Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

List of sovereign states by date of formation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This articlepossibly containsoriginal research. Pleaseimprove it byverifying the claims made and addinginline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.(July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This is adynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byediting the page to add missing items, with references toreliable sources.
Countries by date of national constitution[citation needed]
  Pre-1940
  1940–1949
  1950–1959
  1960–1969
  1970–1979
  1980–1989
  1990–1999
  2000–2009
  2010–present

Below is a list ofsovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent.

This list includes the195 states which are currently member states of theUnited Nations ornon-member observer states with theUnited Nations General Assembly. This does not includeextinct states, but does include severalstates with limited recognition.[note 1]

Forproposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation, seelist of active autonomist and secessionist movements.

Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact thatEngland andFrance were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact thatEngland is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty toGreat Britain in 1707), whileFrance is a republic founded in 1870 (though the termFrance generally refers to the currentFrench Fifth Republic government, formed in 1958).

Around 60 countries gained independence from theUnited Kingdom throughout its history, the most in the world, followed by around 40 countries that gained independence fromFrance throughout its history.[1] Over 50% of the world's borders today were drawn as a result of British and French imperialism.[2][3][4] Many countries have gained independence from other Western European empires, including 23 fromSpain, 7 fromPortugal, 4 from theNetherlands, 3 fromBelgium, and 2 fromItaly.[5][6]

An unambiguous measure is thedate of national constitutions; but as constitutions are an almost entirelymodern concept, all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern (the oldest extant constitution being that ofSan Marino, dating to 1600).

Independence dates for widely recognized states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution, since prior to the founding of theLeague of Nations, there was no international body to recognize nationhood, and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition ofde facto sovereigns (the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by theUnited Nations after theSecond World War). SeeDisputed territories.

Many countries have some remote (or fantastically remote) symbolic foundation date as part of theirnational mythology, sometimesartificially inflating a country's "age" for reasons ofnationalism, sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formalizingnational identity. Such dates do not reflect the formation of astate (an independent political entity).[citation needed]

The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of formation events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history, please see the main article for that country.

