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List of websites founded before 1995

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The firstwebsite was created in August 1991 byTim Berners-Lee atCERN, a European nuclear research agency. Berners-Lee'sWorldWideWeb browser became publicly available the same month. By June 1992, there were ten websites.[1] TheWorld Wide Web began to enter everyday use in 1993, helping to grow the number of websites to 623 by the end of the year.[2] In 1994, websites for the general public became available.[3] By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was 2,278, including several notable websites and many precursors of today's most popular services.[1]

By June 1995, the number of websites had expanded significantly, with some 23,500 sites.[1] Thus, thislist of websites founded before 1995 covers the early innovators. Of the 2,879 websites established before 1995, those listed here meet one or more of the following:

For this list, the term website is interpreted as a unique hostname that can be resolved into anIP address.

1991 websites

[edit]

The following list of websites established in 1991 is in chronological order.

CERN

[edit]

CERN, a research center inSwitzerland, created the first website.[4] The Web was publicly announced with a post to theUsenet newsgroup alt.hypertext on August 6, 1991.[5] There is a snapshot of the site from November 1992 at The World Wide Web project.[4]

World Wide Web Virtual Library

[edit]

TheWorld Wide Web Virtual Library is a website started asTim Berners-Lee's web catalog at CERN. There is a snapshot of the site from November 1992 at Subject listing – Information by Subject.[6][7]

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

[edit]

Paul Kunz, of theStanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) atStanford University, visited Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in September 1991. He was impressed by the WWW project and brought a copy of thesoftware back to Stanford. SLAC launched the firstweb server in North America on December 12, 1991.[8] SLAC's firstweb page was theSLACVM Information Service.[9]

1992 websites

[edit]

Near the end of 1992, there were fifty to sixty websites, according to a robot web crawl byCentrum Wiskunde & Informatica researcherGuido van Rossum.[10] The following list is in chronological order.

Nikhef

[edit]

Nikhef, the Dutch National Institute for Subatomic Physics, launched the third website in the world in February 1992.[11][12] It was originally at nic.nikhef.nl.

National Center for Supercomputing Applications

[edit]

TheNational Center for Supercomputing Applications created a website that was home to theNCSA Mosaicweb browser, as well as documentation on the web and a "What's New?" list which many people used as an earlyweb directory.[13]

FNAL

[edit]

Fermilab, ahigh-energy physics laboratory in Illinois, createdfnal.gov, the second or third website in the United States.[14] It was established in June 1992.[14]

SunSITE

[edit]

SunSITE (Sun Software, Information & Technology Exchange) started in 1992 as anFTP service and was hosted by theUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[15] It was a comprehensive archiving project that was a collaboration between Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation and the Office of Information Technology at the University of North Carolina.[15]

Wright State University Libraries

[edit]

TheWright State University University Library's first web presence, LIBNET, was launched in 1992. This is just one year after the first website was introduced to the public. The interface provided access to the library catalog, other library catalog, internet resources and subject guides, government resources, course reserve and more. It was a very early example of an academic library website.

Ohio State University

[edit]

TheOhio State University Department of Computer and Information Science developed early gateway programs and undertook the mass conversion of existing documents, including the main page forRFCs,TeXinfo,UNIX, and theUsenet.

IN2P3

[edit]

The French National Institute for Nuclear Physics and Particle Physics (IN2P3) launched its website at Centre de Calcul in 1992.[11]

CURIA

[edit]

Peter Flynn fromUniversity College Cork (UCC) saw Tim Berners-Lee demonstrating the Web at a RARE WG3 meeting. He installed Berners-Lee's client and server software on a Sun workstation for theCURIA project at UCC, now known asCorpus of Electronic Texts. The web server in was running in April 1992, becoming the ninth web server in the world and the first in Ireland.[16]

HUJI

[edit]

TheHebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) Information Service launched its website inHebrew and English in April 1992. It was the firstRTL website and the tenth website to go online.[17]

The Exploratorium

[edit]

TheExploratorium inSan Francisco,California was one of the first science museums to goonline.[18]

youngmonkey

[edit]

