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Pakistan is afederal republic with three tiers of government: national, provincial and local. Local government is protected by the constitution in Articles 32 and 140-A, and each province also has its own local-government-enabling legislation and ministries responsible for implementation. District councils and metropolitan corporations are respectively the highest rural and urban tiers of local government in the provinces. Both urban and rural local government have two or three tiers in all provinces exceptKhyber Pakhtunkhwa, where councils are not identified as either urban or rural. There are 129 district councils across the four provinces, 619 urban councils made up of one city district, four metropolitan corporations, 13 municipal corporations, 96 municipal committees, 148 town councils, 360 urban union committees, and 1,925 rural councils. Additionally there are 3339 neighbourhood, ‘tehsil’ and village councils in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[1]
In response to the failure of central/provincial governments to account for local preferences, theNational Reconstruction Bureau (NRB) designed a local government system which was presented in theblue print "Devolution Plan 2000". Consequently, a new local government system was implemented on August 14, 2001, after each of the four provinces passed theLocal Government Ordinance, 2001.[2]
| Country (e.g.Pakistan) | |||||||||||||||||
| Province (e.g.Punjab) | |||||||||||||||||
| Division (e.g.Rawalpindi Division) | |||||||||||||||||
| District (e.g.Jhelum District) | |||||||||||||||||
| Tehsil (e.g.Pind Dadan Khan) | |||||||||||||||||
| Union Council (e.g.Khewra) | |||||||||||||||||
The country is composed of fourprovinces and onefederal territory: the provinces ofBalochistan,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Punjab,Sindh, and the federally-administeredIslamabad Capital Territory. Additionally, Pakistan also administers twoautonomous territories[Note 1] in thedisputed region ofKashmir:Azad Jammu and Kashmir[3][4] andGilgit-Baltistan.[Note 2] Due to the ongoingKashmir dispute with neighbouringIndia, it also claimssovereignty over theunion territories ofJammu and Kashmir andLadakh, but has not exercised administrative authority over either region since itsindependence andsubsequent war with India in 1947–1948.
The five provinces, capital territory of Pakistan are subdivided into 37 administrative "divisions". These divisions were abolished in 2000, but restored in 2008. The divisions do not include the Islamabad Capital Territory or the defunct Federally Administered Tribal Areas, which were counted at the same level as provinces, but in 2018 the Federally Administered Tribal Areas were subsumed into Khyber-Paktunkhwa Province and allocated to neighbouring divisions therein.
A district (Urdu:ضلع,zillah) is the first tier of local government. In total there are 149 districts in Pakistan, of which several arecity districts. A District Government or a City District Government and Zillah Council form the governing body, with theDistrict Coordination Officer serving as the administrative head.[8] The District Governor orZila Nazim used to be the executive head of districts until 2010, when the government shifted power to the District Coordination Officers. Their role is similar to district governors, with responsibility for implementing government strategy and developing initiatives arising out of it.[9]
Among the three tiers of local government, Tehsil government is its second tier. It is where the functions, responsibilities and authorities of districts government is divided into more smaller units, these units are known as "Tehsil". The Tehsils are used in all over the Pakistan except Sindh province where the word "Taluka" is used instead, although the functions and authorities are the same. The head of the Tehsil government is "Tehsil Nazim" who is assisted by the tehsil Naib-Nazim. Every tehsil has aTehsil Municipal Administration, consisting of a Tehsil council, Tehsil Nazim, tehsil/taluka municipal officer(TMO), Chief officer and other officials of local council.[citation needed]
A Union Council is the basic tier of local government in Pakistan. Each Union Council consists of a certain number of members, including a Union Administrator and a Vice Union Administrator, who are elected through direct elections based on adult franchise and on the basis of joint electorate. The Union Administrator serves as the head of the Union Council and is responsible for overseeing the administration of the council.
The election process for Union Council members is organized and conducted by theChief Election Commissioner. The elections are held on a non-party basis, and candidates are required to be residents of the union council area. The elections are typically held every four years, although the exact term may vary depending on the province.
In addition to the general seats, there are reserved seats for women in the Zila Council, which are proportionately divided among Tehsils or Towns. The election to these reserved seats is held separately, and all members of the Union Councils in a Tehsil or Town are eligible to vote.
The Union Council has a range of powers and functions, including:
Each Union Council has a secretariat, which is headed by a Secretary. The Secretary is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the council and for implementing the decisions of the council. The Union Council also has a number of committees, which are responsible for specific areas such as finance, development, and social welfare.
The Union Council is the lowest tier of local government in Pakistan, and it works closely with the Tehsil and District governments to deliver services and implement development plans. The Union Council also receives funding and support from the provincial and federal governments.
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