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List of voids

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list ofvoids in astronomy. Voids are particularly galaxy-poor regions of space betweenfilaments, making up thelarge-scale structure of the universe. Some voids are known assupervoids.

In the tables,z is the cosmologicalredshift,c thespeed of light, andh the dimensionlessHubble parameter, which has a value of approximately 0.7 (the Hubble constantH₀ =h × 100 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹). Mpc stands formegaparsec.

The co-ordinates (right ascension and declination) and distance given refer to the approximate center of the region.

Voids and supervoids

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Largest voids

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Main article:List of largest voids

Named voids

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Name	Coordinates	Distance	Diameter	Notes
Local Void	18^h 38^m +18°	cz=2500 km/s	60 Mpc	^[1]
Northern Local Supervoid		61 Mpc	104 Mpc	Virgo Supercluster,Coma Supercluster,Perseus–Pisces Supercluster, Ursa Major–Lynx Supercluster,Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster,Sculptor Supercluster, Pavo–Corona Australes Supercluster form a sheet between theNorthern Local Supervoid and theSouthern Local Supervoid.^[2] TheHercules Supercluster separates the Northern Local Void from theBoötes Void.^[2] ThePerseus–Pisces Supercluster and Pegasus Supercluster form a sheet separating the Northern Local Void andSouthern Local Void from the Pegasus Void.^[2]
Southern Local Supervoid		96 Mpc	112 Mpc
Giant Void	13^h 01^m +38.7°	z=0.116	300–400 Mpc	"Giant Void in NGH" or "AR-Lp 36"; NGH stands for "Northern Galactic Hemisphere"; discovered in 1988.^[3] It is the largest void in the NGH where z<0.14.^[4]
KBC Void			600 Mpc	Void containing theMilky Way andLocal Group^[5]

^[6]^[7]

Voids designated by their constellation

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Name	Coordinates	Distance	Diameter	Notes
Boötes Void (Great Void)	14^h 20^m 26°	150 Mpc	100 Mpc	TheHercules Supercluster separates theNorthern Local Void from the Boötes Void.^[2] The Hercules Supercluster thus forms part of the near edge of the Boötes Void.^[8]
Canis Major Void
Columba Void
Coma Void				Discovered in 1975, along with theComa Supercluster, it lies in front of theComa Cluster.^[9] It was the first void to be discovered and is approximately 1/3 as far away as the much larger Boötes Void.^[10]
Corona Borealis Void
Eridanus Void				This void is separated from the Sculptor void by a sheet of galaxies.^[11]
Eridanus Supervoid (Great Void)	03^h 15^m 05^s −19° 35′ 02″	z=1	150 Mpc	The claimedEridanus Supervoid or "Great Void", reported on 24 August 2007 by theNRAO fromVery Large Array Sky Survey data.^[12] This void, if real, would be much larger than the others listed here (except theGiant Void), about 300h⁻¹ Mpc in diameter and 1800–3000h⁻¹ Mpc distant (whereh is thedimensionless Hubble parameter). It would be associated with (and be the explanation of) acold spot in thecosmic microwave background at the sky location. The evidence for such a "Great Void" is disputed by Smith and Huterer.^[13] They showed that the claims made of observational evidence for such a void from survey data neglected systematic effects and did not account fora posteriori choices made in analyzing data.
Southern Eridanus Void				The Southern Eridanus void is connected to the Eridanus void by a hole in the distribution of galaxies separating the two. A hole in the distribution of galaxies separating Sculptor and Southern Eridanus voids the size of (redshift) 1250 km/s appears to exist.^[11]
Fornax Void
Hercules Void	15.5^h +30°	cz=7000 km/s		^[14] Discovered in 1979^[8]^[15]
Hydra Void				The Hydra Void lies beyond theHydra–Centaurus Supercluster^[16]
Leo Void	11^h 30^m 0°	cz=4000 km/s		^[16]
Microscopium Void				A hole in the distribution of galaxies separating Sculptor and Microscopium voids the size of (redshift) 1250 km/s appears to exist. This is roughly 1/2 of Microscopium's diameter.^[11]
Ophiuchus Void	near17^h −25°	< 5000 km/s (the outer limit)		25% of average universe density is the void density of matter. The far end of this void is defined by theOphiuchus Supercluster.^[17]
Pegasus Void	22^h +15°	cz=5500 km/s	40 Mpc	^[18] ThePerseus–Pisces Supercluster andPegasus Supercluster form a sheet separate theNorthern Local Void andSouthern Local Void from the Pegasus Void.^[2]
Perseus–Pisces Void	1^h +10°	cz=8000 km/s		Discovered in 1980,^[15] it is also called thePerseus Void
Sagittarius Void
Sculptor Void	23^h 48^m −24° 39′		34.8 Mpc/h	Corresponds toSRSS1 Void 3 andSRSS2 Void 5^[19] This void is separated from theEridanus Void by a sheet of galaxies. A hole in the distribution of galaxies separating Sculptor andSouthern Eridanus Voids the size of 1250 km/s appears to exist.^[11] The Sculptor Void lies next to theSouthern Wall orSouthern Great Wall.
Taurus Void			30 Mpc	TheTaurus Void appears large and circular, and has walls of galaxies surrounding it. It lies next to thePerseus–Pisces Supercluster, and is the most visually identifiable. Several galaxies have been found to reside in the void, such asUGC 2627 andUGC 2629, both approximately 185 million light years away.^[20]
^[6]^[7]