Initially hosted as a .nb.ca domain,youngmonkey showcased music and writing projects andMS-DOS andAmiga software.[19] It also included articles, technical information, and other resources forsynthesizer enthusiasts and developers. It was home to what was likely the first online store usingdial-upcredit card verification; and the first web streaming video distribution, andpay-per-view online video system. It came online at some point between 1991 and 1992. It moved to www.youngmonkey.ca in April 1995.

simianpress

[edit]

simianpress was a manifestation ofyoungmonkey. It was a showcase for graphic design and publishing projects, likely offering the first professional website design. It merged withyoungmonkey in 1995.[citation needed]

CBSS

[edit]

CBSS, Inc. was a network consulting firm in Houston, Texas that came online in late 1992. The Website is no longer maintained but still visible at www.cbss.com.[20][better source needed]

KEK

[edit]

KEK: TheHigh Energy Accelerator Research Organization established the first web page in Japan. It was created byYohei Morita [ja] at the suggestion ofTim Berners-Lee in September 1992. CERN's website was linked to the KEK page on September 30, 1992.[21] It is still online at KEK Entry Point.[22]

Cybergrass

[edit]

Bob Cherr launched theBluegrass Music News and Information, the first music-based website, on September 9, 1992.[23][19] Its name changed toBanjo on September 30, 1992, andCybergrass in 1995.[24] Its content was bluegrass music, lyrics, and chords. It was hosted on theXerox Palo Alto Research Center vax, parcvax.xerox.com. It now resides at www.cybergrass.com.[25]

1993 websites

[edit]

By the end of 1993, there were 623 websites, according to a study byMassachusetts Institute of Technology researcher Matthew Gray.[2] The following list of websites established in 1993 is in alphabetical order.

ALIWEB

[edit]

ALIWEB (ArchieLikeIndexing for theWEB) was the firstsearch engine created for the Web.[26] It was announced in November 1993 by its developerMartijn Koster but was relatively short-lived.[27][26]

Bloomberg.com

[edit]

Bloomberg.com is a financial portal with information on markets, currency conversion, news and events, andBloomberg Terminal subscriptions.[28]

Chabad.org

[edit]

Chabad.org is the flagship website of theChabadHasidic Judaism movement.[29]

Doctor Fun

[edit]

Doctor Fun was one of the firstwebcomics. TheNational Center for Supercomputing Applications called it "a major breakthrough for the Web".[30][31][32] It laid the foundation for today's webcomics.[19]

Électricité de France

[edit]

Électricité de France, the French utility company, had one of the first industrial websites in Europe. It started as the website of the company's research and development division (R&D) and was implemented by engineers Sylvain Langlois, Emmanuel Poiret, andDaniel Glazman. They did not have approval for the site and had to restart the server by connecting toRENATER through a 155Mb link, every time IT shut it down. Electricité de France's R&D later submitted patches toCERN httpd and was active in Web standardization.[citation needed]

Global Network Navigator

[edit]

Created byO'Reilly Media,Global Network Navigator is an example of an earlyweb directory and is one of the Web's first commercial sites. It was hosted atBolt Beranek and Newman and was launched in October 1993.[33]

Haystack Observatory

[edit]

Haystack Observatory's website explained itsradio andradar remote sensing mission and provideddata access for science users. John Holt rolled out its content on December 13, 1993.[citation needed] The website is still active at www.haystack.mit.edu. The original web page format is archived atwww.haystack.mit.edu/orig/.[34][35]

IMDb

[edit]

TheInternet Movie Database (IMDb) was founded in 1990 by participants in theUsenet newsgroup rec.arts.movies.[36]IMDb was launched on the web in late 1993 and was initially hosted by the computer science department ofCardiff University in Wales.[37][38][39]

Internet Underground Music Archive

[edit]

Internet Underground Music Archive (IUMA) was created by students at theUniversity of California, Santa Cruz to help promote unsigned musical artists. It shared music using theMP2 format, presaging the later extreme popularity ofMP3 sharing andonline music stores.[40][41][42]

IONA Technologies

[edit]

TheIONA Technologies website, www.iona.ie, was created by theirSystem administrator,Justin Mason in June 1993.[43][44] Initially, the site just included pages for his own use, but with Colin Newman they put together web pages for the company and itsobject request broker.