Africa

[edit]
CountryDate of current form of governmentBirth of current form of governmentDate of acquisition of sovereigntyAcquisition of sovereigntyDate of territorial modificationMost recent significant territorial modification
Algeria19 September 1958Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic proclaimed5 July 1962Algeria reclaims sovereignty over the entire Algerian territory upon independence from France
Angola197511 November 1975Independence from Portugal
Benin1 March 19601 August 1960Independence from France15 January 1894Borders of French Protectorate of Dahomey set at conclusion ofSecond Franco-Dahomean War
Botswana30 September 196630 September 1966Independence from the United Kingdom31 December 1999Sedudu ruled to belong to Botswana rather than Namibia by theInternational Court of Justice.
Burkina Faso30 September 2022Coup d'état5 August 1960Independence from France
Burundi28 November 1966Monarchy replaced by republic1 July 1962Independence from Belgium
Cape Verde5 July 19755 July 1975Independence from Portugal
Cameroon20 May 19721 January 1960Independence from France1 October 1961Merger of part ofBritish Cameroons with Cameroon
Central African Republic21 September 1979Monarchy replaced by republic13 August 1960Independence from France
Chad10 October 2022National Transitional Council established11 August 1960Independence from France3 February 1997Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad
Comoros6 July 1975Independence from France declared
Democratic Republic of Congo17 May 199730 June 1960Independence from Belgium
Republic of Congo15 August 1960Independence from France
Djibouti27 June 1977Independence from France
Egypt18 June 1953Egyptian revolution of 1952, Egyptian monarchy overthrown in a military coup, republic declared28 February 1922The UK ends its protectorate,granting independence to Egypt1925The eastern borders of Libya andBritish Egypt are changed to their present boundaries.
Equatorial Guinea12 October 1968Independence from Spain
Eritrea27 April 1993Independence fromEthiopiadeclared1 April 2002Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after theEritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia
Eswatini8 February 2006Constitution of Eswatini6 September 1968Independence from the United Kingdom
Ethiopia21 August 19951995 Constitution of Ethiopia900Zagwe dynasty1 April 2002Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after theEritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia
Gabon17 August 1960Independence from France
Gambia18 February 1965Independence from the United Kingdom
Ghana6 March 1957Independence from the United Kingdom13 December 1956Union ofBritish Togoland withGold Coast
Guinea declaration2 October 1958Independence from France
Guinea-Bissau24 September 1973Independence from Portugal declared
10 September 1974Independence from Portugal recognized
Ivory Coast4 December 1958Autonomous republic withinFrench Community
7 August 1960Independence from France
Kenya12 December 1963Independence from the United Kingdom
Lesotho4 October 1966Independence from the United Kingdom12 March 1868Area that is now Lesotho placed under British rule
Liberia26 July 1847Independence fromAmerican Colonization Society6 January 1986Current constitution came into effect
Libya4 August 2014House of Representatives takes power.[note 2]24 December 1951Independence fromUN Trusteeship (British and French administration after Italian governance ends in 1947)13 February 1984Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad.
Madagascar14 October 1958TheMalagasy Republic was created as autonomous state withinFrench Community
26 June 1960France recognizes Madagascar's independence
Malawi6 July 1964Independence from the United Kingdom
Mali25 November 1958French Sudan gains autonomy8 April 1960Senegal secedes fromMali Federation
22 September 1960Independence from France
Mauritania28 November 1960Independence from France11 August 1979Mauritania withdraws fromTiris al-Gharbiyya (part ofWestern Sahara)
Mauritius12 March 1968Independence from the United Kingdom1965Separation ofChagos Archipelago
Morocco18 November 1955Protectorate Abolished788 ADEnthronement ofIdris I inVolubilis6 November 1975Green March
Mozambique27 October 1994Mozambique holds its first multiparty election since theCivil War25 June 1975Independence from Portugal
Namibia21 March 1990Independence from South African rule1 March 1994Walvis Bay integrated into Namibia
Niger26 July 2023Coup d'état,National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland established4 December 1958Autonomy withinFrench Community
3 August 1960
Nigeria1 October 1960Independence from the United Kingdom15 January 1970Biafra re-integrated into Nigeria
1 June 1961Northern Cameroons integrated in Nigeria
Rwanda1 July 1962Independence from Belgium
São Tomé and Príncipe12 July 1975Independence from Portugal
Senegal20 August 1960Independence from France
Seychelles29 June 1976Independence from the United Kingdom
Sierra Leone27 April 1961Independence from the United Kingdom
Somalia20 August 2012Federal Government of Somalia established.[note 3]1 July 1960Union ofTrust Territory of Somalia (formerItalian Somaliland) andState of Somaliland (formerlyBritish Somaliland)18 May 1991 (disputed)Somaliland declares independence, but is not recognized by any UN state.
South Africa31 May 1961Republic declared11 December 1931Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominion of theUnion of South Africa and the UK21 March 1990De facto:South West Africa declares independence, formingNamibia
4 February 1997The post-ApartheidConstitution of South Africa comes into effect31 May 1910Creation of the autonomousUnion of South Africa from the previously separate colonies of theCape,Natal,Transvaal andOrange River27 April 1994De jure: Reincorporation of the nominally independent but unrecognisedbantustans into post-apartheid South Africa
South Sudan9 July 20112011 South Sudanese independence referendum9 July 2011Separation ofSouthern Sudan fromSudan
Sudan15 April 2010First democratic election since theSecond Sudanese Civil War1 January 1956Independence fromEgyptian and Britishjoint rule9 July 2011South Sudan secedes from Sudan
Tanzania1 July 1991Amendment toConstitution of Tanzania ends status asone-party state9 December 1961Independence ofTanganyika from the United Kingdom26 April 1964Merger ofZanzibar withTanganyika to form Tanzania
Togo30 August 1958Autonomy withinFrench Union
27 April 1960Independence from France
Tunisia25 July 20222022 Constitution of Tunisia20 March 1956Independence from France
Uganda1 March 1962Self-government granted
9 October 1962Independence from the United Kingdom
Zambia24 October 1964Independence from the United Kingdom
Zimbabwe22 December 1987Robert Mugabe revises theConstitution of Zimbabwe to create anexecutive presidency.[note 4]11 November 1965Unilateral declaration of independence bySouthern Rhodesia1901BSAC separatesNorth-Eastern Rhodesia from Southern Rhodesia
18 April 1980Recognized independence from the United Kingdom as Zimbabwe