Other voids

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Designation	Location	Coordinates	Distance	Diameter	Dimensions	Notes
Bahcall & Soneira 1982 void	z = 0.03 – 0.08				150h⁻¹ Mpc deep 300h⁻¹ Mpc wide 60h⁻¹ Mpc tall	^[21] This suspected void ranged 100 degrees across the sky, and has shown up on other surveys as several separate voids.

Voids by search or survey

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Tully list

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In 1985, Tully determined a local dominant supercluster plane, and found thePisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex.^[22]

#	Coordinates	Distance	Diameter	Notes
#	Coordinates	(h⁻¹ Mpc)		Notes
1	17.0^h 80°	90	140
2	21.0^h −7°	100	136
3	8.6^h +13°	150	150
4	21.5^h +5°	170	173
5	14.3^h +52°	180	158	Boötes Void
6	23.0^h −16°	190	171
7	12.8^h +14°	190	174
8	10.0^h +35°	250	170
9	2.6^h −11°	280	229
10	8.7^h +58°	310	243
11	16.8^h +5°	310	270

B&B Abell-derived list

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In a 1985 study of Abell clusters, 29 voids were determined, in the sphere z<0.1 around Earth.^[23]

#	Coordinates	Distance	Diameter	Notes
#	Coordinates	(h⁻¹ Mpc)		Notes
1	0.0^h +20°	293	100
2	0.3^h 0°	276	100
3	0.7^h +10°	284	100
4	2.0^h −13°	275	150
5	8.0^h +60°	300	100
6	9.0^h +18°	220	100
7	9.0^h +67°	180	120
8	9.2^h +26°	137	140
9	9.5^h +45°	262	200
10	9.8^h 0°	285	110
11	9.8^h +35°	219	110
12	10.8^h −10°	293	120
13	12.0^h +14°	206	110
14	12.3^h 0°	276	100
15	12.4^h −12°	272	150
16	12.5^h +32°	237	100
17	12.9^h +64°	105	110
18	13.6^h +35°	154	200	Boötes Void
19	13.8^h +20°	297	110
20	14.2^h −4°	265	210
21	14.7^h +70°	283	160
22	15.2^h +42°	286	140
23	16.0^h +7°	295	110
24	16.4^h +41°	291	130
25	16.5^h +59°	110	100
26	17.2^h +58°	237	100
27	22.2^h −2°	155	130
28	22.5^h 5°	284	160
29	23.5^h −7°	203	120

SSRS1 list

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A redshift survey of galaxies in the southern sky in 1988, out to a distance of 120 Mpc/h, revealed some voids.^[24]

#	Coordinates	Distance (V)	Dimensions W × H × D (h⁻¹ Mpc)	Constellation	Notes
1	1.5^h −50°	3000 km/s	30 × 30 × 40	Phoenix/Eridanus	Located just behind the galaxy concentration in Eridanus-Fornax-Dorado
2	21^h −25°	5000 km/s	30 × 30 × 30	Capricornus/Microscopium
3	23.5^h −35°	6000 km/s	70 × 30 × 50	Sculptor/Grus
4	4^h −40°	9000 km/s	50 × 100 × 50	Horologium/Eridanus