Joachim Jarre Society

[edit]

The Joachim Jarre Society website was created by students at theNorwegian University of Science and Technology in November 1993. It was one of the first websites in Norway.[citation needed]

JumpStation

[edit]

JumpStation was the world's firstWeb search engine.[45] It was launched byJonathon Fletcher on December 12, 1993.[45][46][47][48][49][50] It was hosted at theUniversity of Stirling in Scotland and operated until 1994.[51]

LANL preprint archive

[edit]

TheLANL preprint archive provided web access to thousands of papers in physics, mathematics, computer science, and biology. It was developed byPaul Ginsparg out of earlierGopher,File Transfer Protocol (FTP), ande-mail archives at theLos Alamos National Laboratory[52][53][54] It was launched in April 1993 and moved to Cornell University asArXiv when Ginsparg took a position there in 2001.[54] It is still active as arxiv.org.

LSD.com

[edit]

LSD.com, the "digital acid test" came online on November 18, 1993.[55][better source needed]

The OTIS Project

[edit]

After a start as ananonymous FTP-based art gallery and collaborative collective, The OTIS Project (laterSITO) moved to the web in January 1993.[56] This artist collaborative was hosted bySunSITE.[57][56] It remains at sito.org/.

The Tech

[edit]

The Tech, the campus newspaper at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology, was the first newspaper to deliver content over the Web, beginning in May 1993.[58][59]

NASA

[edit]

NASA.gov is the website of theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration. It was launched in 1993.[36]

Nexor

[edit]

Martijn Koster created a website forNexor, an earlyInternet software company.[60]

MTV

[edit]

MTVVJAdam Curry registered the music television network's domain in 1993 and personally ran an unofficial site.[12] Later, MTV sued Curry over the rights to the domain.[12] The corporate website is still live at www.mtv.com/

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone

[edit]

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone or NTT (WWW Servers in Japan (日本のホームページ,Nihon no houmu peiji;lit. "Home Pages in Japan") was the most famous web page in Japan in the mid-1990s.[61] The page launched in December 1993.[62] It still has a website at group.ntt/en

PARC Map Server

[edit]

PARC Map Server is the earliest precursor ofMapQuest andGoogle Maps.[citation needed]

PARC Researcher

[edit]

PARC Researcher was created by PARC researcher,Steve Putz, who tied an existing map viewing program to the Web. It is now defunct.[63]

photo.net

[edit]

Philip Greenspun designed and foundedphoto.net, an online photography resource and community.[64] Later, Greenspun released the software behind photo.net, theArsDigita Community System, as a free open-source toolkit for building community websites.[65]

Principia Cybernetica

[edit]

Francis Heylighen,Cliff Joslyn, andValentin Turchin designed a website forPrincipia Cybernetica to develop acybernetic philosophy.[66][67][68] This is probably the first complex, collaborative knowledge system, sporting a hierarchical structure, index, map, annotations, search, andhyperlinks. It went online in July 1993.

School of Mathematics, Trinity College Dublin

[edit]

Students James Casey and Matt Davey in the School of Mathematics,Trinity College Dublin, established www.maths.tcd.ie using Tony Sanders' Plexus, at the suggestion ofJustin Mason in the summer of 1993.[43][69] The website initially contained departmental information, an electronic version of theConstitution of Ireland, a hypertext interface to the departmentMOO and information on some student societies.

ExPASy

[edit]

ExPASy was a project of theSwiss Institute of Bioinformatics and was the firstlife sciences website. it went online in August 1993 and is still active at www.expasy.org.[70][71]

Trojan Room coffee pot

[edit]

Trojan Room coffee pot was the firstwebcam.[72][73][74] It started as a local system,XCoffee, in 1991 and was connected to the Web in November 1993.[75]

Trincoll Journal

[edit]

Trincoll Journal was a multimediawebzine published by students atTrinity College inHartford, Connecticut.[76][77][78] It was established in 1992 as a local network and moved to the web in November 1993.[78] It went defunct in the spring of 2000.