Americas

[edit]
CountryDate of current form of governmentBirth of current form of governmentDate of acquisition of sovereigntyAcquisition of sovereigntyDate of territorial modificationMost recent significant territorial modifi­cation
Antigua and Barbuda1 November 1981Independence from the United Kingdom
Argentina10 December 1983The currentConstitution of Argentina enters in force25 May 1810May Revolution installs first local government18 October 1884Conquest of the Desert
9 July 1816Argentine Declaration of Independence from Spain.
Bahamas7 January 1964Internal self-governance granted
10 July 1973Independence from the United Kingdom
Barbados30 November 1966Independence from the United Kingdom
Belize1 January 1964Self-governing colony1859Treaty establishes border betweenBritish Honduras andGuatemala
21 September 1981Independence from the United Kingdom
Bolivia25 January 2009Constitution of Bolivia6 August 1825Bolivian War of Independence from Spain.11 November 1903Treaty of Petrópolis with Brazil whereby Bolivia gained lands inMato Grosso in exchange for the territory ofAcre
21 July 1844Independence recognized bySpain
Brazil5 October 1988Constitution of Brazil established as the third Federative Republic7 September 1822Independence from theUnited Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves declared11 November 1903Signing of theTreaty of Petrópolis withBolivia whereby Brazil was given the territory ofAcre in exchange for lands inMato Grosso
29 August 1825Independence recognized byPortugal
15 November 1889Proclamation of the Federal Republic
Canada1 July 1867Granted nominal independence (Dominion status), establishing as a federation11 December 1931Statute of Westminster1 April 1999Nunavut Territory created as per nativeland claims act from two thirds of the area ofNorthwest Territories.
17 April 1982Constitution Act, 1982 established
Chile17 August 1989Amendment to theConstitution of Chile ends themilitary dictatorship18 September 1810First Government Junta3 July 1929Chile awardedArica district inTreaty of Lima
12 February 1818Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain
25 April 1844Independence recognized bySpain
Colombia4 July 1991Colombian Constitution of 1991 established as a presidential republic.20 July 1810Colombia declares independence from Spain.4 July 1991The Sovereign territory was organized under the National Constituent Assembly.
17 December 1819Colombia merged with Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador.
19 November 1831Gran Colombia dissolved creating a pact with Panama as theRepublic of New Granada.
22 May 1858TheRepublic of New Granada was replaced to theGranadine Confederation under the 1858 constitution.
8 May 1863TheGranadine Confederation was replaced to theUnited States of Colombia under the constitutional change of 1864.
30 January 1881Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
8 August 1886Establishment of the current sovereignty of Colombia as a republic.
Costa Rica7 November 1949Constitution of Costa Rica15 September 1821Costa Rica declared independence from Spain2 February 2018TheInternational Court of Justice awards the beach of Isla Portillos between the mouth of the San Juan river and Laguna Los Portillos to Costa Rica, leaving just the Laguna Los Portillos and its short strip of beach to Nicaragua, ending their long-standingSan Juan River border dispute.[7][8]
15 November 1838Independence fromFederal Republic of Central America
10 May 1850Independence recognized bySpain
Cuba1 January 1959Cuban Revolution10 October 1898Several wars were declared against Spain from 1868 to 1898, ending with the military support of USA to the Cuban Revolution.
10 December 1898Spain loses the war against the United States and the military occupation of Cuba by the U.S. begins.
20 May 1902United States military occupation ends[9]
Dominica3 November 1978Constitution of Dominica27 February 1967Became anassociated state of the United Kingdom
3 November 1978Independence from the United Kingdom
Dominican Republic28 November 1966Civilianconstitution of the Dominican Republic following theDominican Civil War.[note 5]27 February 1844TheDominican Republic gains independence from Haiti9 May 1936Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border.
14 October 1874Independence recognized bySpain
Ecuador28 September 2008Constitution of Ecuador established.10 August 1809First declaration of Independence from Spain26 February 1946Rio Protocol ends border dispute withPeru
24 May 1822Second declaration of independence from Spain ofGran Colombia, of which Ecuador is a part of
13 May 1830Dissolution ofGran Colombia
16 February 1840Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
El Salvador16 December 1983Constitution of El Salvador established as the third Unitary presidential republic15 September 1821El Salvador becomes independent from Spain, and 4 months laterbecomes province inFirst Mexican Empire
