| Llywelyn ap Gruffudd | |
|---|---|
 Llywelyn at the Parliament of Edward I, fromWriothesley's garter book (c. 1530) | |
| Prince of Gwynedd | |
| Reign | 1255 – 1282 |
| Predecessor | Dafydd ap Llywelyn (in 1246) |
| Successor | Dafydd ap Gruffudd |
| Disteiniaid | See list
|
| Prince of Wales | |
| Pretence | 1258 – 1267 |
| Recognised | 1267 – 1282 |
| Predecessor | Dafydd ap Llywelyn (in 1246) |
| Successor | Dafydd ap Gruffudd |
| Died | (1282-12-11)11 December 1282 Cilmeri,Builth, Wales |
| Burial | December 1282 |
| Spouse | Catherine (disputed) Eleanor de Montfort |
| Issue | Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn |
| House | Second Dynasty of Gwynedd |
| Father | Gruffudd ap Llywelyn |
| Mother | Senana ferch Caradog |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
| Military career | |
| Conflicts | Barons' Crusade Anglo-Welsh wars Conquest of Wales by Edward I Battle of Bryn Derwin(1255) Battle of Moel-y-don(1282) Battle of Orewin Bridge †(1282) |
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (died 11 December 1282), also known asLlywelyn II andLlywelyn the Last (Welsh:Llywelyn Ein Llyw Olaf), wasPrince of Gwynedd from 1255 to 1282. After successful campaigns across Wales in 1257, Llywelyn proclaimed himselfPrince of Wales in 1258, and was recognised as such byHenry III of England in 1267 as part of theTreaty of Montgomery. He remained in this position even after his humbling byEdward I of England in the 1277Treaty of Aberconwy, remaining Prince of Wales in name until his killing atCilmeri in 1282, one of the final events in Edward'sconquest of Wales.
Llywelyn was the second of the four sons ofGruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, the eldest son ofLlywelyn ab Iorwerth, andSenana ferch Caradog,[1][2][3] the daughter of Caradoc ap Thomas ap Rhodri, Lord of Anglesey.[4]
The eldest wasOwain Goch ap Gruffudd and there were two younger brothers,Dafydd ap Gruffydd andRhodri ap Gruffudd.[2][3] He is first heard of holding lands in theVale of Clwyd around 1244.
Following his grandfather's death in 1240, Llywelyn's uncle,Dafydd ap Llywelyn (who was Llywelyn the Great's eldest legitimate son), succeeded him as ruler ofGwynedd. At this time, Llywelyn went on crusade withRichard of Cornwall, brother ofHenry III ofEngland.[5]
Llywelyn's father, Gruffudd (who was Llywelyn's eldest son but illegitimate), and his brother, Owain, were initially kept prisoner by Dafydd, then transferred into the custody of King Henry III of England. Gruffudd died in 1244 from a fall while trying to escape from his cell at the top of theTower of London.[6] The window from which he attempted to escape the Tower was bricked up and can still be seen to this day.[7] King Henry could no longer use Gruffudd against him, war broke out between Dafydd II and King Henry in 1245.[8] Llywelyn supported his uncle in the savage fighting that followed.[9] Owain, meanwhile, was freed by Henry III after his father's death and was given a portion ofSnowdonia (Eryri) by Henry at the treaty of Woodstock in 1247.[10]
Llywelyn and Owain came to terms with King Henry III and in 1247 signed the Treaty of Woodstock atWoodstock Palace.[11] The terms they were forced to accept restricted them to the west ofConwy (Gwynedd Uwch Conwy) aroundSnowdonia andAnglesey, which was divided between them. The other half ofGwynedd east of Conwy known as thePerfeddwlad was taken over by King Henry.[9]
WhenDafydd ap Gruffydd came of age, King Henry accepted hishomage and announced his intention to give him part of the already reduced Gwynedd. Llywelyn refused to accept this and Owain and Dafydd formed an alliance against him. This led to theBattle of Bryn Derwin in June 1255. Llywelyn defeated Owain and Dafydd and captured them, thereby becoming the sole ruler of Gwynedd Uwch Conwy. Llywelyn now looked to expand his area of control. The population ofGwynedd Is Conwy resented English rule. This area, also known as "Perfeddwlad" (meaning "middle land") had been given by King Henry to his sonEdward and during the summer of 1256, he visited the area but failed to deal with grievances against the rule of his officers. An appeal was made to Llywelyn, who, that November, crossed the River Conwy with an army, accompanied by his brother, Dafydd, whom he had released from prison. By early December, Llywelyn controlled all of Gwynedd Is Conwy, apart from the royal castle atDyserth, as a reward for his support and dispossessing his brother-in-law, Rhys Fychan, who supported the king. An English army led byStephen Bauzan invaded to try to restore Rhys Fychan but was decisively defeated by Welsh forces at theBattle of Cadfan in June 1257, with Rhys having previously slipped away to make his peace with Llywelyn.[12][13]
