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The following is alist of terrorist incidents that were not carried out by astate or its forces (seestate terrorism andstate-sponsored terrorism). Assassinations are presented inList of assassinations and unsuccessful attempts atList of people who survived assassination attempts andList of heads of state and government who survived assassination attempts.
Definitions of terrorism vary, so incidents listed here are restricted to those that arenotable and described as "terrorism" by a consensus ofreliable sources.
Scholars dispute what might be calledterrorism in earlier periods. The modern sense of terrorism emerged in the mid-19th century.[1]
| Date | Type | Dead | Injured | Location | Details | Perpetrator | Part of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1865–1877 | Murders | c. 3,000 | Several | Approximately 3,000Freedmen and theirRepublican Party allies are killed in well-organized campaigns of violence by theKu Klux Klan and other white supremacists in a campaign of terrorist violence that weakened thereconstructionist governments in theSouthern United States and helped re-establish legitimized segregation.[2][3] | Ku Klux Klan | Reconstruction Era | |
| 1878-1885 | Bombings, arson, shootings | 0 | 5 (4 heavy) | Montceau-les-Mines troubles. After the repression of a miner's strike, groups of numerousanarchist and inspired by anarchism miners organized themselves into theBlack Band(s) and carried out dozens of acts ofpropaganda of the deed in the following years, the majority between 1882 and 1885.[4] | Black Band(s) -Anti-authoritarian International (?) | propaganda of the deed | |
| 16 Jun 1881 | Bombing | 0 | 0 | Ananarchist 'French Revolutionary Committee' placed bombs in small boxes around the statue of Adolphe Thiers – a significant political figure and responsible for themassacres of the Paris Commune ten years prior. The bombs encountered technical issues. First clearpropaganda of the deed attack in France.[5] | Frenchanarchists | ||
| 1881–1885 | 0 (+3) | 98 | Fenian dynamite campaign.[citation needed] | Irish Republican Brotherhood | |||
| 23 Oct 1882 | 1 | 10+ | Assommoir bombing. First deadly anarchist attack in France.[6] | Fanny Madignier and 2 other anarchists | propaganda of the deed | ||
| 5 March 1886 | 0 | 1 | Paris Stock Exchange bombing. A French anarchist entered theParis Stock Exchange, threw a bomb that didn't explode, and began firing at traders. | Charles Gallo | |||
| 4 May 1886 | 7 (+4) | 160+ | Haymarket Affair. A peaceful rally inHaymarket,Chicago,Illinois, was disrupted when a bomb was detonated as police were dispersing the public demonstration.[citation needed] | FOTLU | propaganda of the deed orstate terrorism | ||
| 5-6 July 1887 | 0 | 0 | Berthe bombing. The store of a landlord in conflict withanarchists explodes in the middle of the night. | Paolo Chiericotti (?) -Vittorio Pini (?) -Intransigents of London and Paris (?) | propaganda of the deed | ||
| 1888-1889 | 1 | Anarchist bombing campaign of 1888-1889 targetting employment agencies at night (in order to avoid civilian casualties)[7] | Placide Schouppe (?) -Intransigents of London and Paris (?) | ||||
| 29 Feb 1892 | 0 | An anarchist in France bombs an elite residence in the Rue Saint Dominique.[8] | Anarchist in France | Ère des attentats | |||
| 7 Mar 1892 | 1 | Saint-Germain bombing.[8] Start of theÈre des attentats. | Ravachol,Cookie,Mariette,Béala | ||||
| 15 Mar 1892 | 0 | Lobau bombing.[8] | Théodule Meunier | ||||
| 27 Mar 1892 | 7 | French anarchistRavachol bombs the house of prosecutor Bulot, after the trial of the accused of theClichy Affair.[8] | Ravachol,Cookie,Mariette,Béala | ||||
| 25 Apr 1892 | 2 | 1 | French anarchists Meunier, François and Bricout bomb the caféLe Very, targetting the owner, who denounced Ravachol to the police. He is killed in the explosion.[8] | Pieds plats | |||
