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Part ofa series on the |
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| Military of the Ottoman Empire |
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Modern army(1861–1922) |
This is alist of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire.
The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a nomadic steppe cavalry force.[1] This was centralized byOsman I fromTurkoman tribesmen inhabiting westernAnatolia in the late 13th century.Orhan I organized a standing army paid by salary rather thanlooting or fiefs. The Ottomans began using guns in the late 14th century.
The Ottoman Empire was the first of the three IslamicGunpowder Empires, followed bySafavid Persia andMughal India. By the 14th century, the Ottomans had adopted gunpowderartillery.[2] By the time ofSultan Mehmed II, they had been drilled with firearms and became "perhaps the first standing infantry force equipped with firearms in the world."[3] The Janissaries are thus considered the first modern standing army.[4][5]
TheOttoman Classical Army was the military structure established byMehmed II. The classical Ottoman army was the most disciplined and feared military force of its time, mainly due to its high level of organization, logistical capabilities and its elite troops. Following a century long reform efforts, this army was forced to disbandment by SultanMahmud II on 15 June 1826 by what is known asAuspicious Incident. By the reign of Mahmud the Second, the elite Janissaries had become corrupt and an obstacle in the way of modernization efforts, meaning they were more of a liability than an asset.
| Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1710–1711 | Russo-Turkish War | .svg) Ottoman Empire |  Tsardom of Russia | Victory
|
| 1713 | Skirmish at Bender | Ottoman Empire |  Swedish Empire | Victory
|
| 1714–1718 | Ottoman–Venetian War | Ottoman Empire |  Republic of Venice Austria(from 1716) Portugal Order of Malta Papal States Kingdom of Spain[120] Himariotes | Victory
|
| 1715 | Battle of Van[121] | Ottoman Empire |  Yazidis | Defeat |
| 1716–1718 | Austro-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Habsburg Monarchy | Defeat
|
| 1722–1730 | Syunik rebellion | Ottoman Empire | Armenian Rebels | Victory •Syunik is occupied by the Ottomans. |
| 1726–1727 | Ottoman–Hotaki War | Ottoman Empire |  Hotaki dynasty | Both sides make gains
|
| 1730–1735 | Ottoman–Safavid War | Ottoman Empire |  Safavid Empire | Defeat
|
| 1730 | Patrona Halil | Ottoman Empire | Patrona Halil | Tulip Period is ended
|
| 1732 | Spanish reconquest of Oran |  Regency of AlgiersOttoman Empire | Kingdom of Spain | Defeat
|
| 1735–1739 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire |  Russian Empire Cossack Hetmanate | Inconclusive
|
| 1737–1739 | Austro-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Habsburg monarchy | Victory
|
| 1743–1746 | Ottoman–Afsharid War | Ottoman Empire | .svg) Afsharid dynasty | Inconclusive
|
| 1757 | Battle of Khresili | Ottoman Empire |  Kingdom of Imereti | Defeat
|
| 1768–1774 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire Crimea |  Russia | Defeat
|
| 1769–1772 | Danish–Algerian War | Deylik of AlgiersOttoman Empire |  Denmark–Norway | Victory |
| 1770 | Orlov Revolt | Ottoman Empire |  GreeksSupported by: Russia | Victory
|
| 1770 | Invasion of Mani (1770) | Ottoman Empire | .svg) Mani | Defeat
|
| 1775–1776 | Ottoman–Zand War | Ottoman Empire |  Zand Iran | Defeat |
| 1785–1789 | First Scutari-Ottoman War | Ottoman Empire |  Pashalik of Scutari | Inconclusive |
| 1787–1791 | Austro-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Habsburg monarchy | Inconclusive
|
| 1787–1792 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Russia | Defeat
|
| Date | Conflict | Ottomans (and allies) | Opposition | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1791–1795 | Second Scutari-Ottoman War |  Ottoman EmpirePashalik of Yanina Pashalik of Berat Bushati family | Pashalik of Scutari Pashalik of Vidin | Defeat |
| 1798 | Mediterranean campaign of 1798 |  Great BritainAfter June 1798:  Portugal RussiaOttoman Empire Kingdom of NaplesHospitaller Malta |  France Spain | Coalition victory |
| 1798–1801 | French invasion of Egypt and Syria | Ottoman Empire
| French Republic | Anglo-Ottoman victory |