1 July 1823El Salvador becomes a state ofFederal Republic of Central America from theFirst Mexican Empire
2 February 1841Dissolution of theFederal Republic of Central America, El Salvador becomes independent nation
18 February 1841El Salvador was internationally recognized.
24 June 1865Independence recognized bySpain
Grenada30 September 1978Paul Scoon Takes power after the US Invasion Which Ousted the PRG27 February 1967Associated state of the United Kingdom
7 February 1974Full independence from the United Kingdom
Guatemala31 May 1985Constitution of Guatemala established15 September 1821Guatemala becomes state inFederal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain
17 April 1839Independence fromFederal Republic of Central America declared
29 May 1863Independence recognized bySpain
Guyana26 May 1966Independence from the United Kingdom
Haiti20 June 2012Constitution of 1987 (superseded)1 January 1804The FrenchcolonySaint-Domingue gains independence as Haiti27 February 1844TheDominican Republic gains independence from Haiti
9 May 1936Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border.
Honduras11 January 1982Constitution of Honduras15 September 1821Honduras becomes state inFederal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain1 September 1972Swan Islands returned to Honduras from United States occupation
26 October 1838Independence fromFederal Republic of Central America
17 November 1894Independence from Spain recognized
Jamaica6 August 1962Independence from the United Kingdom
Mexico7 February 1917Constitution of Mexico16 September 1810Independence from Spain declared30 December 1853Gadsden Purchase
27 September 1821Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
28 December 1836Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
Nicaragua9 January 1987Constitution of Nicaragua established15 September 1821Nicaragua becomes state inFederal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain2 February 2018TheInternational Court of Justice awards the beach of Isla Portillos between the mouth of the San Juan river and Laguna Los Portillos to Costa Rica, leaving just the Laguna Los Portillos and its short strip of beach to Nicaragua, ending their long-standingSan Juan River border dispute.[7][8]
5 November 1838Independence fromFederal Republic of Central America
24 July 1850Independence recognized bySpain
Panama11 October 1972Constitution of Panama established3 November 1903Independence fromColombia31 December 1999Sovereignty ofPanama Canal Zone transferred to Panama from the United States
10 May 1904Independence from Spain recognized
Paraguay20 June 1992DemocraticConstitution of Paraguay14 May 1811Independence from Spain declared1938Paraguay awarded a large portion of theGran Chaco as a result of theChaco War
10 September 1880Independence from Spain recognized
Peru31 December 1993Constitution of Peru established28 July 1821Independence from Spain declared26 February 1942Rio Protocol ends border dispute withEcuador
14 August 1879Independence from Spain recognized
Saint Kitts and Nevis27 February 1967Associated state of the United Kingdom19 December 1980Anguilla separated fromSaint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
19 September 1983Independence from the United Kingdom
Saint Lucia27 February 1967Associated statehood
22 February 1979Independence from the United Kingdom
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines27 October 1969Associated statehood
27 October 1979Independence from the United Kingdom
Suriname15 December 1954Self-government granted
25 November 1975Independence from Netherlands
Trinidad and Tobago31 August 1962Independence from the United Kingdom
United States4 March 1789United States Constitution enters into force, replacing the previousArticles of Confederation and creating a new system of government4 July 1776Declaration of Independence fromGreat Britain is adopted by theContinental Congress21 August 1959United States Territory:
Territory of Hawaii joins the United States as theState of Hawaii
3 September 1783Independence fromGreat Britainrecognized7 September 1981Insular area:
The United States cedesSerrana Bank andRoncador Bank to theRepublic of Colombia as a result of a treaty signed in 1972
Uruguay8 December 19961996 Uruguayan constitutional referendum25 August 1825Independence fromEmpire of Brazil declared, joined in union withUnited Provinces of the Río de la Plata (currentArgentina).1861Brazil-Uruguay border treaty
27 August 1828Treaty of Montevideo signed, recognizing Uruguay's independence by Brazil
19 July 1870Independence recognized bySpain
Venezuela20 December 1999NewConstitution of Venezuela establishes theBolivarian Fifth Republic19 April 1810[10]Independence from Spaindeclared3 October 1899Tribunal of Arbitration awards most ofdisputed territory toBritish Guyana.
13 January 1830Dissolution ofGran Colombia
30 March 1845Independence recognized bySpain