Wired.com

[edit]

Previously calledWired News andHotWired, the online presence forWired magazine launched in October 1994.[79] The website and magazine separated andWired.com was purchased byLycos.[80] It is still live at www.wired.com/.

1994 websites

[edit]

By mid-1994, there were 2,738 websites, according to a study byMassachusetts Institute of Technology researcher Matthew Gray.[2] By the end of 1994, there were more than 10,000 websites. The following selected list of websites is in alphabetical order.

ALIWEB

[edit]

ALIWEB, an acronym for Archie Like Indexing for the Web, was the first web search engine.[81] It was announced in November 1993 byMartijn Koster and went online in May 1994.[81][27]

Allied Artists Entertainment Group

[edit]

The movie studio and film distribution company Allied Artists Entertainment Group (nowAllied Artists International), registeredURLs in 1993 and launched its website in 1994.[82][citation needed]

American Marketing Association

[edit]

A group of marketing professors created a website for theAmerican Marketing Association professional association in 1994. The website offered general marketing news for marketers and marketing professors. Approximately a year later, the site was moved to www.ama.org, where it remains.[83]

Amnesty International Canada

[edit]

The International Secretariat and the Computer Communications Working Group ofAmnesty International Canada created a human rights website in 1994. It still operates at amnesty.ca.[citation needed]

Apple Inc.

[edit]

Apple Inc. created apple.com, an example of an early corporate site, using theNCSA Mosaic browser.[84] Snapshots of early versions of this site are available through theVersion Museum.

Art.Net

[edit]

Lile Elam createdArt.Net orArt on the Net in June 1994 to showcase the artwork ofSan Francisco Bay Area artists as well as international artists.[citation needed] It offered free linkage and hosted extensive links to other artists' sites. This is not to be confused withArtnet, apublicly tradedart market website based in New York City.

Art Crimes

[edit]

Susan Farrell of the Art Crimes Gallery launched the websiteArt Crimes in September 1994. It was the firstgraffiti art website and originally served as an archive of photos from around the world. It became an important academic resource as well as a thriving online community.[85] Its early content was moved to theGraffiti Archives in August 2015.[86]

The Amazing FishCam

[edit]

Lou Montulli createdThe Amazing FishCam which provided a continuousweb feed of anaquarium in theNetscape headquarters, via awebcam.[87] This was the second live camera broadcast on the Web.[88] According to a contemporaneous article byThe Economist, "In its audacious uselessness—and that of thousands of ego trips like it—lie the seeds of the Internet revolution." It went offline in the summer of 2007, showing an empty tank on thewebsite. It was later moved to a new site showing Montulli's new tank at the offices ofZetta, but has since ceased operations.

Automatic Complaint-Letter Generator

[edit]

Scott Pakin created theAutomatic Complaint-Letter Generator in April 1994. The site allows users to specify the name of the individual or company that the complaint is directed toward, as well as the number of paragraphs the complaint will have. After submitting the data, the computer generates sentences that are composed of arbitrary verbs, nouns, and adjectives. This website is still active atwww.pakin.org/complaint.[89][90][91]

The Barney Fun Page

[edit]

An early online game ormeme, The Barney Fun Page allows users to attack a crude drawing ofBarney the Dinosaur with icons representing a knife, gun, and other weapons. Hosted originally on aUniversity of Alberta[92] computer system in October 1994, it moved toimpressive.net in 1996, where it is still available. It is an example ofanti-Barney humor.

BBC Online

[edit]

BBC Online started asBBCi in April 1994 with some regional information and content from theOpen University Production Centre (OUPC). By September, it launched the first commercial service, providing transcription services via anFTP server. At its peak, it had 122 accounts, includingFBI offices from around the world, taking daily updates from twelve feeds. It is still active at bbc.com.[93][94]

Bianca's Smut Shack

[edit]

Bianca's Smut Shack was an early web-basedchatroom andonline community known for raucous free speech anddeviant behavior.[95][96][97]

Birmingham City Council

[edit]

Birmingham City Council (England) created an early local government site,Birmingham Assist, that was initially hosted by the Computer Science Department at theUniversity of Birmingham.[98] It was renamed in 1996 and still functions athttps://www.birmingham.gov.uk/.

