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Local government is the third and lowest level of government inSri Lanka – after thecentral government andprovincial councils. The local government bodies are collectively known as local authorities. They are responsible for providing a variety of local public services including roads, sanitation, drains, housing, libraries, public parks and recreational facilities.[1]
Sri Lankan local authorities[2] are divided into 3 different groups:
And some areas have special administrations :
As of 24 March 2025, there were 341 local authorities, comprising 29 municipal councils, 36 urban councils and 276Pradeshiya Sabha. All local authorities are elected using themixed electoral system.[7]
Sri Lanka has a long history of local government.[8] According to theMahavamsa the earliestSinhalese settlements, dating to the 4th century BC, were village based. These villages were used by the Sinhalese kings as a unit of administration. Each village was independently administered. Village Councils (Gam Sabhas) administered local affairs, addressed people's grievances and settled minor disputes. The village-based administration continued for centuries in one form or the other.
In 1818 the Village Councils were abolished by the British rulers ofCeylon.[8][9] TheColebrooke-Cameron Commission of 1833 recommended that some form of village committee system should be introduced. ThePaddy Lands and Irrigation Ordinance No. 9 of 1856 re-introduced the Village Councils to oversee agriculture and irrigation.[9] The Village Councils were chaired by the British-appointedGovernment Agent or Assistant Government Agent who in turn appointed the other members of the Village Councils.
The local government saw a number of developments in the late 19th century. TheRoad Committees Act No 10 of 1861 created Provincial Road Committees and District Road Committees to administer the country's public roads.[9] The committees consisted of government officials, appointed members and elected members. The Road Committees functioned between 1861 and 1951 when their functions were transferred to the Public Works Department.
TheMunicipal Council Ordinance No. 17 of 1865 transferred responsibility for some local administration to local residents.[8][9][10] The Municipal Councils consisted of elected and appointed members. Under the ordinance Municipal Councils were created forColombo andKandy. Reforms enacted in 1931 resulted in all members of Municipal Councils being elected.
TheVillage Communities Ordinance No. 26 of 1871 introduced Village Committees for local administration and Rural Courts for judicial administration.[8][9][11] The ordinance allowed theGovernor and theLegislative Council to create a Village Committee at the request of local residents. The Government Agent chaired the Village Committee and other members were appointed. The Village Committees were similar to the Village Councils. Village Committees worked well and in 1938 reforms were carried out allowing for members to be elected, the chairman being elected by other members, the creation of wards and the exclusion of local chiefs from being members. Village Committees could now collect land tax and provide local services such as roads, water supply, common amenities and public health.
TheSanitary Boards Ordinance No. 18 of 1892 created bodies to provide a number of public health services such as electricity, drainage, public conveniences, markets, dairies, laundries and water supply in small towns.[9] The Sanitary Boards consisted of officials appointed by the Governor. TheLocal Boards Ordinance No. 13 of 1898 created Local Health and Sanitation Boards for larger towns. Their composition and powers were similar to the Sanitary Boards. The Local Health and Sanitation Boards started functioning on 1 September 1899.
TheLocal Government Ordinance No. 11 of 1920 created three types of local authorities: Urban District Councils (UDC), Rural District Councils and General Councils.[9] Previous local authorities had been mostly appointed but these new authorities were elected. Two UDCs were created in 1922 and a further six in 1923.
TheDonoughmore Commission made a number of recommendations in relation to local government including that all members of local authorities be elected, the establishment of new authorities, reorganisation of existing authorities and the creation of the Department of Local Government. TheUrban Councils Ordinance No. 61 of 1939 created Urban Councils in the largest towns in the country.[9] 27 Urban Councils created. TheTown Councils Ordinance No. 3 of 1946 created Town Councils for small towns. 24 Town Councils were created by abolishing all the Sanitary Boards and Local Health and Sanitation Boards that existed at that time. The Town Councils were divided into wards and provided local services such as thoroughfares, public health, common amenities, physical planning and the collection of revenue.