| 8 Nov 1892 | 5 | 0 | French anarchists Émile Henry and Adrienne Chailliey bomb a police station.[9][10] | Émile Henry,Adrienne Chailliey | |||
| 7 Nov 1893 | 20-30 | 27-35 | Catalan anarchistSantiago Salvadorbombs the Liceu theater.[11] Considered the first instance of 'indiscriminate terrorism'.[11] Founding event for modern terrorism.[11] | Santiago Salvador | propaganda of the deed | ||
| 13 Nov 1893 | Stabbing | 0 | 1 | French anarchistLéon Léauthierstabs one Rista Georgevitch simply because he 'looked bourgeois'.[11] Considered one of the first instances of 'indiscriminate terrorism'.[11] Founding event for modern terrorism.[11] | Léon Léauthier | Ère des attentats | |
| 9 Dec 1893 | Bombing | 20 | National Assembly bombing. 0 deaths and dozens of lightly injured people.[12] | Auguste Vaillant | |||
| 12 Feb 1894 | 1 | 17 | French anarchist Émile Henry bombs Café Terminus.[13][14][15] Considered one of the first instances of 'indiscriminate terrorism'.[11] | Émile Henry | |||
| 20 Feb 1894 | Bombings | 1 | Belgian anarchist Pauwels attacks the authorities in the20 February bombings.[8] | Désiré Pauwels | |||
| 15 Mar 1894 | Bombing | 0 | Belgian anarchist Pauwels attacks the Madeleine church in theMadeleine bombing.[8] He dies during the attempt.[8] | Désiré Pauwels | |||
| 4 Apr 1894 | 0 | 4+ | Either the French or the Russian states commit aprovocation by bombing a restaurant in Paris, trying to capitalize on the troubles of theÈre des attentats. | French state orOkhrana | |||
| 19 May 1894 | Stabbing | 1 | 1894 Marseille stabbing by French anarchistCélestin Nat to avenge Henry.[16][17] | Célestin Nat | |||
| 26 Aug 1896 | Hijacking | 10+ | 0 | Occupation of the Ottoman Bank byArmenian Revolutionary Federation members in protest of theHamidian massacres. A resulting anti-Armenianpogrom killed around 6,000 individuals.[18] | Armenian Revolutionary Federation |
| Date | Type | Dead | Injured | Location | Details | Perpetrator | Part of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28 April – 1 May 1903 | Bombings | 0 (+4) | Members of theBoatmen of Thessaloniki, aBulgariananarchist group, carried out a series of bombings inThessaloniki. | Boatmen of Thessaloniki | |||
| 18 May 1904 | Kidnapping | 0 | 2 kidnapped | Perdicaris affair:Ion Perdicaris andCromwell Varley werekidnapped and held for ransom bybanditMulai Ahmed er Raisuli in Morocco.[19] | Mulai Ahmed er Raisuli | ||
| 1 February 1905 | Bombing | 2 | A bomb is sent towards theRepublican Guard during an anti-Tsarist leftist protest.Jean-Pierre François, who was near the explosion, was arrested, but was freed for failure to provide proofs.[20][21] | Jean-Pierre François (?) (Freed and not convicted) | |||
| 31 May 1905 | 21 | Rohan bombing. 24 people injured when a Catalan anarchist (?) bombedAlfonso XIII of Spain.[22] | Aviño/Alexandre Farras (?) | ||||
| 21 July 1905 | 21 | 58 | Abdul Hamid II assassination attempt in Yıldız. A group composed of Armenian revolutionaries (Sophie Areshian, Martiros Margarian) andanarchists (Edward Joris,Anna Nellens) tries to bomb sultanAbdul Hamid II. | Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) / Anarchists | |||
| 31 May 1906 | 24 | Several | Morral affair. 24 people were killed when terrorist bombed the Royal Couple, Alfonso XIII of Spain andVictoria Eugenie, on their wedding day. | Mateo del Morral | |||
| 25 August 1906 | 28 | Several | 28 people were killed when three terrorists bombed a reception in an attempt to assassinatePyotr Stolypin. | Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries-Maximalists | |||
| 11–12 July 1908 | 1 | 23 | Night between 11 and 12 July:Bombing of the boatAmalthea whereBritish strikebreakers lived byAnton Nilsson One was killed and 23 wounded. | Anton Nilsson | |||
| 1 October 1910 | 21 | 105+ | Los Angeles Times bombing killed 21 people and wounded over 100 others. | John J. McNamara andJames B. McNamara | |||
