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Third-level education in Ireland includes all education after second-level, encompassinghigher education in universities and colleges andfurther education onPost Leaving Certificate (PLC) and other courses.
The degree-awarding institutions which can grant awards at all academic levels are theUniversity of Dublin,National University of Ireland (Cork,Dublin,Galway andMaynooth),University of Limerick,Dublin City University,Technological University Dublin, theRoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland,Munster Technological University,Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest,Atlantic Technological University andSouth East Technological University, as well asSt Patrick's College, Maynooth (Pontifical University).Quality and Qualifications Ireland, a State agency, can grant awards in other institutions directly, or delegate the authority to do so.[1] TheKing's Inns ofDublin has a limited role in education specialising in the preparation of candidates for the degree ofbarrister-at-law to practice as barristers.Medical schools in Ireland also have particular regulation. There were seven establishments of higher education within Ireland ranked among the top 500 universities worldwide by theTimes Higher Education Supplement in 2023.[2]
| EQF level | EHEA cycle | NFQ level | Major award types |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | Level 1 Certificate | |
| 2 | Level 2 Certificate | ||
| 2 | 3 | Level 3 Certificate Junior Certificate | |
| 3 | 4 | Level 4 Certificate Leaving Certificate | |
| 4 | 5 | Level 5 Certificate Leaving Certificate | |
| 5 | 6 | Advanced Certificate | |
| Short cycle within 1st | Higher Certificate | ||
| 6 | 1st | 7 | OrdinaryBachelor's degree |
| 8 | Honours bachelor's degree Higher diploma | ||
| 7 | 2nd | 9 | Master's degree Postgraduate diploma |
| 8 | 3rd | 10 | Doctorate degree Higher doctorate |
The Irish universities include the University of Dublin, better known by the name of its sole college,Trinity College Dublin, the four constituent universities of the National University of Ireland, two universities established in 1989, five technological universities formed by the amalgamation of Institutes of Technology and a professional medical institution. Somecolleges areconstituent colleges ofuniversities, while others are designated institutions of the State agencyQuality and Qualifications Ireland (QQI), which succeeded theHigher Education and Training Awards Council. The latter include the remainingInstitutes of technology in Ireland inDundalk andDún Laoghaire, Colleges of Education, and other independent colleges. Some colleges have "delegated authority" from QQI, this allows them to confer and validate awards in their own name.
Some institutions such as theUniversity of Limerick,Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin), andDublin City University (DCU) have completed a process of modularising their courses (others are still in a transition phase), mostly using theECTS. TheBologna process andapplied research are the current concerns of national educational policy, additional concerns include the structures of theNational University of Ireland. In 2019 TU Dublin amalgamated three institutions in the Dublin region (Dublin Institute of Technology,Institute of Technology, Blanchardstown, andInstitute of Technology, Tallaght), and in 2021Munster Technological University amalgamated two institutions in the Munster region (Cork Institute of Technology, andInstitute of Technology, Tralee), while theTechnological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest was formed by the merger ofLimerick Institute of Technology andAthlone Institute of Technology. TheAtlantic Technological University, through the merger ofGalway Mayo Institute of Technology,Institute of Technology, Sligo andLetterkenny Institute of Technology andSouth East Technological University with the merger ofInstitute of Technology, Carlow andWaterford Institute of Technology in 2022.
TheMarks & Standards document, offered by most institutions, can be consulted for information on the range and criteria set down for awards, while programme specifications offer additional information. In contrast to practice in the rest of the education system, entry tends to be highly competitive forschool leavers; the so-called "Points Race" administered by theCentral Applications Office (CAO). In 2001 the percentage of school leavers transferring to third level exceeded 50% for the first time, while as of 2005 it was in excess of 55% and expected to grow at approximately 1% per annum for the next decade.
There are over 25 third-level courses at graduate and postgraduate level offered through the Irish language.Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge is the Irish language Department of theUniversity of Galway and it has different off-campus centres throughout the Gaeltacht regions. Dublin City University has an Irish language department called Fiontar.University College Dublin (UCD), TU Dublin, andAtlantic Technological University (ATU) also offer similar courses.
All but two of the eleven universities in Ireland offer "open" (omnibus entry)Bachelor of Arts degrees through theCAO where the student can choose their specialisation after their first year of study. The two universities that do not offer "open" (omnibus entry) arts degrees, Trinity College Dublin and DCU, do still offer Bachelor of Arts degrees in specific areas of study such asDrama Studies,Journalism,Latin,History,Japanese, andInternational Relations.
