 | |
| Developer | Sports Fans Coalition |
|---|---|
| Type | Streaming television |
| Launch date | January 2018; 7 years ago (2018-01) |
| Discontinued | September 21, 2021; 3 years ago (2021-9-21) |
| Website | Archived official website at theWayback Machine (archived November 13, 2021) |
Locast was an American non-profitstreaming television service that allowed users to view livestreams ofover-the-air television stations. The service was founded by attorneyDavid Goodfriend under the banner of the Sports Fans Coalition.
Launched inNew York City in January 2018, Locast expanded to media markets throughout the United States as well as Puerto Rico before suspending service on September 2, 2021 after an adverse decision by theUnited States District Court for the Southern District of New York centering on copyright issues.
Locast was similar toAereo, which operated on a commercial basis with users paying to lease individual antennas placed in nearby warehouses.[1] Aereo was shut down following acopyright infringement lawsuit by the major networks over the retransmission of their programming withoutconsent and compensation. Locast was intended as a test case for the proposition that a service of this nature would be legal if operated on a non-profit basis.
Locast cited anexception inUnited States copyright law that allows retransmission of television signals by non-commercial entities at no charge, aside from that required to maintain the service's operations. Viewers were restricted from viewing stations outside of their market throughgeofencing on their viewing platform, though if traveling to another Locast market, they could view that market's stations instead.
In July 2019, the parent companies of the four major U.S. broadcast networks sued Locast, alleging that the service violated copyright law. The plaintiffs also alleged that Locast undermined its non-profit status by accepting financial support and promotion from cable and satellite companies. The networks maintained that Locast gave the carriers an unfair negotiating advantage duringcarriage disputes that prevented them from retransmitting local programming. Locast filed a countersuit, arguing that its service complied with the aforementioned exceptions and accusing the networks ofcolluding to limit the availability of their programming viafree-to-air means in order to protect thepay television industry.
On August 31, 2021, a federal judge denied Locast's request for a summary judgment. Locast suspended operations and was subsequently ordered to do so permanently.
Locast sourced its signals fromantennas in each market it served. The service required a minimum donation ofUS$5 per month to view programming without interruption.
Locast was accessible via web browsers,Android andiOS apps, some set-top boxes, as well asApple TV,Fire TV,Roku,Vizio SmartCast TVs andAndroid TV devices (the latter including theTiVo Stream), and could be cast to larger screens usingAirPlay andGoogle Cast.[2][3][4] After registering, viewers were presented with a programming grid from which to select a channel. Programming was periodically interrupted to solicit for donations until one was made; the suggested minimum contribution was $5.00 plus a 50¢ processing fee per month. The service offered no recording features.[5]
Goodfriend was a media legal adviser to anFCC commissioner and an executive atDish Network.[6] He conceived of Locast while lecturing atGeorgetown University Law Center on the demise ofAereo, which offered over-the-air television signals via streaming without negotiating with broadcasters for the privilege as required by theretransmission consent provision of theCable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act. Aereo attempted to justify its legality by leasing to users an individualantenna typically located in a nearby warehouse. After broadcasters sued, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 2014 that the company had violated copyright law. Aereo declared bankruptcy shortly afterward. Goodfriend surmised that a non-profit organization would be exempt from the provision; Locast became his proof of concept. "Locast" is a portmanteau of "local" and "broadcast".[7][8][9]
Goodfriend initially funded the service via a line of credit from an undisclosed entrepreneur.[10] The site then solicited user donations. In January 2018, Locast went online in New York as a service of the Sports Fans Coalition, a non-profit advocacy group chaired by Goodfriend.[11] The city's television stations were neither notified nor compensated.[8] Broadcast signals were received by a four-foot antenna mounted on theTrump International Hotel and Tower in Manhattan.[7] Locast subsequently expanded the service to other U.S. media markets, as well as Puerto Rico.[12][13]
Several television providers directed subscribers to Locast as a way of maintaining access to programming duringcarriage disputes, such asCharter Communications during a January 2019 dispute withTribune Media,[7] andDirecTV in a July 2019 dispute affectingCBS-owned stations. BothAT&T andDish Network added Locast apps to their set-top boxes, including devices for DirecTV,AT&T U-Verse, and Dish via itsHopper set-top.[14][10] In 2021,Sling TV integrated Locast's channels into Sling TV's program guide listing for some devices with possible future expansion to other devices.[15]
By November 2020, viewer donations had offset expenses, sufficient to pay for operations and finance expansion into new markets. Capital costs for each location included leasing space for equipment, an antenna, servers and network services.[16]
In May 2019,New York Times reporter Edmund Lee wrote that Goodfriend's stated intention to quickly expand Locast nationwide "is basically a dare to the networks to take legal action against him. By giving away TV, Mr. Goodfriend is undercutting the licensing fees that major broadcasters charge the cable and satellite companies." In 2019, those fees exceeded $10 billion, according to the research firm Kagan S&P Global Market Intelligence, while adding about $12 to a monthly cable subscription fee.[7]