SSRS2 list

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In 1994, a redshift survey in the southern sky identified 18 voids, 11 of which are major voids.^[19]

#	Coordinates	Distance (r)	Diameter (h⁻¹ Mpc)	Constellation	Notes
1	1^h 33^m −16° 45′	85.7	54.3	Cetus	major void
2	3^h 34^m −28° 50′	99.7	56.2	Fornax	major void SRSS1 Void 4
3	22^h 25^m −14° 46′	107.2	60.8	Aquarius	major void
4	21^h 43^m −14° 40′	66.7	35.6	Capricornus	major void
5	23^h 48^m −24° 39′	53.0	34.8	Aquarius/Sculptor	major void SRSS1 Void 3 (Sculptor Void)
6	3^h 56^m −20° 11′	56.5	32.0	Eridanus	major void
7	3^h 17^m −11° 40′	77.2	25.5	Eridanus	major void
8	23^h 20^m −12° 32′	83.9	27.8	Aquarius	major void
9	3^h 06^m −13° 47′	114.6	39.0	Eridanus	major void
10	0^h 26^m −9° 17′	104.7	34.8	Cetus	major void
11	0^h 21^m −29° 43′	112.8	42.9	Sculptor	major void
12	23^h 03^m −32° 35′	74.8	25.0	Piscis Austrinus/Sculptor
13	1^h 23^m −19° 36′	31.0	22.1	Cetus	SRSS1 Void 1
14	21^h 28^m −29° 28′	87.2	21.3	Piscis Austrinus/Microscopium
15	21^h 24^m −33° 17′	116.1	27.3	Microscopium
16	21^h 43^m −18° 41′	36.5	20.3	Capricornus
17	3^h 42^m −21° 21′	32.1	19.0	Eridanus
18	4^h 18^m −8° 42′	85.9	21.1	Eridanus

1994 EEDTA Whole Sky Survey

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A 1994 census lists a total of 27 supervoids within a cube of 740 Mpc a side, centered on us (z=0.1 distant sphere).^[25]

#	Coordinates (B1950.0)	Distance (Mpc/h)	Diameter (Mpc/h) ^{[Note 1]}	Notes
1	19.0° −57.1°	134	88
2	28.2° −12.3°	207	96
3	34.8° −61.9°	216	72
4	36.6° −33.5°	241	86
5	37.8° −36.1°	129	92
6	46.0° −21.4°	236	72
7	62.0° −8.0°	248	100
8	71.2° −38.3°	201	76
9	121.7° −1.5°	96	112	Southern Local Supervoid
10	130.0° +49.3°	246	144
11	140.4° +10.5°	160	92
12	146.9° +27.4°	227	106
13	153.1° −11.4°	246	94
14	159.9° +1.2°	167	68
15	161.6° −32.2°	241	98
16	167.4° +22.8°	222	74
17	186.9° −15.6°	216	94
18	196.8° +9.5°	119	102
19	204.8° +35.7°	119	108
20	214.6° +13.6°	216	78	Boötes Void (Great Void)
21	216.7° +56.5°	143	116
22	219.8° +57.9°	246	96
23	220.2° +33.9°	219	72
24	256.1° −4.8°	61	104	Northern Local Supervoid
25	353.0° −59.4°	198	74
26	356.6° +22.2°	246	80
27	358.9° −33.1°	241	70

Galactic Anti-Center IRAS search

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In a 1995 study of IRAS data looking for large-scale structure in the Galactic Anticenter in theZone of Avoidance, four voids were discovered.^[26]

#	Coordinates (B1950.0)	Distance (km/s)	Dimensions	Notes
V0	5.2^h +18°	1000	96°×36°×2000 km/s
V1	3.5^h +18°	3750	15°×36°×3500 km/s	V1 and V2 are connected, and block thePerseus–Pisces Supercluster from traversing theZone of Avoidance.
V2	3.5^h +29°	8000	25°×14°×2000 km/s	V1 and V2 are connected, and block thePerseus–Pisces Supercluster from traversing theZone of Avoidance.
V3	8.0^h +10°	7000	30°×20°×2000 km/s	This void lies in front of theCfA2 Great Wall.