Britannica Online

[edit]

Encyclopaedia Britannica launchedBritannica Online as a subscription service in 1994.[99][100][101] It was the first Internet-based encyclopedia.[101] The encyclopedia has been published exclusively online at www.britannica.com since 2016.[98]

Buzzweb.com

[edit]

Buzzweb.com was the earliest website foralternative music artists and news. It was created by A. Joi Brown and Matthew Brown between 1993 and 1994. They registered the website withNetwork Solutions in 1993.[citation needed]

CDNAir.ca

[edit]

Canadian Airlines' website,CDNAir.ca, was the first website for anairline.[102]

Chabad.org

[edit]

Chabad.org was the first "ask the rabbi" website. It was launched byRabbi Yosef Yitzchak Kazen as an outgrowth of earlier discussion groups onFidoNet, which dated back to 1988.[103]

CitySites

[edit]

CitySites, the first "City Site" web development company, created this website in 1994 to advertise businesses and review music and art events in theSan Francisco Bay Area.CitySites was featured inInteractive Week Magazine in 1997. FounderDarrow Boggiano still operates CitySites.[104][105]

Classical MIDI Archives

[edit]

Pierre R. Schwob foundedClassical MIDI Archives in 1994 as an online digital music archive featuring MIDI sequences of classical music for free.[106] It becameClassical Archives in August 2000 and now offers commercial label recordings for downloading and streaming.[106] It is still active at www.classicalarchives.com/

Cool Site of the Day

[edit]

WebdesignerGlenn Davis createdCool Site of the Day in August 1994, featuring his daily pick of a website.[97][107][108] Its Cool Site of the Year Award, also known as theWebby Awards, became a coveted prize forSilicon Alley start-ups.[107] Davis disaffiliated with the site in November 1995 and it went dormant in February 2020.

Cybersell

[edit]

Cybersell was the first commercial advertising service that focused on usingspam. It came online as sell.com. It was set up byLaurence Canter and Martha Siegel, notorious for spammingUsenet newsgroups earlier that year.[109][110][111] It is no longer active.

CORDIS

[edit]

CORDIS, an anacronym for the Community Research & Development Information Service, was theEuropean Commission's first permanent website. Launched onESPRIT day in November 1994 as www.cordis.lu, it provided arepository of EU-funded research projects.[112] It is still online at cordis.europa.eu/.

Dianne Feinstein

[edit]

Dianne Feinstein used a website for herUnited States Senate campaign, becoming the first senatorial candidate to have utilized a website.[113]

The Economist

[edit]

The Economist created its website in early 1994. One of the magazine's correspondents,Kenneth Cukier, paid $120 ($255 in today's money) to create the website which featured aweb portal with search tools such asArchie,Gopher,Jughead,Veronica, andWAIS.[12] At the end of 1993,America Online selected it as one of the top-ten news sites in the world; beatingTime-Warner'sPathfinder which cost $120 million ($254,575,662 in today's money).[114] It is still live today at www.economist.com/.

e-democracy

[edit]

e-democracy went online in 1994 to help civic organizations in Minnesota would distribute information online and then hold the first online debates ever for US Gubernatorial and Senatorial candidates in October 1994.[115]

Einet Galaxy

[edit]

Einet Galaxy was one of the first searchableweb catalogs.[26] It was created at the Einet Division of the MCC Research Consortium at theUniversity of Texas at Austin and went online in January 1994.[116] It passed through several commercial owners and is now run by Logika Corporation as gallexy.einet.

FogCam!

