Location of Guizhou, ChinaQing Dynasty-era painting of Madeng Longjia (马镫龙家) people
TheLongjia (Chinese:龙家; sometimes also known as theNanjingren,南京人) are an ethnic group in westernGuizhou province, China. They are officially classified asBai by the Chinese government.[1]
Along with the neighboringGelao,Miao, andCaijia peoples, the Longjia people had been a subjugated ethnic group underNasuYi control inShuixi 水西 (modern-dayBijie Prefecture) during theMing Dynasty. Nevertheless, the Longjia were given minor administrative posts since the Yi considered the Longjia to be the best educated among the subjugated ethnic groups, whereas the closely relatedCaijia people were often assigned to assist in horse stables due to their skills with horses (Herman 2007:74, 77).[2] TheNasuYi were not native to western Guizhou, but had migrated from the Luyang Mountains of northeasternYunnan (in modern-dayHuize,Xuanwei, andDongchuan) during the 3rd century and founded theMu'ege Kingdom around 300 C.E.[2]
InZhijin County, the Longjia people (autonym: Songnibao 松尼保) are called Buwai 补外 by the Gelao, Siqie 斯切 (or Siye 斯业[3]) by the Miao, and Awupu 阿武普 by the Yi (Zhijin County Gazetteer 1997:159). They are also called Guizou 归走 by theCaijia.[3]
Guizhou (1984:8)[4] lists the following exonyms for the Longjia people inIPA.
There is a total of 2,000–4,000 Longjia people in Pu'an, Pingba, and Qingzhen counties, Guizhou, as well as Longlin County of Guangxi.[5][6] WithinBijie Prefecture, the Longjia are found in the counties of Bijie, Dafang, Zhijin, Qianxi, and Nayong.[7] TheXixiu District Gazetteer 安顺市志：西秀区志 (2007:110) reports an ethnic Bai (Longjia) population of 1,458 households or 6,562 persons.
Reported locations include (Guizhou 1984:6):[3][8]
Anshun: Caiguan 蔡官, Huayan 华严, Erpu 二铺, Jiuzhou 旧州, Shuangbao 双堡 (in 35 natural villages, including Mutou 木头 and Taodui 讨兑 in the north; Ninggu 宁谷, Laotanghe 老塘河, Longga 陇嘎 in the central area; Xilong 西陇 and Zhemo Longtan 者模龙潭 in the east)[10]
The Duan clan 段氏 of Dafang County, the Shang clan 尚氏 of Nayong County, and the Yang clan 杨氏 of Pan County are officially classified as ethnic Bai, but belong to neither the Longjia nor Qixingmin groups (Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer 2002:690).
According to theGuizhou Ethnic Gazetteer (2002:689), theDading Gazetteer (大定府志) gave the following townships with Longjia residents during the lateQing Dynasty.
TheDafang County Gazetteer (1996:150–152) also reports Longjia people living in Dazhai 大寨 and Dadao 大道 ofDafang County, with more than 2,000 living in each.[12] InDafang County, villages that have between 1,000 – 2,000 Longjia people include Hegu 河谷, Bazi 坝子, Lihua 里/理化, Pengcheng 鹏程, Changshi 长石, Hetao 核桃, Guobao 果宝, Zhuchang 珠场, Xiangshuizhen 响水镇, Shangba 上坝, and Zeji 则鸡. Longjia with the autonymSonglibao 松立保 have also been reported in Jingzhu 荆竹村 and Bayi 八一村 villages in Babao Township 八堡乡, Dafang County.[13]
Other locations are Cuoba 撮坝, Pengcheng 鹏程, Changchun 长春, Baini 白泥, Guowa 果瓦, Shangba 上坝, and Maopiao 毛票.
The Chinese government has designated the following 15 townships inGuizhou as ethnic Bai townships (白族乡). Some have ethnic Longjia populations, while others have ethnicCaijia populations.
^abHerman, John E. 2007.Amid the clouds and mist: China's colonization of Guizhou, 1200–1700. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard University Press.
^Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984.Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia) [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. m.s.
^Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].
Tapp, Nicholas, Don Cohn, and Frances Wood. 2003.The tribal peoples of Southwest China: Chinese views of the other within. Bangkok: White Lotus Press. (See plates 5, 22, 32, and 47)
Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰]. 2011.History of the Bai people of Guizhou [贵州白族史略]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社].ISBN9787227046783
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