Loaded language[a] isrhetoric used to influence an audience by using words and phrases with strongconnotations. This type of language is very often made vague to more effectivelyinvoke an emotional response and/or exploitstereotypes.[1][2][3] Loaded words and phrases have significant emotional implications and involve strongly positive or negative reactions beyond theirliteral meaning.
Loaded terms, also known as emotive or ethical words, were clearly described byCharles Stevenson.[4][5][6] He noticed that there are words that do not merely describe a possible state of affairs.Terrorist is not used only to refer to a person who commits specific actions with a specific intent. Words such astorture andfreedom carry with them something more than a simple description of a concept or an action.[7] They have a "magnetic" effect, an imperative force, a tendency to influence the interlocutor's decisions.[8] They are strictly bound to moral values leading to value judgements and potentially triggering specific emotions. For this reason, they have an emotive dimension. In the modern psychological terminology, we can say that these terms carry "emotional valence",[9] as they presuppose and generate a value judgement that can lead to an emotion.[10]
The appeal to emotion is in contrast to an appeal tologic andreason. Authors R. Malcolm Murray and Nebojša Kujundžić distinguish "prima facie reasons" from "considered reasons" when discussing this. An emotion, elicited via emotive language, may form aprima facie reason for action, but further work is required before one can obtain aconsidered reason.[2]
Emotive arguments and loaded language are particularly persuasive because they exploit the human weakness for acting immediately based upon an emotional response,without such further considered judgement. Due to such potential for emotional complication, it is generally advisable to avoid loaded language in argument or speech when fairness and impartiality is one of the goals.Anthony Weston, for example, admonishes students and writers: "In general, avoid language whose only function is to sway the emotions".[1][2]
One aspect of loaded language is that loaded words and phrases occur in pairs, sometimes aspolitical framing techniques by individuals with opposing agendas. Heller calls these "a Boo! version and a Hooray! version" to differentiate those with negative and positive emotional connotations. Examples includebureaucrat versuspublic servant,anti-abortion versuspro-life,regime versusgovernment, andelitist versusexpert.[11]
Politicians employ euphemisms,[12] and study how to use them effectively: which words to use or avoid using to gain political advantage or disparage an opponent. Speechwriter and journalist Richard Heller gives the example that it is common for a politician to advocate "investment in public services," because it has a more favorable connotation than "public spending."[11]
In the 1946 essay "Politics and the English Language",George Orwell discussed the use of loaded language in political discourse:
The wordFascism has now no meaning except in so far as it signifies "something not desirable." The wordsdemocracy,socialism, freedom, patriotic, realistic, justice have each of them several different meanings which cannot be reconciled with one another. In the case of a word likedemocracy, not only is there no agreed definition, but the attempt to make one is resisted from all sides. It is almost universally felt that when we call a country democratic we are praising it: consequently the defenders of every kind of regime claim that it is a democracy, and fear that they might have to stop using that word if it were tied down to any one meaning.[13]
The dictionary definition ofloaded language at Wiktionary
Quotations related toLoaded language at Wikiquote