[edit]

Jeff Schwartz and Dan Wong launchedFogCam! in July 1994 atSan Francisco State University to track changes in the local weather.[117][81] It is the oldest still-operatingwebcam in the world and can be found at www.fogcam.org

FolkBook

[edit]

FolkBook: An Online Acoustic Music Establishment was a fansite dedicated to documentingfolk music and folk musicians. It operated atOhio State University at web.cgrg.ohio-state.edu/folkbook/ from September 1, 1994, until it went offline on March 7, 1998. After that, it was redirected to a similar site, folkmusic dot org, which still exists, but has not been updated since 2002.[118]

Flags of the World

[edit]

Flags of the World is the Internet's largest website devoted tovexillology.[119] It was established byGiuseppe Bottasini in 1994 and is still live as www.crwflags.com.

GeneNetwork

[edit]

GeneNetwork launched in January 1994 and was the first website on biomedical research and the earliestUniform Resource Locator (URL) inPubMed.[120] It was initially known as thePortable Dictionary of the Mouse Genome and then asWebQTL.[121][122][123] This genetics site has been funded continuously by theNational Institutes of Health and theUniversity of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory Governor's Chair to RW Williams.

HM Treasury

[edit]

HM Treasury, the United Kingdom government department, formed a website in 1994.[124] It is live at www.gov.uk/government/organisations/hm-treasury.

Horror

[edit]

Horror is the earliest website dedicated to horror movies and horror book/comic reviews and news.[125][126] It is still live atwww.horror.com/.

HotWired

[edit]

HotWired is the website ofWired magazine and features unique and innovative online content. It is noteworthy as the home of the firstbanner ads, forZima andAT&T.[127][128]

IBM

[edit]

IBM launched one of the early corporate websites in 1994. It is live at www.ibm.com/us-en.[129]

Innerviews

[edit]

Innerviews was the first online music magazine. It was launched by music journalistAnil Prasad and is accessible atInnerviews: Music Without Borders[130][better source needed]

The Irish Times

[edit]

In 1994,The Irish Times became the first newspaper inIreland to have a website.[131] The newspaper moved toireland.com in 1999 andirishtimes.com in 2008.[132][133]

Lawinfo

[edit]

Lawinfo is an early legal website and provides public access to pre-qualified, pre-screened attorneys, and free legal resources.[134] It is still live at www.lawinfo.com/.[135]

Legislative Information System

[edit]

Virginia'sLegislative Information System (LIS) was developed by the Division of Legislative Automated Systems (dlas) and was launched at leg1.state.va.us. It remains active as lis.virginia.gov but is also viewable in its original format atLIS Classic.[136][better source needed]

Links from the Underground

[edit]

Justin Hall'sLinks from the Underground is one of the earliest examples of personalweblogging.[137][138][139] It is still available at www.links.net/vita/web/start/.

Literary Kicks

[edit]

Literary Kicks was an early literary website about theBeat Generation,spoken word poetry, and alternative literary scenes. Thisdigital library was launched by Levi Asher on July 23, 1994, and is still active at litkicks.com/.[140]

Lycos

[edit]

Lycos was an early websearch engine.[26] It was started in 1994 byMichael Mauldin as a university research project atCarnegie Mellon University.[141][142][143][26] It is still live at www.lycos.com/.

Megadeth, Arizona

[edit]

Megadeth, Arizona was the website for the bandMegadeth and was also the first website for a band.[144][145][146] It was created by Robin Sloan Bechtel ofCapitol Records as a tie-in to a record promotion and featured news updates and a chatroom.[12] Later, when Capitol wanted to remove the website, Bechtel fought conventional wisdom that promotions were short-lived and helped establish the concept on ongoing marketing sites.[12]

Microsoft

[edit]

An early corporate site forMicrosoft was launched in 1994.[147]

Museum of Bad Art

[edit]

Museum of Bad Art inBoston, Massachusetts created avirtual museum in 1994.[148][149][19]

The Nine Planets

[edit]

Bill Arnett createdThe Nine Planets, "a Multimedia Tour of theSolar System". It was one of the first examples of amultimedia website.[150][151][152] It is still live at nineplanets.org/.