During 1257, Llywelyn aggressively pursued his interests and gained control of lands inGwrtheyrnion, driving out his cousin, the Anglo-Norman, Roger Mortimer. Then toPowys, which affected his fellowWelshman,Gwenwynwyn, andDeheubarth inSouth Wales, helping his kin against Norman control going as far as theBristol Channel, leaving a trail of destruction during the time ofLent. Despite liberating his fellow Welsh folk, some would return to siding with the English upon his departure. The English retaliated by mobilising a force fromScotland toDeganwy in Wales but did not cross into Conwy, which was officially Llywelyn's Welsh territory. Henry III waited for an Irish naval force to attack on land from the west to corner Llywelyn, however, his force never arrived. The acts of aggression were followed by a peace truce for 1258, of which theMarcher Lords, did not completely abide by.[14]
The leader of Deheubarth, Rhys Fychan now accepted Llywelyn as overlord, but this caused problems for Llywelyn, as Rhys's lands had already been given to Maredudd. Llywelyn restored his lands to Rhys, but the king's envoys approached Maredudd and offered him Rhys's lands if he would change sides. Maredudd paid homage to Henry in late 1257. After the betrayal, in 1259, Llywelyn jailed Maredudd untilChristmas inCriccieth Castle. Maredudd was released only for him to surrender a son as hostage, it was thenDinefwr became a vassal kingdom of Gwynedd.[15][16]
In early 1258, Llywelyn was using the titlePrince of Wales,[2] first used in an agreement between Llywelyn and his supporters and theScottish nobility associated with theComyn family. The English Crown refused to recognise this title however,[17] and, in 1263, Llywelyn's brother, Dafydd was hostile against the Prince and submitted himself to King Henry.[18]
Then in January 1260, Llywelyn pursued his interests internally by dislodging Roger Mortimer ofBuellt. This would be an act of war which would be followed by an English decree which was summoned inOxford on 1 August. Armies assembled atShrewsbury andChester with the sole purpose of removing Llywelyn from power. However, the English could not come to an agreement in government over the matter, and a truce was enacted again for a further 2 years. After 2 years the English continued castle building which caused a revolt from the Welsh, who in turn requested and were assisted by Llywelyn in defending their lands inMaelienydd. After, Llywelyn continued his expansion into South Wales to theLordship of Brecon, where he received fealty from the Welsh who too ousted their Anglo-Norman Marcher Lord Mortimer. This success brought him to the attention of the Montfort family, which would start a new era for Gwynedd and Llywelyn. The change in territory forced Edward I to return to Wales for the first time since 1254.[19]
On 12 December 1263, in thecommote of Ystumanner,Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn (Mathrafal,Powys Wenwynwyn) did homage and sworefealty to Llywelyn. In return he was made a vassal lord and the lands taken from him by Llywelyn about six years earlier were restored to him.[2][20]
Llywelyn's interests were now not solely excluded to Wales. In England,Simon de Montfort (the Younger) defeated the king's supporters at theBattle of Lewes in 1264 (Second Barons' War), capturing the king and Lord Edward. Llywelyn began negotiations with de Montfort, and in 1265, offered him 25,000 marks in exchange for a permanent peace, 5,000 of which immediately and then 3,000 a year thereafter. TheTreaty of Pipton, 22 June 1265, established an alliance between Llywelyn and de Montfort, althoughPope Clement IV warned Llywelyn against allying himself with the excommunicated Montfort. As well as the rule of the whole Principality, Llywelyn was offered the castles of Maud,Hawarden,Ellesmere andMontgomery.[2][21] Thus, Llywelyn's right to rule thePrincipality of Wales as the hereditary Prince of Wales would be acknowledged. De Montfort was to die at theBattle of Evesham in 1265, a battle in which Llywelyn took no part.[21][22]
After Simon de Montfort's death, Llywelyn launched a campaign in order to rapidly gain a bargaining position before King Henry had fully recovered. In 1265, he routed the combined armies ofHamo le Strange andMaurice FitzGerald in North Wales.[21] Llywelyn then moved on toMontgomery, and routedRoger Mortimer's army. With these victories and the backing of the papal legate,[23]Ottobuono, Llywelyn opened negotiations with the king and was eventually recognised as Prince of Wales by King Henry in theTreaty of Montgomery in 1267.[2][24] All of the Welsh princes submitted to Llywelyn II except forMaredudd ap Rhys Gryg. For this recognition he would have to pay the English crown 24,000 marks in installments, this agreement was confirmed by the papacy in Rome.[24] If he wished, Llywelyn could purchase the homage of the one outstanding native prince – Maredudd ap Rhys of Deheubarth – for 5,000 marks. However, Llywelyn's territorial ambitions gradually made him unpopular with some minor Welsh leaders, particularly the princes of South Wales.