IRAS list

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Analysis of the IRAS redshift survey in 1997 revealed 24 voids, 12 of which were termed "significant"^[27]

#	Supergalactic Coordinates (r,X,Y,Z)	Diameter (h⁻¹ Mpc)	Notes
1	(55.2,−10.4,−53.8,6.1)	51.0	significant void
2	(49.6,−25.3,31.4,−28.9)	43.8	significant void
3	(46.0,−24.8,26.7,28.1)	44.5	significant void
4	(46.5,8.7,24.7,38.4)	45.0	significant void (Local Void)
5	(32.0,−13.0,−23.9,−16.9)	36.0	significant void
6	(51.5,17.0,−32.2,36.4)	41.4	significant void
7	(57.1,31.2,44.9,16.5)	43.5	significant void
8	(60.4,−25.8,−22.7,−49.7)	39.5	significant void
9	(49.8,35.9,−25.6,−23.0)	36.0	significant void
10	(63.3,−48.0,−40.9,6.0)	33.6	significant void (Sculptor Void)
11	(48.6,11.8,46.6,−6.9)	32.0	significant void
12	(49.9,−15.6,−35.7,31.3)	31.5	significant void
13	(62.8,14.2,29.3,−53.7)	40.3
14	(19.0,0.7,−16.4,9.6)	28.8
15	(37.6,32.4,−17.0,8.6)	30.4	Perseus–Pisces Void

Notes

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^This is the diameter of the largest sphere one can describe inside the void that contains no superclusters. Some voids have an elongated shape, so this diameter may underrepresent the size of some voids.