| 28 June 1914 | Various | 2 | 16-22 | TheAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the Austrian throne, and his wife,Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg. As the Archduke's car approached the third assassin after the others failed to act, the bomb bounced off the Archduke's car and exploded the car behind him, injuring 16-20 people. Later, as the Archduke's car turned a wrong corner, assassinGavrilo Princip shot dead the Archduke and his wife in their car. This resulted in theJuly Crisis, andWorld War I. | Gavrilo Princip (with theBlack Hand) | Prelude toWorld War I | |
| 22 July 1916 | Bombing | 10 | 40 | Preparedness Day Bombing was a bombing in San Francisco,California, on 22 July 1916, when the city held a parade in anticipation of theUnited States' entry into World War I. During the parade, a suitcase bomb was detonated, killing ten and wounding forty. | GalleanistAnarchists (suspected) | ||
| 30 July 1916 | 7 | Hundreds | Black Tom explosion was a planned detonation of a munitions factory atBlack Tom Island in the neutral United States byImperial German Agents that killed four and injured hundreds, as well as causing millions of dollars in damages. | Imperial German Agents | World War I | ||
| 16 September 1920 | 40 | 143+ | Wall Street bombing killed 40 people and wounded over 143 others.[23] | GalleanistAnarchists (suspected) | Red Scare | ||
| 14 October 1920 | Bombings | 1 | 10 | In Trieste, nationalists threw six bombs at the editorial office of a socialist newspaper, resulting in one death and ten injuries.[24] | ItalianNationalists | ||
| 15 October 1920 | 0 | 2 | In Milan, anarchists were responsible for throwing two bombs at a hotel holding aBritish delegation attending the Milan International Conference; there were two injuries.[24] | Anarchists | |||
| 8 December 1920 | Bombing | 3 | 3 | A bomb placed by a left-wing terrorist groupblows up in theRomanian Senate, killing the Minister of Justice and two other senators. The President of the Senate and two Orthodox bishops were severely injured.[25] | Max Goldstein,Leon Lichtblau and Saul Ozias | ||
| 31 May 1921 | Riot | 39–300 | 800+ | TheTulsa race riot killed at least 39 people and injured over 800.[26] | Ku Klux Klan | ||
| 13 December 1921 | Bombing | 100 | TheBolgrad palace bombing occurred when a bomb thrown byBessarabian separatists at theBolgrad palace, killed 100 soldiers and police officers.[27] | Bessarabian separatists | Union of Bessarabia with Romania | ||
| 31 October 1923 | Shooting | 1 | |||||
| 16 April 1925 | Bombing | 150 | ~500 | St Nedelya Church assault – TheBulgarian Communist Party (BCP) blew up the church's roof during the funeral service of General Konstantin Georgiev, who had been killed in a previous Communist assault on 14 April. 150 people, mainly from the country's political and military elite, were killed in the attack and around 500 were injured.[28] | Bulgarian Communist Party |
| Date | Type | Dead | Injured | Location | Details | Perpetrator | Part of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 October 1934 | Assassination by shooting | 2 (+1) | During a state visit to France, KingAlexander I of Yugoslavia was fatally shot by theBulgarianIMRO assassinVlado Chernozemski. In the ensuing scuffle with local police, French Foreign MinisterLouis Barthou was accidentally killed by a stray bullet, while Chernozemski was beaten and later died from his injuries. | Vlado Chernozemski (on behalf ofIMRO) | |||
| 3 March 1940 | Arson | 5 | 5 | Politically motivatedarson attack targeted at the communist newspaperNorrskensflamman (Northern Flame) by various perpetrators. 5 people were killed, 2 of which were children, along with 5 others injured. | Norrbottens-Kuriren | ||
| 4 July 1940 | Bombing | 2 | 0 | Time bomb is recovered from theBritish Pavilion at the1939 New York World's Fair, twoNYPD policemen were killed.[29] | Unknown | ||