| 1806–1812 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire
| Russian Empire
| Defeat
|
| 1807–1809 | Anglo-Turkish War | Supported by: |  United KingdomSupported by: Russian Empire | Treaty of the Dardanelles |
| 1804–1813 | First Serbian Uprising |
From 1805: From 1813: |  Revolutionary SerbiaSupported by: Russian Empire (1807–1812) Wallachia (1804) | Ottoman victory (seeAftermath section)
|
| 1811–1818 | Ottoman-Saudi War | Ottoman Empire |  Diriyah | Victory
|
| 1815–1817 | Second Serbian Uprising | Ottoman Empire |  Serbian rebels | Defeat
|
| 1820–1824 | Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan | Ottoman Empire | Sennar Sultanate Shayqih Kingdom Sultanate of Darfur | Ottoman-Egyptian military victory
|
| 1821 | Wallachian Revolution of 1821 | Ottoman Empire
|  Wallachia (revolutionary)
| Ottoman military victory, Wallachian political victory
|
| 1821–1832 | Greek War of Independence | Ottoman Empire |  Filiki Eteria Greek revolutionariesAfter 1822: .svg) Hellenic RepublicSupported by:  Romanian Revolutionaries (1821) Philhellenes United Kingdom (after 1826)Russian Empire (after 1826) Kingdom of France (after 1826) Serb and Montenegrin volunteers | Defeat
|
| 1821–1823 | Ottoman–Iranian War of 1821 | Ottoman Empire |  Qajar Iran | Defeat
|
| 1828–1829 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire | Russia | Defeat
|
| 1829–1831 | Third Scutari-Ottoman War | Ottoman Empire | Pashalik of Scutari | Victory |
| 1830–1903 | French conquest of Algeria | Ottoman Empire |  France | Defeat |
| 1831–1832 | Bosnian Uprising of 1831–1832 | Ottoman Empire |  Bosnian Landlords | Victory
|
| 1831–1833 | Egyptian–Ottoman War | Ottoman Empire |  Egypt Eyalet | Defeat
|
| 1832–1848 | Ottoman–Ethiopian border conflicts | Ottoman Empire |  Ethiopian Empire | Inconclusive
|
| 1833 | Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Kolonjë | Ottoman Empire | ToskRebels | Defeat
|
| 1833 | Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Shkodër | Ottoman Empire | Shkodran Rebels Malsor Rebels[129] | Defeat
|
| 1833 | Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Southern Albania | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels | Defeat
|
| 1834 | Albanian Revolt of 1834 | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels | Defeat
|
| 1835 | Albanian Revolt of 1835 in South Albania | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels | Victory
|
| 1835 | Albanian Revolt of 1835 in North Albania | Ottoman Empire | Shkodran Rebels Reinforcements:[129] Kosovar RebelsVolunteers: Malsor Volunteers Gheg Volunteers MirditaTribesmen Mati Tribesmen Dibran Volunteers | Defeat
|
| 1836 | Albanian Revolt of 1836 in South Albania | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels | Inconclusive |
| 1836 | Expedition to Najd (1836) | Ottoman Empire | Emirate of Najd | Victory
|
| 1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Mat | Ottoman Empire | Mati Tribesmen | Inconclusive |
| 1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Myzeqe | Ottoman Empire | Myzeq Rebels Tosk Rebels | Victory
|
| 1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in North Albania | Ottoman Empire | Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels | Victory |
| 1837 | Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Dibër | Ottoman Empire | Dibran Rebels | Defeat
|
| 1839 | Albanian Revolt of 1839 in South Albania | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels | Defeat
|
| 1839 | Albanian Revolt of 1839 in Prizren | Ottoman Empire | Kosovar Rebels | Defeat
|
| 1839–1841 | Egyptian–Ottoman War | Ottoman EmpireBritish Empire Austrian EmpireRussia Prussia | Egypt Eyalet FranceSpain | Victory
|
| 1843–1844 | Uprising of Dervish Cara | Ottoman Empire | Dibran Rebels | Victory
|
| 1847 | Albanian revolt of 1847 | Ottoman Empire | Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels | Victory
|
| 1848 | Wallachian Revolution of 1848 |  Wallachia Ottoman EmpireRussian Empire |  Revolutionaries | Counterrevolutionary victory
|
| 1852–1853 | Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–53) | Ottoman Empire |  Montenegro | Defeat
|
| 1852–1862 | Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862) | Ottoman Empire | Rebels | Victory |
| 1853–1856 | Crimean War | Ottoman EmpireFrance Britain[b] Sardinia[c]Supported by: Austrian Empire Caucasus Imamate[d] CircassiaAbkhazia[c] | Russian EmpireGreece[e] | Victory |
