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List of star extremes

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Astar is a massive luminous spheroidastronomical object made ofplasma that is held together by its owngravity. Stars exhibit great diversity in their properties (such asmass,volume,velocity, stage instellar evolution, anddistance fromEarth) and some of the outliers are so disproportionate in comparison with the general population that they are considered extreme. This is a list of such stars.

Records that are regarded as authoritative and unlikely to change at any given point are recorded on a white background, while those that could change with new information and/or discoveries are recorded on a grey background.

Age and distance

[edit]
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Nearest starSun3rd century BC1AUOur local star's distance was first determined in the 3rd century BC byAristarchus of Samos. Reported for reference
Second-nearest starProxima Centauri19151.30pcAlso calledAlpha Centauri C, it is the outlying star in atrinary star system that includesAlpha Centauri A (Rigil Kentaurus) andAlpha Centauri B (Toliman). This is currently the nearest known neighbouring star to our own Sun. This star was discovered in 1915, and its parallax was determined at the time, when enough observations were established.[NB 1][1][2]List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs
Most distant individually seen starWHL0137-LS (Earendel)2022z= 6.2 ± 0.1

12.9Gly

Most likely astar cluster.[3][4][5]List of most distant stars
Most distant starStars inMoM-z142025z= 14.44

13.53Gly (light travel distance)

[6]List of the most distant astronomical objects
Most distant star gravitationally bound to Milky Way galaxyULAS J0015+012014900,000 light-yearsLocated in the Milky Way's extremeouter halo, far beyond thegalactic disc.[7]
Oldest star2MASS J18082002−5104378201813.53 billion years[8][9]List of oldest stars
YoungestStars are being formed constantly in the universe so it is impossible to tell which star is the youngest. For information on the properties of newly formed stars, seeProtostar,Young stellar object andStar formation.
Nearest stars by type
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Nearest extrasolar starProxima Centauri

(Alpha Centauri C)

19151.30 parsecs (4.2 ly)Before Proxima, the title had been held by Alpha Centauri A & B.[NB 1][NB 2][10][11]
Nearestred dwarfBefore Proxima, the title had been held byBarnard's Star.
Nearestdegenerate starSirius B18528.6 light-years (2.6 pc)This is also thenearest white dwarf.[NB 3]
NearestsubdwarfKapteyn's Star189812.83 light-years (3.93 pc)Kapteyn's star is either a sdM1subdwarf[12] or a M1.5Vmain-sequence star.[13][14]WISEA 1810−1010 is the nearest undisputed subdwarf, at 29.03 light-years (8.90 pc).[15][16]
NearestsubgiantProcyon11.5 light-years (3.5 pc)All stars closer to the Sun are main sequence, degenerate stars or brown dwarfs.
Nearest giant starPollux33.8 light-years (10.4 pc)List of nearest giant stars
NearestsupergiantEpsilon Leonis247 light-years (76 pc)While being agiant star based on spectrum, in evolutionary terms the star is a supergiant.[17]List of nearest supergiants
Nearesthypergiantμ Cephei(Garnet Star)3,060 light-years (940 pc)[18]
Nearestcarbon starCW Leonis310 light-years (95 pc)
NearestM-type starProxima Centauri19151.30 parsecs (4.2 ly)List of nearest M-type stars
NearestK-type starAlpha Centauri B1.33 parsecs (4.3 ly)List of nearest K-type stars
Nearest G-type starSun1 AUList of nearest G-type stars
NearestF-type starProcyon11.46 light-years (3.51 pc)[19]List of nearest F-type stars
NearestA-type starSirius8.6 light-years (2.6 pc)List of nearest A-type stars
NearestB-type starRegulus79.3 light-years (24.3 pc)[20]List of nearest B-type stars
NearestO-type starZeta Ophiuchi420 light-years (130 pc)[21]List of nearest O-type stars
NearestWolf–Rayet starGamma Velorum1,080 light-years (330 pc)
Nearestneutron starRX J1856.35-37542000400 light-years (120 pc)[22][23][24]
Nearestwhite dwarfSirius B18528.6 light-years (2.6 pc)Sirius B is also the second white dwarf discovered, after40 Eridani B.[10][25][26]
Nearestbrown dwarfLuhman 1620136.5 light-years (2.0 pc)This is a pair of brown dwarfs in a binary system, with no other stars.[27]
Nearestluminous blue variableP Cygni5,251 light-years (1,610 pc)[28]