When Ceylon achieved independence in 1948 local authorities consisted of Municipal Councils (3), Urban Councils, Town Councils and Village Committees. TheLocal Authorities Enlargement of Powers Act No. 8 of 1952 transferred some powers from Central Government to local authorities and granted new powers to Urban Councils.[9] In the thirty years after independence, local authorities received more and more powers. There were 40 amendments to theMunicipal Councils Ordinance, 44 amendments to theUrban Councils Ordinance, 23 Amendments to theTown Councils Ordinance and 49 amendments to theVillage Committees Ordinance.
The 1979 Tennakoon Commission recommended that District Development Councils (DDC) be established to carry out development functions currently carried out by the Central Government.[9] TheDistrict Councils Act No. 35 of 1980 was passed byParliament and 24 DDCs created.[9] The DDCs consisted of elected members and local members of parliament. District Ministers were also created. In addition, legislation was passed to abolish the Town Councils and Village Committees and to transfer their functions to the new DDCs. This last move was opposed by the Tennakoon Commission. The 24 DDCs started functioning on 1 July 1981. At the same time, 83 Town Councils and 549 Village Committees were abolished.
The DDCs didn't live up to expectations and a new form of local government was sought. The Wanasinghe Committee recommended that the DDC's be abolished and replaced byDivisional Councils (Pradeshiya Sabha orPradesha Sabhai), sometimes called Rural Councils or Regional Councils. Parliament passed thePradeshiya Sabha Act No. 15 of 1987 on 15 April 1987.[9] The Divisional Councils were generally commensurate with their namesakeDivisional Secretariats (Assistant Government Agent).[8] TheLocal Authorities (Amendment) Act Nos. 20 and 24 of 1987 also changed the method of electing all local authority members from thefirst past the post usingwards toproportional representation usingopen lists.[9][12] 257 Divisional Councils started functioning on 1 January 1988.
The 13th Amendment to theConstitution transferred the control and supervision of local government from Central Government to the newly createdProvincial Councils.[9] However, powers relating to the form, structure and national policy on local government remained with the Central Government. This meant that only the Central Government could create new local authorities, promote them, dissolve them and call an election.
In 1995 a Divisional Council was created forBiyagama which had previously been governed by the Board of Investment of Sri Lanka.[9] In 1997 Moratuwa and Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte Urban Councils were promoted to Municipal Councils.[9] As of 199 there were 309 local authorities (14 MC, 37 UC, 258 DC). All parts of Sri Lanka are governed by local authorities except the Free Trade Zones inKatunayake and Koggala which are governed by the Board of Investment of Sri Lanka.
In January 2011 there were a number of changes to local authorities, taking the total number to 335: two urban councils were promoted to municipal councils (Bandarawela, Hambantota), one divisional council was promoted to municipal council (Kaduwela), one divisional council was promoted to urban council (Eravur), two new municipal councils were created (Akkaraipattu, Dambulla) and two new divisional councils were created (Lunugala, Narammala).[13][14][15][16]
Millaniya Divisional Council was created from parts of Bandaragama Divisional Council in October 2012.[17] Thamankaduwa Divisional Council was split into Polonnaruwa Municipal Council and Polonnaruwa Pradeshiya Sabha in December 2016.[18] In November 2017 Maskeliya Divisional Council and Norwood Divisional Council were created from parts of Ambagamuwa Divisional Council and Agarapathana Divisional Council and Kotagala Divisional Council were created from parts of Nuwara Eliya Divisional Council.[19] As of November 2017 there were 341 local authorities (24 municipal councils, 41 urban councils and 276 divisional councils).[20]
On 10 October 2012 Parliament passed theLocal Authorities (Special Provisions) Act, No. 21 of 2012 andLocal Authorities Elections (Amendment) Act, No. 22 of 2012, changing the electoral system for electing local authority members from open list proportional representation to amixed electoral system whereby 70% of members would be elected using first past the post voting and the remaining 30% throughclosed list proportional representation.[21][22][23][24] In February 2016 Parliament passedLocal Authorities Elections (Amendment) Act, No. 1 of 2016 requiring 25% of candidates at local elections to be female.[25][26][27] Small parties and those representing ethnic parties complained that the new mixed electoral system put them at a disadvantage and as a result the government agreed to change the ratio between first past the post and proportional representation.[28][29][30] On 25 August 2017 Parliament passedLocal Authorities Elections (Amendment) Act, No. 16 of 2017 which, among things, changed the ratio between first past the post and proportional representation from 70:30 to 60:40.[31][32][33]
After the 2018 local elections, 29.1% of councillors were female, up from 1.9% in 2011.[1]
Local authorities don't derive their powers from an individual source but from numerous Acts and Ordinances.[34] The main Acts relating to local government are theMunicipal Council Ordinance No. 29 of 1947, theUrban Councils Ordinance No. 61 of 1939 and thePradeshiya Sabha Act No. 15 of 1987. As a consequence, the three different types of local authorities have slightly different powers. Municipal Councils have more powers than Urban Councils and Divisional Councils.