Nando.net

[edit]

Nando.net was the online presence of theRaleigh, North CarolinaNews & Observer and was one of the first newspaper websites.[153][154]

NetBoy

[edit]

NetBoy is a popularearly webcomic created byStafford Huyler. It started publishing in May 1994.[155][156][157] It is available online at www.netboy.com/.

Netrek

[edit]

Netrek is one of the first sites dedicated to multi-user video-game programming on the Internet. It was maintained at obsidian.math.Arizona.edu and is now defunct.[158]

Pathfinder.com

[edit]

Pathfinder.com was one of the firstweb portals, created byTime Warner to link its various sites.[114] It operated from 1994 to April 1999.

Phish.net

[edit]

Phish.net is afan site for the Americanjam bandPhish, which originated as amailing list in June 1991.[159] Resources and discussions were initially hosted on aBrown University server before they were transferred to a dedicated machine in June 1994, after which the Phish.net website was launched.[160]

PizzaNet

[edit]

Pizza Hut started the website,PizzaNet, which allowed people inSanta Cruz, California to orderpizza over the Web[161][36]

Powells.com

[edit]

Powells.com is the website ofPowell's Books.[162][163] It started with two employees, and the company's first online order was placed by anApple employee.[164] It pre-datesAmazon.com.[165]

Purple.com

[edit]

Launching on August 31, 1994,Purple.com is the first knownsingle-serving site. It consisted of just a purple background.[166][167] It was defunct by November 2017.

Radio Prague

[edit]

Radio Prague is the official internationalbroadcasting station of theCzech Republic. It was an early media entity on the web and included transcripts of its news broadcasts and other current affairs content in five languages. Still active at english.radio.cz/.[168]

Ren and Stimpy Information

[edit]

Afan site for the cartoonThe Ren & Stimpy Show, which was launched in 1994 and was one of the first websites about an animated series.[169]

Senator Edward Kennedy

[edit]

The first website for aUnited States Senator was officially announced forSenator Edward Kennedy on June 2, 1994.[170] The site remains active.[171]

Saccharomyces Genome Database

[edit]

Saccharomyces Genome Database is aNational Institute of Health-funded research project on the Web. It provides curation of all published results on budding yeast (aka. bakers, brewers, and wine yeast) genes and their products. Its current URL is yeastgenome.org.[172][173]

Sex.com

[edit]

The websiteSex.com was the subject of a twelve-year legal battle that established parameters of domain ownership.[174]

The Skeptic's Dictionary

[edit]

The Skeptic's Dictionary at /www.skepdic.com/ was launched in 1994 and is still active. It features definitions, arguments, and essays on topics ranging from acupuncture to zombies.

The Simpsons Archive

[edit]

The Simpsons Archive was the firstfan site forThe Simpsons television show.[19] It started as snpp.com (“snpp” was short for Springfield Nuclear Power Plant) and is now live at www.simpsonsarchive.com/.[175]

Sirius Connections

[edit]

Sirius Connections was the first Internet service provider in theSan Francisco Bay Area.[176] Its owner,Arman Kahalili, gave novice website creators technical assistance to get them started on-site building and expandingcode that was used in later versions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and other web technology.[177]

Snopes

[edit]

Snopes, the fact-checking website, was created by David and Barbara Mikkelson in 1994. It was an earlyonline encyclopedia focused on urban legends and rumors.[36]

SpinnWebe

[edit]

SpinnWebe was an early humor site, called "a window on the weird" byThe New Yorker.[178] It started as the personal website ofGreg Galcik.

Telegraph.co.uk

[edit]

Telegraph.co.uk orThe Electronic Telegraph is the website of the British newspaper,The Daily Telegraph. It launched in November 1994[179][180]

United States Department of State

[edit]

TheUnited States Department of State'sBureau of Public Affairs launched atext Gopher website via theFederal Depository Library at theUniversity of Illinois Chicago in the fall of 1994. The website was later relaunched in January 1995.[181]

VeloNews

[edit]

New South Network Service developed the first sports news site for cycling magazineVeloNews. It was originally calledVeloNews Tour de France and was created to cover theTour de France from June 30 to July 30, 1994.[182]

VirtuMall

[edit]

