ofSanming to the north,Quanzhou to the east,Zhangzhou to the southeast,Meizhou (Guangdong) to the southwest, andGanzhou (Jiangxi) to the west and northwest.[7]
Longyan has amonsoon-influencedhumid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classificationCfa), with short, mild winters, and long, hot and humid summers. Despite its inland location, the city's summers rank among the mildest in the province, averaging lower than evenXiamen and the islands ofPingtan County, both of which receive significant maritime moderation.[8] Rainfall is greatest in spring and early summer and at its least in autumn and early winter.
| Climate data for Longyan, elevation 376 m (1,234 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 28.1 (82.6) | 29.8 (85.6) | 31.5 (88.7) | 33.9 (93.0) | 35.0 (95.0) | 37.5 (99.5) | 39.0 (102.2) | 37.1 (98.8) | 36.6 (97.9) | 35.2 (95.4) | 34.6 (94.3) | 28.1 (82.6) | 39.0 (102.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.9 (64.2) | 19.2 (66.6) | 21.5 (70.7) | 25.6 (78.1) | 28.7 (83.7) | 30.8 (87.4) | 33.2 (91.8) | 32.8 (91.0) | 31.2 (88.2) | 27.9 (82.2) | 23.9 (75.0) | 19.3 (66.7) | 26.0 (78.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.2 (54.0) | 13.8 (56.8) | 16.4 (61.5) | 20.5 (68.9) | 23.7 (74.7) | 26.0 (78.8) | 27.4 (81.3) | 26.9 (80.4) | 25.5 (77.9) | 22.1 (71.8) | 18.0 (64.4) | 13.2 (55.8) | 20.5 (68.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) | 10.3 (50.5) | 13.0 (55.4) | 16.9 (62.4) | 20.2 (68.4) | 22.8 (73.0) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.3 (73.9) | 21.8 (71.2) | 17.9 (64.2) | 13.8 (56.8) | 9.3 (48.7) | 16.8 (62.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.9 (28.6) | −0.8 (30.6) | −0.9 (30.4) | 5.6 (42.1) | 12.1 (53.8) | 15.4 (59.7) | 19.4 (66.9) | 17.7 (63.9) | 13.8 (56.8) | 6.0 (42.8) | 1.4 (34.5) | −3.0 (26.6) | −3.0 (26.6) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 68.5 (2.70) | 95.6 (3.76) | 177.4 (6.98) | 190.6 (7.50) | 260.4 (10.25) | 331.0 (13.03) | 179.2 (7.06) | 235.7 (9.28) | 134.2 (5.28) | 46.8 (1.84) | 45.3 (1.78) | 48.0 (1.89) | 1,812.7 (71.35) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 8.9 | 11.9 | 17.2 | 16.6 | 18.0 | 19.4 | 15.5 | 17.6 | 12.0 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 7.1 | 156.1 |
| Average snowy days | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 72 | 75 | 77 | 77 | 77 | 79 | 75 | 78 | 75 | 70 | 70 | 71 | 75 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 122.5 | 98.0 | 92.3 | 107.5 | 118.7 | 129.7 | 202.5 | 184.2 | 170.0 | 176.6 | 156.6 | 145.3 | 1,703.9 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 37 | 31 | 25 | 28 | 29 | 32 | 49 | 46 | 47 | 50 | 48 | 44 | 39 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[9][10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[8] | |||||||||||||
The prefecture-level city of Longyan had a population of 2,559,545 inhabitants as of 2010, according to the2010 National Census.[11] The population of Longyan in 2010 was 4.65% inferior than in 2000 (when the inhabitants of the city stand at 2,684,310), giving an average annual rate of growth of -0.47%.[11]
The municipal executive, legislature, andjudiciary are inXinluo District (新罗区), together with theCPC andPublic Security Bureau.[12] The information about population uses the 2010 Census data.
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Simplified | Pinyin | Hakka | Area | Population | Density |
| Xinluo District | 新罗区 | Xīnluó Qū | Sîn-lò-khî | 2,685 | 662,429 | 247 |
| Yongding District | 永定区 | Yǒngdìng Qū | Yún-thin-khî | 2,216 | 362,658 | 164 |
| Zhangping City | 漳平市 | Zhāngpíng Shì | Chông-phìn-sṳ | 2,975 | 240,194 | 81 |
| Changting County | 长汀县 | Chángtīng Xiàn | Tshòng-tin-yen | 3,099 | 393,390 | 127 |
| Liancheng County | 连城县 | Liánchéng Xiàn | Lièn-sàng-yen | 2,596 | 248,645 | 96 |
| Shanghang County | 上杭县 | Shàngháng Xiàn | Sông-hông-yen | 2,879 | 374,047 | 130 |
| Wuping County | 武平县 | Wǔpíng Xiàn | Vú-phìn-yen | 2,630 | 278,182 | 106 |
.jpg)
Longyan is inhabited by Hoklo people and Hakka peasants. TheHoklo people live in the urban areas and cities of Xinluo and Zhangping districts in the eastern Longyan prefecture and speakLongyan Min while Hakka peasants live in rural village areas of the countryside of the western part of the prefecture, making western Longyan famous for being named as the "Home of Hakka People".[4] The rural county ofChangting is often referred to as the home of the Hakka, while the Ting River is known as the "mother river" of the Hakka people.
Longyan is a recent artificial construct of the Chinese government, having never been united together before the creation of Modern China. The two culturally distinct and separate Hoklo eastern city areas and Hakka western rural peasant areas have almost nothing in common in terms of language, culture and living habits, and were only forcibly merged into a single administrative region recently in history by the communist government.
Longyan serves as a strategic center for the distribution of goods toXiamen,Quanzhou andZhangzhou. It also acts as a gateway for trade withGuangdong andJiangxi province. It is the main connection between the inland and coastal area.
Longyan is rich in natural resources such as important mineral deposits and forest zones. TheSeptwolves tobacco business is an important contributor to the local economy, as is theZijin Mining group. The largest construction equipment makerLonking Holdings is based in the city.
Longyan has established a friendship city agreement withWollongong, Australia since 2001. The connection includes many economic development initiatives, cultural and educational exchanges between primary schools and universities in both cities.[13]
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