Local authorities have the power to instigate legal action, enter into contracts, acquire land and employ staff.[34] However, these powers are somewhat curtailed by the fact that they are subordinate to the Central Government and Provincial Councils and by the fact that other state institutions (such as theDistrict Secretary) enjoy similar powers as the local authority.
Local authorities are required to "provide for the comfort, convenience and well being of the community".[34] Laws require local authorities to carry out regulatory and administrative functions, promote public health and provide physical structures. Local authorities can only provide services that the law specifically allows them to do.[34] Services provided by local authorities include roads, drains, parks, libraries, housing, waste collection, public conveniences, markets and recreational facilities.
Sri Lanka's local authorities do not run schools, hospitals or the police.State schools,hospitals andpolice service are run by the Central Government or Provincial Councils.
Water,electricity, street lighting and rest houses used to be provided by local authorities but these services were taken over by various companies and departments under the control of the Central Government.[34]
Prior to 1987 local authorities were elected using thefirst-past-the-post voting (FPTP) system with each member representing award.[35] The Local Authorities (Amendment) Act Nos. 20 and 24 of 1987 changed the method of electing all local authority members from first-past-the-post toproportional representation (PR) usingopen lists.[9][12]
As of the2025 elections, there are 341 local councils, comprising 29 municipal councils, 36 urban councils and 276 pradeshiya sabhas. Local authority elections are conducted using amixed-member proportional representation (MMPR) system, as outlined in the Local Authorities Election (Amendment) Acts No. 22 of 2012, No. 1 of 2016 and No. 16 of 2017.[36][37]
Under this system, 60% of seats are allocated through thefirst-past-the-post (FPTP) method, where the candidate with the most votes wins in a designatedsingle ormulti-memberward. The remaining 40% are distributedproportionally (PR) based on the votes received by each political party or independent group.[37] The first election conducted under this system was the2018 Sri Lankan local elections.[38][39]
The Delimitation Commission has defined the number of wards for all local authorities, with the details published inGazette Extraordinary No. 1928/26 of 21 August 2015 and No. 2006/44 of 17 February 2017.[40]
| An example of a calculation based on 60% of members being elected from wards and 40% through a proportional representation system | |
|---|---|
| Local council A | |
| Description | No. |
| Single-member wards | 13 |
| Multi-member wards constituting two members | 2 |
| Total number of wards | 15 |
| Elected from single-member wards | 13 |
| Elected from multi-member wards | 4 |
| Total number of members elected FPTP from wards (60%) | 17 |
| Number of members to be elected proportionately | 17 ×40⁄60 |
| Total number of members elected on PR basis (40%) | 11 |
| Total number of members elected to the local council | 17 + 11 = 28 |
To determine the proportional allocation for each party or independent group, the district returning officer first calculates the average number of votes per seat (X) by dividing the total valid votes by the total seats available.
Each party's or group's seat entitlement (Y) is then found by dividing its total valid votes by X.