The Treaty of Montgomery marked the high point of Llywelyn's power. Problems began arising soon afterward, initially a dispute withGilbert de Clare concerning the allegiance of a Welsh nobleman holding lands inGlamorgan.[24] Gilbert builtCaerphilly Castle in response to this.[25] King Henry sent a bishop to take possession of the castle while the dispute was resolved but when Gilbert regained the castle by trickery, the king was unable to do anything about it.
Following the death of King Henry in late 1272, with the new KingEdward I of England away from the kingdom on acrusade,[24] the rule fell to three men. One of them, Roger Mortimer was one of Llywelyn's rivals in the marches. WhenHumphrey de Bohun tried to take backBrycheiniog, which was granted to Llywelyn by the Treaty of Montgomery, Mortimer supported de Bohun.[citation needed] Llywelyn was also finding it difficult to raise the annual sums required under the terms of this treaty and ceased making payments.[21]
In early 1274, there was a plot by Llywelyn's brother, Dafydd,[26] andGruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn ofPowys Wenwynwyn and his son,Owain, to kill Llywelyn.[18] Dafydd was with Llywelyn at the time, and it was arranged that Owain would come with armed men on 2 February to carry out the assassination; however, he was prevented by a snowstorm. Llywelyn did not discover the full details of the plot until Owain confessed to theBishop of Bangor. He said that the intention had been to make Dafydd prince of Gwynedd and that Dafydd would reward Gruffydd with lands. Dafydd and Gruffydd fled to England where they were maintained by the king and carried out raids on Llywelyn's lands, increasing Llywelyn's resentment. When Edward called Llywelyn to Chester in 1275 to pay homage, Llywelyn refused to attend.
Llywelyn also made an enemy of King Edward by continuing to ally himself with the family of Simon de Montfort, even though their power was now greatly reduced. Llywelyn sought to marryEleanor de Montfort, born c. 1258, Simon de Montfort's daughter. They were married by proxy in 1275, but King Edward took exception to the marriage, in part because Eleanor was his first cousin: her mother wasEleanor of England, daughter ofKing John and princess of theHouse of Plantagenet. When Eleanor sailed fromFrance to meet Llywelyn, Edward hired men to seize her ship and she was imprisoned atWindsor Castle until Llywelyn made certain concessions.[2][27][28][24]
In 1276 Edward declared Llywelyn a rebel, and in 1277 he gathered an enormous army to march against him.[24] Edward's intention was to disinherit Llywelyn completely and take over Gwynedd Is Conwy himself. He was considering two options for Gwynedd Uwch Conwy: either to divide it between Llywelyn's brothers, Dafydd and Owain, or to annexAnglesey and divide only the mainland between the two brothers. Edward was supported byDafydd ap Gruffudd andGruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn. Many of the lesser Welsh princes who had supported Llywelyn had hastened to make peace with Edward. By the summer of 1277, Edward's forces had left from Chester to reach theRiver Conwy and encamped atDeganwy,[citation needed] while another force had captured Anglesey and took possession of the harvest there. This deprived Llywelyn and his men of food, forcing them to seek terms. The attack came from all directions from east of the border,Henry de Lacy attacked fromShrewsbury andMontgomeryshire, Roger Mortimer to Builth and Gwenwynwyn returned to take backCyfeiliog and other parts of Powys. The lack of provisions forced Llywelyn into hiding, but the Welsh did see minor successes against the English.[2][29]
Following the battles, the result was theTreaty of Aberconwy, signed by Llywelyn on 9 November 1277. The outcome and peace accord guaranteed the return of lands to Llywelyn, but at a price. He regained Anglesey and parts of Snowdonia as his Kingdom of Gwynedd ruled as the Prince of Wales with the homage of five lords. He would have to pay a fine of 50,000 marks for the incident and would forgo his share of the rent of Anglesey to the crown. Meanwhile, theLlŷn Peninsula was given to his brother Owain who was released from jail in 1254. Then the Perfeddwlad in Gwynedd was given to Dafydd ap Gruffudd,[26][30] with a promise that if Llywelyn died without an heir he would be given a share of Gwynedd Uwch Conwy instead.