Asia

[edit]
CountryDate of current form of governmentBirth of current form of governmentDate of acquisition of sovereigntyAcquisition of sovereigntyDate of territorial modificationMost recent significant territorial modification
Afghanistan15 August 2021Fall of Kabul reestablished theIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan.1747Durrani Empire12 November 1893Durand Line Agreement
Armenia21 September 19912015 Armenian constitutional referendum creates aparliamentary republic189 BCKingdom of Armenia under Artaxiad dynasty[11]5 December 1936Establishment of theArmenian SSR
880Evolving as a feudal kingdom in the ninth century, Armenia experienced a brief cultural, political and economic renewal under the Bagratuni dynasty.
28 May 1918Proclamation of theFirst Republic of Armenia by theArmenian National Congress and theArmenian Revolutionary Federation
21 September 1991Independence recognized by the Soviet Union
Bahrain14 February 20022002 Constitution of Bahrain15 August 1971End of treaties with theUnited Kingdom1 July 1521Portuguese conquest of current territory
Bangladesh4 November 1972De jure:Constitution of Bangladesh26 March 1971Independence from Pakistan declared31 July 2015India and Bangladesh exchange enclaves
February 27, 1991De facto:First general election since restoration ofparliamentary democracy.
Bhutan24 March 2008First elections to the National Assembly1885Ugyen Wangchuck ends period of civil war and unites Bhutan11 November 1865Treaty of Sinchula
Brunei29 September 1959De jure:Constitution of Brunei1 January 1984Brunei regains its independence after an agreement with the British on 4 January 197918 August 1841Kingdom of Sarawak founded
12 December 1962De facto:Martial law declared during theBrunei Revolt, suspending democratic elections indefinitely.
Cambodia21 September 1993Constitution of Cambodia802Khmer Empire[12]
9 November 1953France grants Cambodia independence
26 September 1989Becomes free fromVietnamese occupation; it gets back its name instead of thePeople's Republic of Kampuchea
Republic of China (Taiwan)[Asia 1]1 January 1912A republic was formally established following theXinhai Revolution,August 15, 1945End ofJapanese rule of Taiwan20 January 1955Loss ofYijiangshan Islands, resulting in the currentfree area of the Republic of China
25 December 1947The Republic of China adopted itsconstitution during theNational Assembly on 25 December 1947, withfurther revisions and amendments since 1991April 28, 1952Treaty of San Francisco came into force
People's Republic of China1 October 1949Proclamation of the People's Republic of China inBeijing2070 BCTheXia dynasty is canonically the first Chinese state in traditional Chinese histography6 October 2011Tajikistan ceded 1158 square kilometers of land to China
4 December 1982The People's Republic of China adopted itsconstitution during the5th National People's Congress on 4 December 1982, withfurther revisions about every five years1600 BCTheShang dynasty is the earliest dynasty with known archaeological evidence
India26 January 1950De jure:Constitution of India15 August 1947Independence from theBritish Empire31 July 2015India and Bangladesh exchange exclaves
321 BCEmperorChandragupta Maurya with his mentor and teacherChanakya unifies India
Iran11 February 1979Iranian Revolution ended the monarchy and establishes the Islamic Republic on 11 February 19792600 BCFounded by theElamite10 February 1828Signing of theTreaty of Turkmenchay, whereby the territories that now constituteArmenia,Azerbaijan (the remaining part which hadn't been lost by theTreaty of Gulistan (1813)), andIğdır are ceded toRussia
14 August 1971Bahrain's independence from Iran
30 November 1971Recapture of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs
3 December 1979the new constitution was approved according to the results of theconstitutional referendum of 2 and 3 December 1979
Iraq15 October 2005Constitution of Iraq following theIraq War[note 6]762TheAbbasid Caliphate built the city ofBaghdad along the Tigris in the 8th century as its capital, and the city became the leading metropolis of theArab andMuslim world for five centuries28 February 1991Kuwait liberated.[note 6]
3 October 1932Kingdom of Iraq
Israel14 May 1948Democratic state of Israel. Reading of theDeclaration of Independence of Israel14 May 1948Democratic state of Israel. Reading of theDeclaration of Independence of Israel14 December 1981TheGolan Heights Law annexes theGolan Heights, conquered fromSyria in theSix-day war to Israel proper; they were administered as a militarily-occupied territory until that point.
12 September 2005The Completion ofIsrael's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip
Japan22 December 1885On December 22, 1885, "Daijo-kan No. 69" were established, and the Cabinet system was established in place of the Daijo-kan system.11 February 660 BCTraditional founding date of theimperial dynasty byEmperor Jimmu.15 May 1972Return of theRyukyu Islands to Japan and abolition of theUnited States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
Jordan1 January 1952Constitution of Jordan25 May 1946End of theBritish Mandate for Palestine26 October 1997Signing of theIsrael–Jordan Treaty of Peace, whereby most of the disputed 400 square-kilometer area in theArabah was handed back to Jordan
12 June 2011TheCabinet of Jordan is made an elected body[13]
North Korea9 September 1948Kim Il-sung declaredPremier of North Korea, establishing the still-rulingKim dynasty.Independence declared from the Soviet Union.25 July 918Foundation of theGoryeo Dynasty, theexonym Korea originated from the word Goryeo.12 October 1962Signing of theSino–Korean Border Agreement with the People's Republic of China
25 December 1972TheConstitution of North Korea replacedCommunism withJuche as North Korea's governing philosophy.[note 7]
South Korea15 August 1948First Republic of Korea established,Independence declared from the United States27 July 1953Cease-fire in theKorean War creates the northern border along theMilitary Demarcation Line
29 October 1987CurrentSixth Republic of South Korea founded, ending military rule
Kuwait11 November 1962Constitution of Kuwait1752Establishment of theSheikhdom of Kuwait18 December 1969Formal division ofSaudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone
Kyrgyzstan10 June 2010Constitution of Kyrgyzstan introducesparliamentary system.31 August 1991Independence from the Soviet Union[14]5 December 1936Establishment of theKirghiz SSR
Laos2 December 1975Lao PDR formed22 October 1953Independence from France