In one, Trinity College Dublin, the applicants wishing to read an Arts degree may apply to the college to read a combination of two subjects, such as French and Philosophy – which the student may continue to read jointly or with focus on one. DCU's de facto omnibus entry arts degree is offered bySt. Patrick's College of Education (a college of DCU) and is titled "BA in Humanities".All Hallows College (a college of DCU) offer BA in humanities, theology pastoral care, and English.
Entry into higher education institutions is normally done through the CAO. In this way, students wishing to enter university apply to the CAO rather than the individual university. Places in courses are usually awarded based on results in the Leaving Certificate Examination or any international equivalent. Each university has a minimum entry requirement, usually requiring a pass grade in either English or Irish, as well as maths. Some also require a pass grade in a modern continental European language (French, German, Spanish or Italian). Each individual course has further entry requirements, for example, science courses usually require a certain grade in one or two sciences. The student must also achieve the number of points required for the course under the points system. However, universities also have systems in place for accepting mature students, and students who have successfully completed a Post Leaving Certificate or Further Education course.
Entry into third-level is generally very high in Ireland (as it also is inNorthern Ireland), and among young adults (those aged 25 to 34), 41.6% of them have attained third-level degrees—the second highest level in the EU after Cyprus, and substantially ahead of the average of 29.1%.[3] Broken down by gender, approximately 43% of women and 40% of men Ireland attend third level education.[4]
In recent years, Ireland has become a top study destination for higher education, attracting students not only from within the European Union, but from international destinations such as India, South East Asia and Africa. With the outcome of the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom in 2016,Ireland has grown substantially in popularity for international students[5] wanting to study higher education level degrees there. Mostly due to its high concentration of multinational companies and booming economy.
Under the "Free Fees Initiative" theGovernment pays thetuition fees of students who meet relevant course, nationality and residence requirements as set down under the initiative. These requirements include:[6][7]
Students are required to pay a "registration fee" on entry to their courses. These charges cover costs such as equipment usage, administration fees and exam fees. Charges were €1,500 per student for the 2009/10 school year.[8] These charges have been labelled as "unofficial fees", and some university heads admitted that "student registration charges are fees by any other name".[9]In 2011, after large annual increases, the registration fee was abolished and replaced with a "student contribution" that stood at €3,000. For the school year 2023/2024 students had to pay that amount plus the "student levy" of €150.[7]
The "Free Fees Initiative" only covers Bachelor's degrees, so postgraduate students pay fees regardless of their nationality. However, the amount does change depending on the country of origin, with EU fees being typically lower than those for non-EU.
Further education is vocational and technical education and training in post-compulsory education. Awards are offered by a multitude of bodies, both ad-hoc and statutory. Typical areas included are craft and tradeapprenticeships, childcare, farming, retail, and tourism. These are typical areas of the economy that do not depend on multinational investment and recognition. There are many different types of further education awards, known asPost Leaving Certificates.[10]
TheQuality and Qualifications Ireland (QQI) conferred awards in the extra-university system. Further education has expanded immensely in recent years helped by the institutions, and because of this the type and range of these awards have been formalised to restore confidence.[citation needed] There are a number of schemes enabling progression for holders of QQI awards to universities and institutes of technology. QQI awards carry points that can be used to access higher education.
Ireland has a higher proportion of third-level graduates than any other EU country. At the same time, the proportion of graduates with first-class honours has reached record levels. There is disagreement about whether this increase is due to improved methods of instructing increasingly motivated students, or simplegrade inflation. PresidentMichael D. Higgins believes that it is due to grade inflation, and has expressed concern about the continued quality and value of university degrees. Whatever the reason might be, employers increasingly examine graduates'extracurricular activities,work experiences, andsoft skills as they search for the most able applicants.[11][12][13]
These are lists of colleges and universities within Ireland; some colleges are constituent colleges of universities.
Recognised as Universities under the Universities Act, 1997 as amended:[14][15]
Technological Universities have been formed by the merger of former Institutes of Technology.
As well as "Study Abroad" programmes from US universities, a UK institution, a French business school and a number of US universities have presences in Ireland:
Historically a number of institutions, including seminaries such asSt. Patrick's, Carlow College,St. Kieran's College, Kilkenny,St. Patrick's College, Thurles, andTullabeg College, would have prepared students for examinations with theUniversity of London. In recent years a number of mainly private colleges have had programmes accredited by UK universities.[26]
The following are defunct institutions, due to closure or merger. This list does not include institutions that were renamed.
Practical, hands-on courses offer career progression and skills enhancement outside the traditional CAO system.
Grade inflation was the sign of an "ongoing slip in examination standards, emanating from pressure, sourced internally and external to the university, to report the achievement of continually higher 'outputs'".
Third-level degrees are becoming ubiquitous, with employers struggling to differentiate one first-class honours or 2.1 degree from another in their search for top talent.