With the peace accord in place, Llywelyn went to London and Parliament for the Christmas of 1277 and paid homage to the King of England. Llywelyn met Edward, and his partner Eleanor with the royal family atWorcester, they would marry the next year.
Llywelyn exacted peace for several years, however, the English continued to pursue anAnglicisation policy in Wales. In the North East of Wales, the fourcantrefs of the Court of Chester were brought under power violently. Whilst in the South West in Cardiganshire (Ceredigion) andCarmarthenshire the same policy was enacted by local sheriffs. The rough policy forced theArchbishop of Canterbury,John Peckham to attempt to bring harmony between theChurch of England and theChurch in Wales. In 1280, Peckham met with Llywelyn to make an agreement on the changes. However, Llywelyn's intentions were distracted and claimed the truce was broken by his fellow kin, Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn. The archbishop reminded Llywelyn that his grievance would not be heard, as Llywelyn's terms ofCyfraith Hywel (Welsh law code) were unreasonable in a contemporary setting. However, Llywelyn reconciled with his brother, Dafydd III, and they listened to the grievances of the cantrefs in Chester and once more secretly plotted a revolt together, this time, the forces of Wales were united against the English.[31]
Llywelyn agreed with Edward I and was given permission to be married at the door ofWorcester Cathedral on 13 October 1278. It was a minor ceremony attended by the Kings of Scotland and England, theEarl of Lancaster. Eleanor was to die in childbirth on 19 June 1282 after she gave birth to a daughter namedGwenllian.[27][2][30] A stained glass window exists to this day depicting the wedding of the Prince of Wales and Lady Eleanor. By all accounts, the marriage was a genuine love match; Llywelyn is not known to have fathered any illegitimate children, which is extremely unusual for the Welsh royalty. (In medieval Wales, illegitimate children were as entitled to their father's property as legitimate children.)
Since the lifetime of Llywelyn II, sources have differed as to how many children Llywelyn fathered, and whether he has any living descendants. Llywelyn definitely had one daughter namedGwenllian of Wales. However, she died childless in 1337. He was also alleged to have had another daughter by his wifeEleanor de Montfort, named Catherine. However, her existence as Llywelyn's first daughter is contested by ProfessorJohn Edward Lloyd, who said when speaking ofGruffydd Fychan II, who supposedly married Catherine's granddaughter, Eleanor (parents ofOwain Glyndwr):[27][32][33]
The genealogists of a later age are not content even with this distinction; they proceed to heighten its effect by alleging that Helen was descended on her mother's side from a daughter of the last Llywelyn, so making Glyn Dwr represent Gwynedd as well as the other two principalities. But there is no evidence that Llywelyn had any daughter but Gwenllian, born in the last year of his life and after his death confined for the rest of her days as a nun of the order ofSempringham.
Some authors have subsequently adopted Lloyd's position and deny the existence of Catherine.[34][35][page needed] However, genealogistBernard Burke theNorroy and Ulster King of Arms in the 19th century did confirm the evidence of Catherine's supposed lineage which continues in modern times with noble families such the former WelshBarons of Cymmer-yn-Edeirnion (Hughes of Gwerclas), and theCroft baronets.[36][37][38]
By early 1282, many of the lesser princes who had supported Edward against Llywelyn in 1277 were becoming disillusioned with the exactions of the royal officers.[citation needed] OnPalm Sunday that year, Dafydd ap Gruffydd attacked the English atHawarden Castle and then laid siege toRhuddlan. Meanwhile, the revolt quickly spread to other parts of Wales, withAberystwyth Castle captured and burnt byMaredudd ap Rhys Gryg (heir of Prince of South Wales/Deheubarth) and rebellion in South Wales,[31] also inspired by Dafydd according to the annals, whereCarreg Cennen Castle was captured. Llywelyn, according to a letter he sent to theArchbishop of CanterburyJohn Peckham, was not involved in the planning of the revolt. He felt obliged, however, to support his brother and a war began for which the Welsh were ill-prepared.