Lebanon23 May 1926Lebanese Republic formed26 November 1941Independence from France declared1 September 1920France establishesState of Greater Lebanon with current boundaries
22 November 1943Independence from France recognized
Malaysia16 September 1963Formation of Malaysia[15][16]31 August 1957Malayan Independence[17] from the United Kingdom was declared inDataran Merdeka (Independence Square)9 August 1965Singaporeexpelled from the Federation of Malaysia[18][19][20]
16 September 1963Malaysia was formed by the federation ofNorth Borneo,Sarawak andSingapore with the existing States of theFederation of Malaya.[15][21]
Maldives11 November 1968Declaration of Republic26 July 1965Independence from the United Kingdom
Mongolia12 February 1992Constitution of Mongolia declares the country aparliamentary democracy.1206Mongol Empire formed
29 December 1911Proclamation of Mongolian independence fromManchu'sQing dynasty
Myanmar1 February 2021TheSAC with help from theTatmadaw overthrows the elected government849Early Pagan Kingdom formed[22]4 January 1948Myanmar (Burma) declares independence from theBritish Empire
1956Signing of border treaty with the People's Republic of China
  Nepal28 May 2008Formation of Republic25 September 1768Nepali unification2 December 1815Sugauli Treaty ends theGurkha War
Oman10 June 1749Beginning of theAl Said dynasty, currentabsolute monarchical line of Oman.26 January 1650Expulsion of the Portuguese8 December 1958Gwadar sold toPakistan
1996Basic Law of Oman
Pakistan14 August 1973Constitution of Pakistan14 August 1947Establishment from theIndian Empire after Independence from theBritish Empire andPartition of India
Palestine[Asia 2]4 May 1994Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area15 November 1988Palestinian Declaration of Independence15 June 2007Hamastakeover of theGaza Strip
Philippines[Asia 3]2 February 1987The current form of government was established in 1987, as a compromise between different versions of the previous constitutions and patterned after the1935 Commonwealth constitution12 June 1898
Independence declared from Spain, but not recognized.[23]		Theevolving revolutionary movement in the Philippinesdeclares itself independent from theSpanish Empire.[24][23][25] Spain regarded this as an expression of continuedrebellion.[note 8] This difference in viewpoints was not resolved.2012[26][27]In 2012, the United Nations approved a 2009 claim by the Philippines to theBenham Rise.[27]
10 December 1898Spain, still sovereign,[note 9] cedes the Philippines to the United States via theTreaty of Paris (1898).[28]
11 April 1899Sovereignty passes from Spain to the United States with completion of treaty ratification and the U.S.Insular Government of the Philippine Islands is established.
4 July 1946The United States recognizes Philippine independence under the provisions of theTreaty of Manila (1946). The1935 Constitution remained in effect until 1973, when theMarcos regime promulgateda newer one, in turn replaced by the present1987 Constitution.
Qatar8 September 1971Influence from Britain concluded18 December 1878Independence from the Ottoman Empire4 November 2021Acquisition of the rest ofKhor Al Adaid[29]
Saudi Arabia23 September 1932Regions ofal-Hasa,Qatif,Nejd andHejaz unified to becomeSaudi Arabia13 January 1902Establishment of theThird Saudi State4 November 2021Fixed border territory with Qatar
Singapore9 August 1965[18]Singapore ceased to be a state of Malaysia3 June 1959Self-government under the United Kingdom9 August 1965Establishment of Singapore as an independent sovereign state[20]
9 August 1965separate from and independent ofMalaysia[18][19]
Sri Lanka22 May 1972Constitution of Sri Lanka4 February 1948Independence from United Kingdom14 February 1815De jure: TheKandyan Kingdom is annexed byBritish Ceylon
18 May 2009De facto: The Sri Lankan government regains control of the whole island following the end of theSri Lankan Civil War.
Syria8 December 2024Formation of theSyrian transitional government after thefall of the Assad regime[note 10]28 September 1961End of theUnited Arab Republic8 November 1941De jure:Lebanon declares independence from theFrench Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon[note 10]
10 June 1967De facto:Israel conquers theGolan Heights from Syria during theSix-day War[note 10]
Tajikistan9 September 1991Independence from the Soviet Union[14]5 December 1929Establishment of theTajik SSR
Thailand6 April 2017Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 20176 November 1767SalvageIndependence byKing Taksin the Great consist of expulsion of Burmese out of former capital (ThroughTaksin's reunification of Siam on October-6 November 1767) and Establish aNew kingdom together with reunification of Thailand10 March 1909Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
Timor-Leste20 May 2002Constitution of East Timor20 May 2002Independence was recognized by the international community following theUN-sponsored act of self-determination of 19991914The borders ofPortuguese Timor are agreed.[30]
Turkmenistan28 September 2008Constitution of Turkmenistan27 October 1991Independence from the Soviet Union[14]7 August 1921Establishment of theTurkmen SSR
United Arab Emirates2 December 1971End of treaty relationship with the United Kingdom11 February 1972Ras al-Khaimah joins the UAE
Uzbekistan31 August 1991Independence from the Soviet Union declared[14]24 October 1924Establishment of theUzbek SSR
Vietnam31 December 1959North Vietnam declared asocialist republic2 September 1945Withdrawal of the Japanese after World War II2 July 1976Reunification ofNorth Vietnam andSouth Vietnam as Socialist Republic of Vietnam
1 January 2014CurrentConstitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Yemen22 May 1990Unification ofNorth Yemen andSouth Yemen1597Qasimid State/Zaidi Imamate[31]
1 November 1918North Yemen independence from theOttoman Empire21 September 2014Houthisseized control of the bulk of the former North Yemen territory and its capitalSana'a
30 November 1967South Yemen independence from theUnited Kingdom26 April 2020Southern Transitional Council declares self-governance ofSocotra and some areas controlled by the former PDR Yemen.
Table notes
  1. ^Taiwan: For some clarification and more detail including the sovereignty status of theRepublic of China, see the following articles:Cross-Strait relations,One-China policy andPolitical status of Taiwan.
  2. ^Palestinian National Authority: For some clarification and more detail, seeHistory of the State of Palestine.
  3. ^Philippines: For some clarification and more detail, seeTimeline of Philippine Sovereignty andSovereignty of the Philippines.