References

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^Nakanishi, Kouichiro; et al. (October 1997)."Search and Redshift Survey forIRAS Galaxies behind the Milky Way and Structure of the Local Void".The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series.112 (2):245–270.Bibcode:1997ApJS..112..245N.doi:10.1086/313039.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eEinasto, Jaan; Einasto, Maret; Gramann, Mirt (May 1989)."Structure and formation of superclusters – IX - Self-similarity of voids".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.238:155–177.Bibcode:1989MNRAS.238..155E.doi:10.1093/mnras/238.1.155.
^"The Northern Cone of Metagalaxy" (Kopylov et al. 1988)
^Kopylov, A. I.; Kopylova, F. G. (February 2002)."Search for streaming motion of galaxy clusters around the Giant Void"(PDF).Astronomy & Astrophysics.382 (2):389–396.Bibcode:2002A&A...382..389K.doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011500.Archived(PDF) from the original on 18 July 2018.
^Keenan, Ryan C.;Barger, Amy J.;Cowie, Lennox L. (20 September 2013). "Evidence for a ~300 Mpc Scale Under-density in the Local Galaxy Distribution".The Astrophysical Journal.775 (1): 62.arXiv:1304.2884.Bibcode:2013ApJ...775...62K.doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/62.S2CID 118433293.
^^a ^bSIMBAD,"list of objects in '*void' wildcard search" (accessed 15 September 2009)
^^a ^bSIMBAD,"list of objects of type 'vid'" (accessed 15 September 2009)
^^a ^bFreudling, Wolfram; Martel, Hugo;Haynes, Martha P. (20 August 1991). "The Peculiar Velocity Field in the Hercules Region".The Astrophysical Journal.377:349–364.Bibcode:1991ApJ...377..349F.doi:10.1086/170366.
^Rood, Herbert J. (September 1988)."Supplemental Topics on Voids".Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.100 (631):1071–1075.Bibcode:1988PASP..100.1071R.doi:10.1086/132272.JSTOR 40679326.
^Gregory, Stephen A. (November 1988)."VII. Redshift Surveys of Emission-Line Galaxies".Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.100 (633):1340–1342.Bibcode:1988PASP..100.1340G.doi:10.1086/132330.JSTOR 40679225.
^^a ^b ^c ^dMaurellis, A.;Fairall, Anthony P.; Matravers, David R.;Ellis, George F. R. (March 1990). "A two-dimensional sheet of galaxies between two southern voids".Astronomy & Astrophysics.229:75–79.Bibcode:1990A&A...229...75M.
^"Astronomers Find Enormous Hole in the Universe" (Press release).National Radio Astronomy Observatory. 23 August 2007.Archived from the original on 16 May 2017.
^Smith, Kendrick M.; Huterer, Dragan (8 March 2010)."No evidence for the cold spot in the NVSS radio survey".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.403 (1):2–8.arXiv:0805.2751.Bibcode:2010MNRAS.403....2S.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15732.x.
^Freudling, Wolfram (September 1989). "An Upper Limit on Streaming Motion Around the Hercules Void".Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society.21: 1140.Bibcode:1989BAAS...21.1140F.
^^a ^bKrumm, Nathan Allyn;Brosch, Noah (October 1984)."Neutral Hydrogen in Cosmic Voids".The Astronomical Journal.89 (10):1461–1463.Bibcode:1984AJ.....89.1461K.doi:10.1086/113647.
^^a ^bWillmer, Christopher N. A.; da Costa, Luiz Nicolaci; Pellegrini, Paulo S.;Fairall, Anthony Patrick; Latham, David W.; Freudling, Wolfram (January 1995)."The Hydra–Centaurus region and the nearby universe".The Astronomical Journal.109 (1669):61–72.Bibcode:1995AJ....109...61W.doi:10.1086/117256.
^Hasegawa, Takashi; et al. (August 2000)."Large-scale structure of galaxies in the Ophiuchus region".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.316 (2):326–344.Bibcode:2000MNRAS.316..326H.doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03531.x.
^Pustilnik, Simon A.; et al. (April 2006). "HS 2134+0400—a new very metal-poor galaxy, a representative of the void population?".Astronomy Letters.32 (4):228–235.arXiv:astro-ph/0508255.Bibcode:2006AstL...32..228P.doi:10.1134/S1063773706040025.S2CID 6215394.
^^a ^bEl-Ad, Hagai;Piran, Tsvi (20 December 1997)."Voids in the Large-Scale Structure".The Astrophysical Journal.491 (2):421–435.arXiv:astro-ph/9702135.Bibcode:1997ApJ...491..421E.doi:10.1086/304973.
^NASA,"Cosmic Distance Scale"
^Bahcall, Neta A.; Soneira, Raymond M. (15 November 1982)."A ~ 300 MPC Void of Rich Clusters of Galaxies?".The Astrophysical Journal.262:419–423.Bibcode:1982ApJ...262..419B.doi:10.1086/160436.
^Tully, R. Brent (1 April 1986). "Alignment of Clusters and Galaxies on Scales Up To 0.1c".The Astrophysical Journal.303:25–38.Bibcode:1986ApJ...303...25T.doi:10.1086/164049.
^Batuskivol, David J.; Burns, Jack O. (August 1985)."Finding Lists of Candidate Superclusters and Voids of Abell Clusters".The Astronomical Journal.90 (8):1413–1424.Bibcode:1985AJ.....90.1413B.doi:10.1086/113849.
^da Costa, Luiz Nicolaci; et al. (15 April 1988)."The Southern Sky Redshift Survey".The Astrophysical Journal.327:544–560.Bibcode:1988ApJ...327..544D.doi:10.1086/166215.
^Einasto, Maret;Einasto, Jaan; Tago, Erik; Dalton, Gavin B.; Andernach, Heinz (15 July 1994)."The Structure of the Universe Traced by Rich Clusters of Galaxies".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.269 (2):301–322.Bibcode:1994MNRAS.269..301E.doi:10.1093/mnras/269.2.301.
^Lu, Nanyao Y.; Freudling, Wolfram (20 August 1995)."Large-Scale Structures in the Zone of Avoidance: The Galactic Anticenter Region".The Astrophysical Journal.449:527–549.Bibcode:1995ApJ...449..527L.doi:10.1086/176077.
^El-Ad, Hagai;Piran, Tsvi; da Costa, Luiz Nicolaci (June 1997)."A catalogue of the voids in theIRAS 1.2-Jy survey"(PDF).Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.287 (4):790–798.arXiv:astro-ph/9608022.Bibcode:1997MNRAS.287..790E.doi:10.1093/mnras/287.4.790.Archived(PDF) from the original on 12 May 2020.

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