On July 31, 2019,The Walt Disney Company,CBS Corporation,NBCUniversal, andFox Corporation – the respective parent companies of ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox – filed a lawsuit in theUnited States District Court for the Southern District of New York seeking a permanent injunction against Locast for infringing on the copyrights of their programming by retransmitting it without permission and compensation. The suit acknowledged that U.S. copyright law (17 U.S.C. § 111) allows non-profit organizations to freely retransmit programming, charging only for the costs of operations and maintenance of the equipment. (The exemption was originally intended to cover third-partytranslator stations owned by non-profits and other organizations such asmunicipal and county governments.) The broadcasters maintained that Locast has undermined its non-profit status, citing Goodfriend's previous ties to Dish Network, a donation of $500,000 made by AT&T, and both companies' promotion of the Locast service as complementary to their pay television services to dodge retransmission fees.[17][18][19]
On September 27, 2019, Locastanswered the claim and filed a countersuit citing the aforementioned exception. Locast argued that it did not obtain any "direct or indirect commercial advantage" from the service, and that the networks were "[using] their copyrights improperly to construct and protect a pay-TV model that forces consumers to forgo over-the-air programming or to pay cable, satellite, and online providers for access to programming that was intended to be free." Locast accused the networks of engaging incollusion to effectively require viewers to use pay television services, including intentionally using low-end equipment on station transmitters to provide signals inadequate for serving the entirety of their market, and forbidding affiliates from streaming their programming online. Locast considered these tactics a violation of the statutory mandate for broadcasters to operate in the public interest. Locast also accused the networks of "threatening business retaliation and baseless legal claims against any current or prospective donors, supporters, or business partners", specifically alleging thatYouTube TV had been threatened in this manner.[20][21]
On October 25, 2019, the broadcasters filed a motion to dismiss Locast's antitrust claims, arguing that they were "an attempt to shift focus from Locast's wholesale infringement of the broadcast companies' copyrights".[22] On March 30, 2020, theElectronic Frontier Foundation announced it was joining law firmOrrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe as defense co-counsel for Locast[23][24] Goodfriend credited EFF, which is working pro bono, with eliminating what could have been Locast's single largest expenditure. In November 2020, Goodfriend guessed that the case could reach trial by mid-2021.[16]
On April 23, 2021, both parties sent letters to U.S District Court JudgeLouis Stanton. The broadcasters asked for asummary judgement in their favor. In theirletter, they argued that Locast didn't qualify for a copyright exemption for three reasons: the exemption was intended for local retransmissions, whereas Locast's use of the internet gave it global reach; the service in fact operated for commercial advantage; and that the donations it requested were in fact charges to obtain uninterrupted service. The defendants in theirletter asserted that Locast's services were exempt from copyright liability because they met five conditions: they were secondary retransmissions, not made by a cable company, made by a non-profit organization, without the intent of commercial advantage, and without charge other than to defray costs.[25]
On August 31, 2021, Stanton denied Locast's request for a summary judgment. He noted that Locast donations were used not just for system maintenance and operations, but for expansion of the service into new media markets. "Expansion is nowhere mentioned" in the law, he wrote, "and it is therefore excluded from the short, tightly-crafted grant of exemptions." He also ruled that because a donation is required to avoid service interruptions, it is therefore "not merely a recurring gift to a charitable cause." The opinion, while leaving open the possibility of a trial, represented a substantial legal setback for the service.[26][27][28]
On September 2, 2021, after announcing it would no longer interrupt service to request donations,[29] Locast suspended operations.[30] The Electronic Frontier Foundation said the ruling "demonstrates once again how giant entertainment companies use copyright to control when, where, and how people can receive their local TV broadcasts, and drive people to buy expensive pay-TV services to get their local news and sports. We are disappointed that the court is enabling this callous profiteering that tramples on Congress’s intent to ensure local communities have access to news that’s important to people regardless of their ability to pay. The court made a mistake, and Locast is considering its options."[31]
The broadcasters called the ruling "a victory for copyright law, vindicating our claim that Locast is illegally infringing copyrights in broadcast television content in violation of federal law."[32] On September 15, the plaintiffs won apermanent injunction requiring Locast to shut down.[33]
On October 28, 2021, the plaintiffs were awardedstatutory damages of $32 million under the Copyright Act, payable by Locast's operator, Sports Fans Coalition NY.[34][35] However, broadcasters ultimately agreed to settle for $700,000 plus the liquidation of some used computer servers.[36]
As of July 2021, the service was available to 179 million viewers in media markets representing 55 percent of the U.S. population,[37][13] as well as acrossPuerto Rico.[12] To use the service, a viewer had to be in one of these markets and could only watch channels local to that market.[38]