Europe

[edit]
CountryDate of current form of governmentBirth of current form of governmentDate of acquisition of sovereigntyAcquisition of sovereigntyDate of territorial modificationMost recent significant territorial modification
Albania29 April 1991Socialist People's Republic of Albania was replaced by the Republic of Albania.1190c.Principality of Arbër was established byarchonProgon.1945OccupiedKosovo, west Macedonia and border region of Montenegro returned toYugoslavia
28 November 1912Declaration of independence from theOttoman Empire
28 November 1944Albanian state re-established after Italian/German occupation
Andorra28 April 1993CurrentConstitution of Andorra entered force1278Independence fromAragon28 August 2001TheAndorra–France border is adjusted to allow Andorra to construct theEnvalira Tunnel access bridge
Austria12 November 1918Declaration of theRepublic of German-Austria17 September 1156Privilegium Minus: Sovereignty fromDuchy of Bavaria as a Duchy of theHoly Roman Empire14 December 1921City ofSopron, and 8 other towns moved to Hungary afterplebiscite
11 August 1804Proclamation of theAustrian Empire
27 April 1945Restoration of the Republic of Austria
Belarus28 November 1996Constitutional amendment abolishes theSupreme Soviet and establishes theNational Assembly25 March 1918Belarusdeclares independence as theBelarusian Democratic Republic.1945Western border with Poland: modification of theCurzon Line determined at the 1945Yalta Conference
27 July 1990Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic
25 August 1991Independence recognized by Soviet Union[14]
Belgium21 July 1831KingLeopold I of Belgium swears allegiance to the constitution making the country aconstitutional monarchy4 October 1830Independence was proclaimed by the provisonial government28 June 1919Belgian proper:
Treaty of Versailles and annexation of theEast Cantons
1 July 1962Belgian colonial empire:
Ruanda-Urundi declares independence and split within two countries:Rwanda andBurundi.
Bosnia and Herzegovina3 March 19923 March 1992Independence declared from theSFR Yugoslavia[note 11]25 November 1943Establishment ofSR Bosnia and Herzegovina in theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Bulgaria10 November 1989People's Republic of Bulgaria was replaced by theRepublic of Bulgaria681 on territories of theEastern Roman Empire(Danubian) Bulgaria28 October 1944Under the 1944 Armistice with the Allies, Bulgaria renounces the 1941 annexation ofVardar Macedonia from Yugoslavia andEastern Macedonia andWestern Thrace from Greece. Formally confirmed on 10 February 1947 byParis Peace Treaties.
1185Second Bulgarian Empire formed
13 July 1878Autonomy withinOttoman Empire recognized internationally by theTreaty of Berlin
22 September 1908Independence from Ottoman Empire
Croatia8 October 1991Independence fromSFR Yugoslavia[note 11]879DukeBranimir was recognized as an independent ruler of theDuchy of Croatia byPope John VIII.[32][33][34][35][36]10 February 1947Annexation of most ofIstria toSR Croatia as a result of signing the1947 Paris Peace Treaties
925Formation ofKingdom of Croatia byKing Tomislav
Czech Republic1 January 1993Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, creating theCzech Republic andSlovakia870Formation of theDuchy of Bohemia
Denmark5 June 1953Constitutional Act of Denmark965Harald Bluetooth unifies Denmark15 June 1920Denmark proper:
Sønderjylland was recovered from Germany.[note 12]
Estonia24 February 1918Estonian Declaration of Independence, whereby arepublic was declared[Europe 1]20 August 1991Independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation[note 13]1 January 1945De facto: Eastern coast ofNarva river and most ofPetseri Countywere transferred toRussian SFSR
Finland29 March 1809Diet of Porvoo, birth of Finland as an autonomous state entity within Russian Empire6 December 1917Independence fromRussian Empiredeclared26 January 1956Porkkala returned fromSoviet control
3 January 1918Independence from Russia recognized by the highest Soviet executive body,VTsIK
France4 October 1958Establishment of the currentsemi-presidential system known as theFifth Republic481 then
843		First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks. Then creation of theKingdom of France (West Francia),Treaty of Verdun10 February 1947Metropolitan France:
Annexation ofTende,La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy.[note 14][note 15]
22 September 1792French Republic founded.30 July 1980Overseas France:
TheNew Hebrides Condominium declares independence and becomesVanuatu.
Germany23 May 1949TheBasic Law of Germany comes into effect.843 then

962

Creation ofEast Francia

East Francia becomes theHoly Roman Empire (with theKingdom of Germany as a main part of the empire)

3 October 1990Reunification ofWest Germany andEast Germany
1815German Confederation founded
18 January 1871German Empire founded
1954German Democratic Republic (commonly referred to at the time asEast Germany) declared fully sovereign
5 May 1955Federal Republic of Germany (commonly referred to at the time asWest Germany) declared fully sovereign
15 May 1991Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ends theFour Power occupation.
Greece11 June 1975Third Hellenic Republic600 BCPeloponnesian League / Spartan Alliance[38]10 February 1947Peace treaty with Italy awards theDodecanese to Greece
478 BCDelian League / Athenian Empire[39]
338 BCLeague of Corinth /

Hellenic League[40]