| 1940–1956 | Serial bombings | 0 | 15 | George Metesky, the "Mad Bomber", places over 30 bombs inNew York City in public places such asGrand Central Terminal andThe Paramount Theater, injuring ten during this period, in protest against the local electric utility. He also sends many threatening letters.[30] | George Metesky | ||
| 22 July 1946 | Bombing | 91 | 46 | TheKing David Hotel bombing byZionist paramilitary groupIrgun kills 91 and injures 46 non-fatally.[31] | Irgun | Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine | |
| 25 July 1947 | Airliner hijacking | 1 | 0 | Three Romanian terrorists kill an aircrew member aboard a Romanian airliner.[32] This is regarded as the first aircraft hijack resulting in a fatality.[citation needed] | Unknown | ||
| 22 February 1948 | Car bombings | 58 | 123 | Ben Yehuda Street bombings: threeBritish Army trucks led by an armoured car driven by Arab irregulars and British deserters exploded on Ben Yehuda Street killing 58 Jewish civilians and injuring 140.[33][34] | Arab insurgents and rogue British soldiers | 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine | |
| 7 May 1949 | Airliner bombing | 13 | 0 | Thirteen people are killed as a Philippine airliner explodes in flight travelling fromDaet toManila. A time bomb detonates 30 minutes after departure nearAlabat Island.[35] | Unknown | ||
| 5 August 1949 | Grenade attack | 12 | ~30 | 12 killed and dozens injured in theMenarsha synagogue attack. | Arab Redemption Suicide Phalange | 1948 Palestine war |
| Date | Type | Dead | Injured | Location | Details | Perpetrator | Part of |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17 March 1954 | Shooting | 12 | 2 | Ma'ale Akrabim massacre: an Israeli civilian passenger bus is attacked by unknown assailants at theScorpions Pass in theNegev, resulting in the deaths of eleven passengers.[36][37] | Palestinian fedayeen | Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency | |
| 16 June 1955 | Bombing | 308 | ~1200 | Bombing of Plaza de Mayo: Thirty aircraft from the Argentine Navy and Air Force bombed and strafed Plaza de Mayo. The attack targeted the adjacentCasa Rosada, the seat of government of former presidentJuan Peron.[38][39] | Anti-Peronist elements of the Argentine Armed Forces | 1955 Argentine coup d'état | |
| 16 June 1956 | 1 | 6 | TheUnited States vice consul is killed and six other consulate staff are injured when a terrorist throws 2 bombs in a restaurant inNicosia.[40] | Unknown | Cyprus Emergency | ||
| 15 August 1958 | 3 | 10 | Three people are killed in a bomb blast inBeirut. The bombing also injures ten more at a grocery store near theLebanese Parliament.[41] | Unknown | 1958 Lebanon crisis | ||
| 22 November 1962 | Riot | 2 (+5) | ? | Members of thePan Africanist Congress' military wing, theAzanian People's Liberation Army (also known as Poqo) targeted the town ofPaarl in theWestern Cape, when a crowd of over 200 people armed with axes, pangas and other home-made weapons marched from the Mbekweni township into Paarl and attacked the police station, homes and shops. Two white residents and 5 attackers were killed. Poqo directed its activities at the white population in general. It was also Poqo's avowed policy to attack and kill black people who were some way or another linked to theapartheid state.[42] | PAC (APLA) | Internal resistance to apartheid | |
| 29 August 1963 | Bank robbery | 2 | 3 | TheTacuara Nationalist Movement robbed a bank, stealing almost 100,000US dollars. 2 people died and 3 were injured. | Tacuara Nationalist Movement | ||
| 15 September 1963 | Bombing | 4 | 22 | 16th Street Baptist Church bombing – Four members of theKu Klux Klan planted at least 15 sticks ofdynamite attached to atiming device beneath the front steps of the church. The explosion killed 4 girls and wounded 22.[43] | Ku Klux Klan | Civil rights movement | |