Events followed a similar pattern to 1277, with Edward's forces capturing Gwynedd Is Conwy, Anglesey and taking the harvest. The English force occupying Anglesey tried to cross to the mainland on a bridge of boats but failed and was defeated in theBattle of Moel-y-don. The Archbishop of Canterbury tried mediating between Llywelyn and Edward, and Llywelyn was offered a large estate in England if he would surrender Wales to Edward, while Dafydd was to go on crusade and not return without the king's permission.[5] In an emotional reply, which has been compared to theDeclaration of Arbroath, Llywelyn said he would not abandon the people whom his ancestors had protected since "the days ofKamber son ofBrutus" and rejected the offer.
Llywelyn now left Dafydd to lead the defence of Gwynedd and took a force South, trying to rally support in Mid and South Wales and open up an important second front. On 11 December at theBattle of Orewin Bridge atBuilth Wells, he was killed while separated from his army. The exact circumstances are unclear and there are two conflicting accounts of his death. Both accounts agree that Llywelyn was tricked into leaving the bulk of his army and was then attacked and killed. The first account says that Llywelyn and his chief minister approached the forces ofEdmund Mortimer and Hugh Le Strange after crossing a bridge. They then heard the sound of battle as the main body of his army was met in battle by the forces of Roger Despenser andGruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn. Llywelyn turned to rejoin his forces and was pursued by a lone lancer who struck him down. It was not until some time later that an English knight recognised the body as that of the King. This version of events was written in the north of England some fifty years later and has suspicious similarities with details about theBattle of Stirling Bridge in Scotland.
An alternative version of events written in the east of England by monks in contact with Llywelyn's exiled daughter,Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn, and niece,Gwladys ferch Dafydd, states that Llywelyn, at the front of his army, approached the combined forces of Edmund and Roger Mortimer, Hugo Le Strange, and Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn on the promise that he would receive their homage. This was a deception. His army was immediately engaged in fierce battle during which a significant section of it was routed, causing Llywelyn and his eighteen retainers to become separated. At around dusk, Llywelyn and a small group of his retainers (which included clergy) were ambushed and chased into a wood atAberedw. Llywelyn was surrounded and struck down. As he lay dying, he asked for a priest and gave away his identity. He was then killed and his head hewn from his body. His person was searched and various items recovered, including a list of "conspirators", which may well have been faked, and his privyseal.
If the king wishes to have the copy [of the list] found in the breeches of Llywelyn, he can have it from Edmund Mortimer, who has custody of it and also of Llywelyn’s privy seal and certain other things found in the same place.
— Archbishop Peckham, in his first letter to Robert Bishop of Bath and Wells, 17 December 1282 (Lambeth Palace Archives)[39]
The Archbishop writes further directly to King Edward himself:
To my very dear lord Edward, by the grace of God king of England, lord of Ireland, Duke of Aquitaine, Friar John, by the grace of God, archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England, sends greeting in great reverence. Lord, know that those who were there at the death of Llywelyn found hidden on his body some small things which we have seen. Among the other things there was a treasonable letter disguised by false names. And that you may be warned, we send a copy of the letter to the bishop of Bath, and the letter itself Edmund Mortimer has, together with Llywelyn’s privy seal, and those things you may have at your pleasure... And Edmund de Mortimer said to me that he had heard from his servants who were there at the death that he asked for a priest before his death, but without sure certainty we would do nothing.[40]
The privy seal of Llywelyn the Last, his wife Eleanor and his brotherDafydd ap Gruffydd are thought to have been melted down by the English after finding them upon their bodies to make a chalice in 1284.[41]
There are legends surrounding the fate of Llywelyn's severed head. It is known that it was sent to Edward at Rhuddlan and after being shown to the English troops based in Anglesey, Edward sent the head on to London. In London, it was set up in the citypillory for a day, and crowned withivy (i.e. to show he was a "king" of Outlaws and in mockery of the ancient Welsh prophecy, which said that a Welshman would be crowned in London as king of the whole of Britain). Then it was carried by a horseman on the point of his lance to theTower of London and set up over the gate. It was still on the Tower of London 15 years later.[39]
The last resting place of Llywelyn's body is not known for certain; however, it has always been tradition that it was interred at theCistercians Abbey atAbbeycwmhir. On 28 December 1282, Archbishop Peckham wrote a letter to theArchdeacon of Brecon atBrecon Priory:
... inquire and clarify if the body of Llywelyn has been buried in the church of Cwmhir, and he was bound to clarify the latter before the feast ofEpiphany, because he had another mandate on this matter, and ought to have certified the lord Archbishop before Christmas, and has not done so.[39]
There is further supporting evidence for this hypothesis in the Chronicle ofFlorence of Worcester:
As for the body of the Prince, his mangled trunk, it was interred in the Abbey of Cwm Hir, belonging to the Cistercian Order.[39]
Another theory is that his body was transferred toLlanrumney Hall inCardiff.[42]
The poetGruffudd ab yr Ynad Coch wrote in an elegy on Llywelyn:
Do you not see the path of the wind and the rain?