Brightness and power

[edit]
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Brightest star from theEarth:Apparent magnitudeSunprehistoricm=−26.74 Reported for reference
[NB 4][NB 5]
Brightest star other than the SunSirius
(Alpha Canis Majoris)		prehistoricm= −1.46[NB 4][NB 5][NB 6]List of brightest stars
Dimmest star from the EarthUDF 2457m= 25[NB 4][NB 5]
Brightest star in a transient eventProgenitor ofSN 10061006m= −7.5This was asupernova, and itsremnant (SNR) is catalogued asPKS 1459-41.[NB 1][NB 4][NB 5][29]
Most luminous starLGGS J004246.86+413336.42022L= 19,953,000 LSun[30]List of most luminous stars
Least luminous star2MASS J0523−14032013L=0.000126LSun[NB 2][NB 7][31]
Most luminous star in a transient eventProgenitor ofGRB 080916C2008V=−40The star exploded in agamma-ray burst with the total energy equal to 9,000 supernovae.[NB 8]List of gamma-ray bursts
Most energetic starR136a12010B=-12.5[NB 7][32]List of most luminous stars
Most energetic star in a transient eventProgenitor ofGRB 080916C2008[NB 7]
Hottest starWR 102T= 200,000 K (200,000 °C; 360,000 °F)[33]List of hottest stars
Coolest starS CassiopeiaeT= 1,800 K (1,530 °C; 2,780 °F)[34]List of coolest stars
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Hottest white dwarfRX J0439.8-68092015250,000 K (450,000 °F)[35][36][37]
Hottest neutron starPSR B0943+103,100,000 K (5,580,000 °F)Blackbody temperature of a small emitting area at the poles[38]
Hottest brown dwarfZTF J1406+1222 B202210,462 K (10,189 °C; 18,372 °F)[39]
Coolest neutron star
Coolest white dwarfPSR J2222−0137 B2014<3,000 K (2,730 °C; 4,940 °F)[37][40]
Coolest brown dwarfWISE 0855−07142014285 K (12 °C; 53 °F)[41][42]

Size and mass

[edit]
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Largestapparent size starSunprehistoric
(3rd century BC)		31.6′ – 32.7′The apparent size of the Sun was first measured byEratosthenes in the 3rd century BC,[43] who was the second person to measure the distance to the Sun. However,Thales of Miletus provided a measurement for the real size of the Sun in the 6th century BC, as1⁄720 the great circle of the Sun (the orbit of the Earth).[44] Reported for reference
[NB 5]
Largest extrasolar apparent size starR Doradus19970.057"This replacedBetelgeuse as the largest, Betelgeuse having been the first star other than the Sun to have its apparent size measured.[NB 1][NB 5][45]
Smallest apparent size starMost distant stars to Earth[NB 5]
Largest star
RSGC1-F01
HV 888
VY Canis Majoris
AH Scorpii
VX Sagittarii		2024

Respective radii:
1,530 ± 370[46]R☉
1,477[47]—1,584[48]R☉
1,420±120[49]R☉
1,411±124[50]R☉
1,360[51]—1,480[52]R☉

Five stars technically tied, within the error bars.

WOH G64 was the previous candidate[53] but was later found to be a smaller yellow hypergiant.[54]

[55][56]List of largest known stars
Smallest starSGR J1935+21542024radius =4.35+1.95
−1.35 km[57](6.25×10−6R☉)		[58]List of smallest stars
Smallest main-sequence starEBLM J0555-57Ab20170.0844+0.0131
−0.0060 R☉		[NB 2][59][60][61][62]
Most massive starBAT99-98 orR136a12022, 2014226 M☉,196+34
−27 M☉		This exceeds the predicted limit of 150 M☉, previously believed to be the limit of stellar mass, according to the leading star formation theories.R136a1 considered the most massive known by the scientific community.[63][NB 9][63][64]List of most massive stars
Least massive starDENIS J1048−39560.075 M☉[NB 2][65]List of least massive stars
Most massive stars by type
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Most massive brown dwarfLup 6072021105MJupiterThis is at the limit between brown dwarfs and red dwarfs.[66][67][68]
Most massive degenerate starThe most massive type of degenerate star is the neutron star. SeeMost massive neutron star for this recordholder.[NB 3]
Most massive neutron starPSR J0740+662020192.14 M☉Several candidates exist which have a higher mass; however, their mass has been measured by less precise methods and as such their mass value is regarded as less certain.[69]List of most massive neutron stars
Most massive neutron star (disputed)PSR J1748-2021B20152.548 M☉[70]
Most massive white dwarfRE J0317-853/ZTF J1901+14581998/20201.35 MSun[71][72]
Least massive stars by type
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Least massive starDENIS J1048−39560.075 M☉[65]List of brown dwarfs
Least massive neutron starHESS J1731-34720220.77 M☉[73][74]
Least massive white dwarfNLTT 1174820210.13–0.16 M☉[37]
Least massive brown dwarf(unnamed)20233 – 4 MJLocated in the star clusterIC 348[75][76]Sub-brown dwarf