| 1963–1970 | 8 | ? | Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) committedfrequent bombings targetingEnglish businesses and banks, as well asMcGill University. The whole bombing campaign resulted in 8 known deaths and numerous injuries. | Front de libération du Québec | Quebec sovereignty movement | ||
| 26 June 1965 | Bombings | 42 | 80 | Two simultaneous explosions took place near a restaurant in the1965 Saigon bombing during theVietnam War. The attack killed 42 people and 80 were wounded. | Viet Cong | Vietnam War | |
| 1966 | Riots and massacres | 8,000 to 30,000 | ? | The1966 anti-Igbo pogrom was a series of massacres committed againstIgbos and other people of southern Nigerian origin living in northern Nigeria starting in May 1966 and reaching a peak after 29 September 1966. Between 8,000 and 30,000 Igbos and easterners have been estimated to have been killed. A further 1 million Igbos fled the Northern Region into the East. These events led to the secession of the eastern Nigerian region and the declaration of theRepublic of Biafra, which ultimately led to theNigeria-Biafra war. | Racist mobs | 1966 Nigerian coup d'état | |
| 28–29 September 1966 | Airliner hijacking | 0 | 0 | Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 648 hijacking: a group of militant Argentine nationalists hijacked a civilianAerolineas Argentinas aircraft while flying overPuerto Santa Cruz and forced the captain at gunpoint to land in theFalkland Islands, where they took several civilians hostage. The crisis was resolved 36 hours later when the hijackers agreed to release their hostages and return to Argentina for trial.[44] | Argentine nationalist militants | Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute | |
| 12 October 1967 | Airliner bombing | 66 | 0 | A bomb explodes on boardCyprus Airways Flight 284 nearRhodes killing all 66 people on the aircraft.[45] | Unknown | ||
| 4 September 1968 | Bombings | 1 | 51 | Three bombs are detonated inTel Aviv, killing one person and injuring 51 people.[46] | Palestine Liberation Organization | Israeli–Palestinian conflict | |
| 21–25 February 1969 | 2 | 20 | 1969 Jerusalem bombings: Three separate bombings inJerusalem, one in a supermarket and two in theBritish Consulate. In the supermarket bombing two Israelis were killed, and in all attacks 20 were injured. One of the bombers involved wasRasmea Odeh.[47][48] | PLO (PFLP) | |||
| 5 August 1969 | Bombing | 0 | 0 | A bomb was detonated inDublin at the main studio of the state broadcaster,RTÉ. TheUlster Volunteer Force was responsible. No one was injured.[49] | Ulster Volunteer Force | The Troubles | |
| 19 October 1969 | Attempted bombing | 0 (+1) | AUPV bomber attacked a power station inBallyshannon,County Donegal. The bomb exploded prematurely as it was being planted, resulting in no casualties other than the attacker. TheUVF issued a statement saying the attempted attack was a protest against theIrish Army units "still massed on the border in County Donegal". The statement added: "so long as the threats from Éire continue, so long will the volunteers of Ulster's people's army strike at targets in Southern Ireland". | Ulster Protestant Volunteers | |||
| 31 October 1969 | Bombing | 0 | TheUlster Volunteer Force bombed a monument inBodenstown,Dublin, dedicated to theIrish Republican heroWolfe Tone. There were no injuries.[50] | Ulster Volunteer Force | |||
| 12 December 1969 | Bombings | 17 | 104 | Piazza Fontana bombing inMilan kills at least 17 people and injures at least 88. Three additional blasts occur inRome, injuring 16 people.[51] | Ordine Nuovo | Years of Lead | |
| 26 December 1969 | Bombing | 0 | 0 | TheUlster Volunteer Force bombed theO'Connell Monument inDublin. There were no injuries but buildings were damaged in a half mile radius.[50] | Ulster Volunteer Force | The Troubles | |
| 28 December 1969 | TheUlster Volunteer Force detonated a bomb outside theGarda central detective bureau inDublin. The nearby telephone exchange headquarters is suspected to have been the target. |


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