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| Younger Futhark | |
|---|---|
| Script type | Alphabet |
Time period | 8th to 12th centuries |
| Direction | Left-to-right,boustrophedon,right-to-left script  |
| Languages | Old Norse |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Medieval runes |
Sister systems | Anglo-Saxon runes |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Runr(211), Runic |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Runic |
| This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
| Part ofa series on |
| Old Norse |
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| WikiProject Norse history and culture |
TheYounger Futhark (/ˈfuːðɑːrk/), also calledScandinavian runes, is arunic alphabet and a reduced form of theElder Futhark, with only 16 characters, in use from about the 9th century, after a "transitional period" during the 7th and 8th centuries.The reduction happened at the same time as phonetic changes that led to a greater number of different phonemes in the spoken language, whenProto-Norse evolved intoOld Norse. Also, the writing custom avoided carving the same rune consecutively for the same sound, so the spoken distinction betweenlong and short vowels was lost in writing. Thus, the language included distinct sounds andminimal pairs that were written the same.
The Younger Futhark is divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and Norwegian) runes; in the 10th century, it was further expanded by the "Hälsinge Runes" orstaveless runes.
The lifetime of the Younger Futhark corresponds roughly to theViking Age. Their use declined after theChristianization of Scandinavia; most writing in Scandinavia from the 12th century was in theLatin alphabet, but the runic scripts survived in marginal use in the form of themedieval runes (in use AD 1100–1500) and the LatinisedDalecarlian runes (AD 1500–1910).
Usage of the Younger Futhark is found in Scandinavia andViking Age settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward. During theMigration PeriodElder Futhark had been an actual "secret" known to only a literate elite, with only some 350 surviving inscriptions.[citation needed] Literacy in the Younger Futhark became widespread in Scandinavia, as witnessed by the great number ofRunestones (some 3,000), sometimes inscribed with almost casual notes.
During a phase from about 650 to 800, some inscriptions mixed the use of Elder and Younger Futhark runes. Examples of inscriptions considered to be from this period includeDR 248 from Snoldelev,DR 357 from Stentoften,DR 358 from Gummarp,DR 359 from Istaby, andDR 360 from Björketorp, and objects such as theSetre Comb (N KJ40).[1]Ög 136 in Rök, which uses Elder Futhark runes to encrypt part of the text, andÖg 43 in Ingelstad, which uses a single Elder Futhark rune as anideogram, are also sometimes included as transitional inscriptions.[1]
By the late 8th century, the reduction from 24 to 16 runes was complete. The main change was that the difference between voiced and unvoiced consonants was no longer expressed in writing. Other changes are the consequence of sound changes that separateOld Norse fromProto-Norse andCommon Germanic (mostly changes to the vowel system).
In tabular form:
| Elder Futhark | ᚠ f | ᚢ u | ᚦ þ | ᚨ a | ᚱ r | ᚲ k | ᚷ g | ᚹ w | ᚺ h | ᚾ n | ᛁ i | ᛃ j | ᛇ æ | ᛈ p | ᛉ z | ᛊ s | ᛏ t | ᛒ b | ᛖ e | ᛗ m | ᛚ l | ᛜ ŋ | ᛟ o | ᛞ d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Younger Futhark | ᚠ f | ᚢ u/v/w, y, o, ø | ᚦ þ, ð | ᚬ ą, o, æ | ᚱ r | ᚴ k, g, ŋ | — | — | ᚼ/ᚽ h | ᚾ/ᚿ n | ᛁ i, e | ᛅ/ᛆ a, æ, e | — | — | ᛦ ʀ | ᛋ/ᛌ s | ᛏ/ᛐ t, d | ᛒ b, p | — | ᛘ m | ᛚ l | — | — | — |
The Younger Futhark became known in Europe as the "alphabet of the Norsemen", and was studied in the interest of trade and diplomatic contacts, referred to asAbecedarium Nordmannicum inFrankishFulda (possibly byWalahfrid Strabo) andogam lochlannach "Ogham of the Scandinavians" in theBook of Ballymote.
The names of the 16 runes of the Younger futhark are recorded in the Icelandic and Norwegianrune poems. The names are:
From comparison with Anglo-Saxon and Gothic letter names, most of these names directly continue the names of the Elder Futhark runes. The exceptions to this are:
The Younger Futhark is divided into long-branch (Danish) and short-twig (Swedish and Norwegian) runes. The difference between the two versions has been a matter of controversy. A general opinion is that the difference was functional, i.e. the long-branch runes were used for documentation on stone, whereas the short-twig runes were in everyday use for private or official messages on wood.
The long-branch runes are the following rune signs:
In the short-twig runes (or Rök runes), nine runes appear as simplified variants of the long-branch runes, while the remaining seven have identical shapes:
| ᚠ | ᚢ | ᚦ | ᚭ | ᚱ | ᚴ | ᚽ | ᚿ | ᛁ | ᛆ | ᛌ | ᛐ | ᛓ | ᛙ | ᛚ | ᛧ |
| f | u | þ | ą | r | k | h | n | i | a | s | t | b | m | l | ʀ |
|---|
Hälsinge runes are so named because in modern times they were first noticed in theHälsingland region ofSweden. Later, other inscriptions with the same runes were found in other parts of Sweden. They were used between the 10th and 12th centuries. The runes seem to be a simplification of the Swedish–Norwegian runes and lack certain strokes, hence the name "staveless". They cover the same set ofstaves as the other Younger Futhark alphabets. This variant has no assigned Unicode range (as of Unicode 12.1).
In the Middle Ages, the Younger Futhark in Scandinavia was expanded, so that it once more contained one sign for each phoneme of the old Norse language. Dotted variants ofvoiceless signs were introduced to denote the corresponding voiced consonants, or vice versa, voiceless variants of voiced consonants, and several new runes also appeared for vowel sounds. Inscriptions in medieval Scandinavian runes show a large number of variant rune-forms, and some letters, such ass,c andz, were often used interchangeably.[2]
Medieval runes were in use until the 15th century. Of the total number of Norwegian runic inscriptions preserved today, most are medieval runes. Notably, more than 600 inscriptions using these runes have been discovered inBergen since the 1950s, mostly on wooden sticks (the so-calledBryggen inscriptions). This indicates that runes were in common use side by side with the Latin alphabet for several centuries. Indeed, some of the medieval runic inscriptions are actually in the Latin language.[citation needed]
After the 15th century, interest in rune history and their use in magical processes grew in Iceland, with various studies beginning with Third Grammatical Icelandic Treatise - Málfræðinnar grundvǫllr. Publications written in Latin and Danish in the 1600s included works by Arngrímur Jónsson,Runólfur Jónsson andOlaus Wormius. Content from these along with Icelandic and Norwegian Rune Poems appeared frequently in subsequent manuscripts written in Iceland.[3]
According to Carl-Gustav Werner, "in the isolated province ofDalarna in Sweden a mix of runes and Latin letters developed".[4] The Dalecarlian runes came into use in the early 16th century and remained in some use up to the 20th century. Some discussion remains on whether their use was an unbroken tradition throughout this period or whether people in the 19th and 20th centuries learned runes from books written on the subject. The character inventory is suitable for transcribing modernSwedish and the localDalecarlian language.[citation needed]
The logo for the wireless communication technologyBluetooth
is abind rune merging ᚼ (hagall, H) and ᛒ (bjarkan, B), the initials of tenth-century Danish kingHarald Bluetooth after whom the technology is named.