Motion

[edit]
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Highestproper motionBarnard's Star10.3 "/yrThis is also the fourth closest star to the Solar System.[77][78]
Lowestproper motionN/AN/A~0 "/yrBillions of stars on the other end of the galaxy
Highestradial velocity
Lowestradial velocityEY Aquarii2013-870 km/sMira variable[NB 10][79]
Highestpeculiar motion
Lowestpeculiar motion
Highestrotational speed of a normal starVFTS 1022013600 km/s[NB 2][80]
Lowestrotational speed
Fastest velocity of a starS5-HVS120191,755 km/s[81][82][83][84]

Star systems

[edit]
TitleObjectDateDataCommentsNotesRefsSee more
Least stars in a star systemThere are many single star systems.
Most stars in astar system

QZ Carinae

Nonuple star system[85]System contains at least nine stars.[85][NB 11][85]
Stars in the closest orbit around one anotherThere are many stars that are incontact binary systems (where two or more stars are in physical contact with each other).
Stars in the most distant orbit around one anotherRegulus/SDSS J1007+19302024~3.9 parsecs (13 ly)[86]
Nearestmultiple star systemAlpha Centauri18391.30 parsecs (4.2 ly)This was one of the first three stars to have its distance measured.[87][88][10][89]
Nearest solitary starBarnard's Star19161.83 parsecs (6.0 ly)
Nearest binary star systemLuhman 1620131.998 parsecs (6.52 ly)Brown dwarf binary system. The nearest non-brown dwarf binary isSirius, and the nearest composed entirely of main-sequence stars isLuyten 726-8.
Nearest trinary star systemAlpha Centauri18391.38 parsecs (4.5 ly)Also nearest multiple star system, and nearest star system of any type
Nearest quaternary star systemGliese 5705.88 parsecs (19.2 ly)K4 star orbited by a pair of M stars, all orbited by a T7 brown dwarf
Nearest quintenary star systemV1054 Ophiuchi6.46 parsecs (21.1 ly)M3 star orbited by a pair of pair of M4 stars, together orbited by an M3.5 star, all orbited by an M7 star
Nearest sextenary star systemCastor171815.6 parsecs (51 ly)A1 star orbited by a red dwarf, both orbited by another A star orbited by a red dwarf, all orbited by two red dwarfs orbiting each other
Nearest septenary star systemNu Scorpii150 parsecs (490 ly)A B3V star orbited by an unknown-type star, both orbited by another unknown star, together orbited by another unknown star, all orbited by a B9III star orbiting a pair of stars which are a B9III and unknown star

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdOther than theSun
  2. ^abcdeA normal star is a star that is past itsprotostar period, in its main fusion period, before becoming adegenerate star,black hole, orpost-stellar nebula, and is not a failed star (brown dwarf).
  3. ^abNot includingstellar-mass black holes orexotic stars
  4. ^abcdByvisual magnitude (m)
  5. ^abcdefgThis is the appearance in the sky from Earth.
  6. ^This does not include brightest stars due to outbursts
  7. ^abcEnergetic here is the total electromagnetic energy emitted by a star in all wavelengths.
  8. ^Luminosity here represents how bright a star is if all stars were equally far away, invisible light.
  9. ^Not includingstellar black holes
  10. ^Stars with particularly high radial velocities are usually erroneously recorded, so all large values should be taken with a grain of salt.
  11. ^The allowable distance between components of a star system is debated.

References

[edit]
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