Do you not see the oak trees in turmoil?
Cold my heart in a fearful breast
For the king, the oaken door of Aberffraw
There is an enigmatic reference in the Welsh annalsBrut y Tywysogion, "... and then Llywelyn was betrayed in the belfry at Bangor by his own men". No further explanation is given.
With the loss of Llywelyn, Welsh morale and the will to resist diminished. Dafydd was Llywelyn's named successor. He carried on the struggle for several months, but in June 1283 was captured in the uplands aboveAbergwyngregyn at Bera Mountain together with his family. He was brought before Edward, then taken toShrewsbury where a special session ofParliament condemned him to death. He was dragged through the streets,hanged, drawn and quartered.
After the final defeat of 1283, Gwynedd was stripped of all royal insignia, relics and regalia.Edward Longshanks took particular delight in appropriating the royal home of the Gwynedd dynasty. In August 1284, he set up his court atAbergwyngregyn, Gwynedd. With equal deliberateness, he removed all the insignia of majesty from Gwynedd; a coronet was solemnly presented to the shrine of St. Edward at Westminster; the matrices of the seals of Llywelyn, of his wife, and of his brother Dafydd were melted down to make a chalice which was given by the king toVale Royal Abbey where it remained until the dissolution of that institution in 1538, after which it came into the possession of the family of the final abbot.[43] The most precious religious relic in Gwynedd, the fragment of theTrue Cross known asCross of Neith, was paraded through London in May 1285 in a solemn procession on foot led by the king, the queen, the archbishop of Canterbury and fourteen bishops and the magnates of the realm. Edward was thereby appropriating the historical and religious regalia of the house of Gwynedd and placarding to the world the extinction of its dynasty and the annexation of the principality to his Crown. Commenting on this a contemporary chronicler is said to have declared "and then all Wales was cast to the ground".[44]
Most of Llywelyn's relatives ended their lives in captivity with the notable exceptions of his younger brotherRhodri ap Gruffudd, who had long since sold his claim to the crown and endeavoured to keep a very low profile, and a distant cousin,Madog ap Llywelyn, who in 1294 led a revolt and briefly claimed the titlePrince of Wales. Llywelyn and Eleanor's baby daughterGwenllian of Wales was captured by Edward's troops in 1283. She was interned atSempringham Priory in England for the rest of her life, becoming anun in 1317 and dying without issue in 1337, probably knowing little of her heritage and speaking none of her language.
Dafydd's two survivingsons were captured and incarcerated atBristol Gaol, where they eventually died many years later. Llywelyn's elder brotherOwain Goch ap Gruffudd disappears from the record in 1282. Llywelyn's surviving brother Rhodri ap Gruffudd (who had been exiled from Wales since 1272) survived and held manors inGloucestershire,Cheshire,Surrey, andPowys and died around 1315. His grandson,Owain Lawgoch, later claimed the titlePrince of Wales.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) – (English version),Evans, Gwynfor; Morgan, Mihangel (2002).Eternal Wales. Abergwyngregyn.ISBN 0-86243-608-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Garth Celyn evidence (Tystiolaeth Garth Celyn)
Media related toLlywelyn ap Gruffudd at Wikimedia Commons
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Llewelyn".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.Llywelyn ap Gruffudd Died: 11 December 1282 | ||
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| Preceded by Dafydd ap Llywelyn (1246) | Prince of Gwynedd 1255–1282 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by Dafydd ap Llywelyn (1246) | Prince of Wales 1258 – 1282 | Succeeded by |
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