Finally, the number of seats already won through FPTP is subtracted from Y, determining the additional seats (Z) awarded under the proportional representation system.
| An example of the calculation for proportional allocation to each party or independent group | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||
| Local council A | ||||||
| Party | Votes | Proportional seat entitlement (Y) | Ward (FPTP) seats won | Allocated PR seats (Z) | Total seats | Overhang seats |
| Party 1 | 17,295 | 13 | 15 | 0 | 15 | 2 |
| Party 2 | 7,924 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 0 |
| Party 3 | 4,877 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 |
| Party 4 | 3,597 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Party 5 | 2,612 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Total | 36,305 | 28 | 17 | 13 | 30 | 2 |
Under the mixed-member proportional representation (MMPR) system, a party is allocated seats based on its share of the total vote. If a party is entitled to ten seats but wins seven constituencies, it receives three list seats to reach its full entitlement.
However, this applies only if the party's entitlement exceeds the number of constituencies won. If a party qualifies for five seats but wins six constituencies, the extra seat is called anoverhang seat. Overhang seats typically occur due to thewinner-takes-all nature of single or multi-member districts or the geographic distribution of party support, allowing a party to win many seats with relatively few votes.[41]
Political parties and independent groups must submit two nomination lists, with the total number of candidates matching the required local authority membership. The proportional list must include three additional candidates.[37]
To ensure representation, at least 10% of elected members were required be women, distributed across both the ward-based and proportional systems. Youth representation, initially set at 25%, was later increased to 30% but remains non-compulsory.[37]
In 2025, the Election Commission mandated that youth representation exceed 25% in nomination lists. It also required at least 25% female candidates in divisional-level lists and 50% in proportional lists.[42]
AGazette Extraordinary issued on 1 March 2025 outlined nomination requirements, deposit amounts and the minimum number of women and youth candidates. The new rules mandate that each local authority must ensure at least 25% of its members are women, requiring adjustments in seat allocation and candidate selection to meet this threshold.[43]
The law governing elections to local councils stipulates that a political party or an independent group holding 50% or more of the total membership in a local authority is entitled to nominate two of its members as mayor and deputy mayor in municipal and urban councils, or as chairman and vice-chairman in pradeshiya sabhas. If no single party secures a majority, the council leadership must be elected by secret ballot on the first sitting day of the newly constituted local authority.[44][45][46]
| Local authorities of Sri Lanka[7] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Province | District | Local authorities | |||
| MC | UC | PS | Total | ||
| Western | Colombo | 5 | 5 | 3 | 13 |
| Gampaha | 2 | 5 | 12 | 19 | |
| Kalutara | 1 | 3 | 13 | 17 | |
| Central | Kandy | 1 | 4 | 17 | 22 |
| Matale | 2 | 0 | 11 | 13 | |
| Nuwara Eliya | 1 | 2 | 9 | 12 | |
| Southern | Galle | 1 | 2 | 17 | 20 |
| Matara | 1 | 1 | 15 | 17 | |
| Hambantota | 1 | 1 | 10 | 12 | |
| Northern | Jaffna | 1 | 3 | 13 | 17 |
| Kilinochchi | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | |
| Mannar | 0 | 1 | 4 | 5 | |
| Vavuniya | 1 | 0 | 4 | 5 | |
| Mullaitivu | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | |
| Eastern | Batticaloa | 1 | 2 | 9 | 12 |
| Ampara | 2 | 1 | 17 | 20 | |
| Tricomalee | 1 | 1 | 11 | 13 | |
| North Western | Kurunegala | 1 | 1 | 19 | 21 |
| Puttalam | 1 | 1 | 10 | 12 | |
| North Central | Anuradhapura | 1 | 0 | 18 | 19 |
| Polonnaruwa | 1 | 0 | 7 | 8 | |
| Uva | Badulla | 2 | 1 | 15 | 18 |
| Monaragala | 0 | 0 | 10 | 10 | |
| Sabaragamuwa | Ratnapura | 1 | 2 | 14 | 17 |
| Kegalle | 1 | 0 | 11 | 12 | |
| Total | 29 | 36 | 276 | 341 | |
Local government in Asia | |
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| Sovereign states |
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| States with limited recognition | |
| Dependencies and other territories | |