Dan Housman and Ron Schmelzer createdVirtuMall in 1994. when they were fraternity brothers and roommates at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology.[183] This website pioneeredshopping cart technology andcredit card payments sent viafax to mail order catalogs. It was also the first pooled-traffic site, helping foster standards for security. One of the first virtual "tenants" wasHickory Farms.[184] The website's name changed to ChannelWave and was sold to Quick Commerce sometime after 1998.[183]

WWW Useless Pages

[edit]

Paul Phillips foundedWWW Useless Pages orThe Unless Pages in 1994.[185] It is perhaps the first site that showcased bad or eccentric websites and helped distribute early minorInternet memes and phenomena. It is now defunct.

WebCrawler

[edit]

WebCrawler is an early search engine for the Web and the first with full-text searching.[26] It was created byBrian Pinkerton, a doctoral candidate at theUniversity of Washington. It launched in June 1994.[186]

Webmedia

[edit]

Webmedia is a London-based website design company founded bySteve Bowbrick andIvan Pope. The domain name webmedia.com was registered on October 27, 1994. The website was launched in November 1994.[187]

Whitehouse.gov

[edit]

Whitehouse.gov is the official website of theWhite House. TheClinton administration launched it on October 20, 1994 to the public.

World-Wide Web Worm

[edit]

TheWorld-Wide Web Worm (WWWW) was one of the first search engines for the World-Wide Web. It was created by Oliver McBryan at theUniversity of Colorado and was announced in March 1994.[188]

XrayXcellence

XrayXcellence.dentistry.dal.ca (also viewed atbpass.dentistry.dal.ca) was created by Barry Pass, PhD, DDS, in June 1994, while he was a faculty member at Dalhousie University's School of Dentistry, in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The website was active for approximately 6 years and provided educational and scholarly information and website links for dentistry, radiology and health physics. The site was accessed almost one-half million times, from every Internet serviced country, during the 5 years since its creation in 1994. In response to this web site on the WorldWideWeb - a paradigm shift in the dissemination of scholarly information - hundreds of global email inquiries every year were received from clinicians, scientists, students and the lay public with dental and medical questions. Frequently, medical questions resulted in appropriate referrals.

Yahoo!

[edit]

The web portalYahoo! was started byJerry Yang andDavid Filo asJerry's Guide to the World Wide Web.[189][26] It was a news site as well as a search engine and email provider.[36] It was later renamedYahoo without the exclamation mark.

Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN)

[edit]

A website was created by Justin Paulson from theUniversity of California at Santa Cruz in 1994 to provide information on the conflict in the Chiapas region between the Mexican government and theZapatista forces primarily in English[190] but later started posting information in Spanish at www.ezln.org.[191] The Zapatistas usage of the internet made them among the first in the world to use the internet for activism purposes.[192]

See also

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  186. ^"Brian Pinkerton | Computer Sciences".University of Wisconsin-Madison. 2018-12-20. Retrieved2023-11-06.
  187. ^"Whois webmedia.com".www.whois.com.
  188. ^Liveright, Penelope (November 6, 2016)."Was The World Wide Web Worm the First Web Search Engine?".Internet History Podcast. Retrieved2023-11-06.
  189. ^"Yahoo!".Britannica. June 18, 2008. Retrieved2023-11-06.
  190. ^Goggin, Gerard; McLelland, Mark (2017).The Routledge Companion to Global Internet Histories. Taylor & Francis. p. 107.ISBN 9781317607656 – via Google Books.
  191. ^Downing, John D. H.; Hall Downing, John Derek (2011)."Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media".SAGE Publications. p. 564.ISBN 9780761926887. RetrievedNovember 24, 2023 – via Google Books.
  192. ^Rossi, Federico M. (2023).The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Social Movements. Oxford University Press. p. 698.ISBN 9780190870362 – via Google Books.It is worthwhile to note that much of the research on Latin American digital activism focuses on movements initiated post-Arab Spring, despite the fact that the Mexican Zapatista resistance in 1994 and its use of the internet to spread communiques and videos marked one of the world's first examples of online activism (Castells 2004).
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