| 1854 | Macedonian Revolution of 1854 | Ottoman Empire Supported By: France Britain |  Greek RevolutionariesSupported By:  Greece | Victory |
| 1858 | Battle of Grahovac | Ottoman Empire | Montenegro | Defeat |
| 1861–1862 | Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–62) | Ottoman Empire | Montenegro | Victory |
| 1862 | First Zeitun Resistance | Ottoman Empire | Armenian fedayees | Defeat
|
| 1866–1869 | Cretan Revolt | Ottoman Empire |  Greek RevolutionariesSupported by: .svg) Kingdom of Greece | Victory
|
| 1874–1876 | Egyptian–Ethiopian War | Ottoman Empire | Ethiopian Empire | Defeat |
| 1875 | Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) | Ottoman Empire | Serb rebels
| Victory
|
| 1876 | April Uprising | Ottoman Empire |  Bulgarian revolutionaries | Victory
|
| 1876–1878 | Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78) | Ottoman Empire | Montenegro | Defeat
|
| 1876–1877 | First Serbian–Ottoman War | Ottoman Empire | Serbia | Defeat
|
| 1877–1878 | Russo-Turkish War | Ottoman Empire |  Russia Romania | Defeat
|
| 1877–1878 | Second Serbian–Ottoman War | Ottoman Empire | Serbia Russia | Defeat |
| 1877-1878 | Osman Pasha Bedir Khan Revolt | Ottoman Empire.svg) Assyrians |
| Victory
|
| 1878 | Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Ottoman Empire |  Austria-Hungary | Defeat
|
| 1878-1879 | Kresna–Razlog uprising[136] | Ottoman Empire |  Unity Committee | Victory |
| 1879-1882 | Urabi revolt | Ottoman Empire | Ahmed UrabiEgyptian rebel forces | Defeat |
| 1880 | Battle of Ulcinj (1880) | Ottoman Empire | Albanian irregulars | Victory
|
| 1881 | French conquest of Tunisia | Ottoman Empire | France | Defeat
|
| 1882 | Anglo-Egyptian War | Ottoman Empire | Britain | Defeat |
| 1893–1908 | Macedonian Struggle | Ottoman Empire Greek Kingdom.svg) Serbian Kingdom Romanian Kingdom |  Bulgarian Principality | Inconclusive
|
| 1893 | Ottoman–Qatari War | Ottoman Empire |  Qatar | Defeat
|
| 1895–1896 | Zeitun rebellion (1895–96) | Ottoman Empire | Hunchak Party | Defeat |
| 1897 | Greco-Turkish War of 1897 | Ottoman Empire | Greece | Victory |
| 1897–1898 | Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) | Ottoman Empire | Cretan revolutionariesKingdom of GreeceBritish Empire FranceItalyRussian EmpireAustria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898) German Empire (until March 16, 1898) | Defeat
|
| 1903 | Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising | Ottoman Empire |  IMARO SMAC Kruševo Republic Strandzha Commune | Victory
|
| 1904 | Sasun Uprising | Ottoman Empire | Armenian fedayi | Victory |
| 1905 | Shoubak revolts | Ottoman Empire | Inhabitants of Shoubak | Victory |
Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.
Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.
The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.
Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.
The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.
The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.
Discussions of the Kosovo conflict often start with the battle of Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) in 1389 when the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman Empire
1389: A Serbian-led Christian army (including Albanians) suffers a catastrophic defeat by Ottoman forces at the Battle of Kosovo.
In the epic battle of Kosovo Polje, just west from present-day Pristina, Serb grand duke (knez) Lazar Hrebeljanovic, who led the joined Christian forces, lost the battle (and life) to Turkish sultan Murad I
The highpoint of this conflict, the Battle of Kosovo Polje, ended in Serbian defeat and the death of Prince Lazar, beheaded by the Turks
The Ottoman conquest of Novo Brdo, a center of silver production, took place on June 27, 1441; see JireSek, Geschichte der Serben, II, 178.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Nicholas assured the Ottoman ambassador that his government was observing "the strictest neutrality" while his eldest son claimed that "we Montenegrins most sincerely desire peace". Despite these denials, it became increasingly clear that Montenegro did have a hand in the new revolt. In particular general Vukotić aided the rebels by passing out weapons, which the Malsors used against Turks.