3 February 1830Modern Greece Independence recognized by theLondon Protocol asKingdom of Greece.[41]
Hungary23 October 1989People's Republic of Hungary was replaced by theRepublic of Hungary.895Principality of Hungary formed10 February 1947With theParis Peace Treaty, Hungary loses all territories that were regained with theFirst andSecond Vienna Awards and during World War II, thus it returns to the 1937 borders (except for three villages in the northwest given to Czechoslovakia).
1 January 2012TheBasic Law of Hungary comes into effect.1000Formation of theKingdom of Hungary byStephen I of Hungary.
Iceland1 July 1845TheAlthingi resumes meeting after hiatus since 1799.1 December 1918Iceland becomes sovereign and independent from Denmark as theKingdom of Iceland but retains a personal union with the King of Denmark.1 September 1972No territorial changes on land have taken place, however the expansion of theExclusive Economic Zone was such an important change in territory for Iceland that it merits a special inclusion here.
17 June 1944Kingdom of Iceland becomes a Republic.
Ireland21 January 1919Elected Irish ParliamentDáil Éireann unilaterallydeclares Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom6 December 1922Irish Free State secedes from United Kingdom by agreement in accordance with the terms of theAnglo-Irish Treaty but remains adominion of the British Empire8 December 1922De facto:Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State and rejoins the United Kingdom in accordance with theIrish Free State Constitution Act 1922
11 December 1931Statute of Westminster confers legislative independence from the United KingdomN/A
29 December 1937Constitution of Ireland establishes the roles ofTaoiseach andPresident, and replaces theIrish Free State (or Saorstat Eireann in Irish language) with a new state namedIreland (orÉire in Irish language).18 April 1949Republic of Ireland Act 1948 terminates the functions of the British King in Ireland's diplomatic relations;domestic United Kingdom law purports that Ireland was one of the King's dominions until this date;Irish law does not accept this interpretation.2 December 1999De jure:Amendment to the Irish constitution removesirredentist claims to Northern Ireland.[note 16]
Italy2 June 1946Italian Republic founded.1720Sovereignty of theKingdom of Sardinia, existing since 1324 as part of theSpanish Empire first and subsequently of theHoly Roman Empire.1 January 1948ThePeace treaty with Italy officially determines the boundaries of the Republic of Italy. The Italian Constitution of 1948 implements it at articles 10 and 117.
17 March 1861Italian unification
25 April 1945Disestablishment of theGerman-backedItalian Social Republic, whereby the unity and independence of the Italian state was restored
Kosovo17 February 2008Kosovo Republic founded2008Kosovan-Serbian War2008Kosovo War
Latvia7 November 1922Constitution of Latvia enforced[Europe 1]4 May 1990Independence (from Soviet Union) reasserted[note 13]1944Abrene district ceded toRussian SFSR (modern Russia)
Liechtenstein16 March 2003The2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum increases the Prince's powers and makes the country anabsolute monarchy[42]18 August 1866Dissolution of theGerman Confederation23 January 1719Purchase ofVaduz
Lithuania11 March 1990Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation[note 13]1236Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed byMindaugas[43][44]27 October 1939 and
3 August 1940		Western part (approximately half) ofVilnius Region ceded to Lithuania
16 February 1918Independence declared from Germany and Russia[Europe 1]
Luxembourg23 November 1890Separates from union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, becomes Grand Duchy in its own right1945End of Germanoccupation during World War II19 April 1839Partition of Luxembourg under theTreaty of London
Malta13 December 1974TheState of Malta became a republic21 September 1964Independence from United Kingdom20 August 1801Gozo rejoinedMalta
Moldova27 August 1997Constitution of Moldova (1997)27 August 1991Independence from Soviet Union[14]2 August 1940De jure:Moldavian SSR formed
2 September 1990De facto:Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic declares independence.The government is not recognized by any UN member, but hasde facto control over the Transnistria region.
Monaco17 December 1962Amendment toConstitution of Monaco curtails the power of the prince and establishes the modernNational Council1297François Grimaldi captures the fortress atop theRock of Monaco.1848Secession ofMenton andRoquebrune-Cap-Martin.
Montenegro22 October 2007Constitution of Montenegro3 June 2006Declaration of independence fromSerbia and Montenegro.
Netherlands24 August 1815Adoption of the constitution of theUnited Kingdom of the Netherlands.26 July 1581Plakkaat van Verlatinghe signed, independence fromSpain16 March 1839European Netherlands:
TheUnited Kingdom of the Netherlands divided under theTreaty of London (1839).
15 December 1954Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands signed5 May 1945Surrender of Nazi forces occupying the Netherlands25 November 1975Kingdom of the Netherlands:
Suriname declares independence.
North Macedonia
(until 2019 Republic of Macedonia)		17 November 1991Constitution of North Macedonia8 September 1991After a referendum, theSocialist Republic of Macedonia declared independence fromYugoslavia[note 11]2 August 1944Establishment of SR Macedonia
Norway1814Constitution of Norway872KingHarald I of Norwayunifies thePetty kingdoms of Norway.27 February 1930Jan Mayen was made part of the Kingdom of Norway.
1814Dissolution of theunion between Norway and Denmark.
7 June 1905Dissolution of theunion between Norway and Sweden.
8 May 1945German occupying forcessurrender.
Poland4 June 1989The first partially free Parliament's vote after 45-year-long Soviet domination966Adoption ofChristianity by the first historically documentedPolish rulerMieszko I.15 February 1951Polish-Soviet border adjustment treaty
11 November 1918Poland regains its independence.
Portugal2 April 1976Constitution of Portugal5 October 1143Formation ofKingdom of Portugal byTreaty of Zamora signing.6 June 1801Continental Portugal:
Spain occupies the present day border town ofOlivença since theWar of the Oranges.
20 December 1999Portuguese Overseas:
De facto:Portuguese Macautransferred to thePeople's Republic of China
20 May 2002Portuguese Overseas:
De jure:Portuguese Timor,occupied by Indonesia since 1975, officially dissolved to form the independent state ofEast Timor.[note 17]
Romania22 December 1989Romanian Revolution of 198924 January 1859Autonomous Principality of Romania founded; becomes kingdom in 1866 and achieved independence 1878Ottoman Empire10 February 1947Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
13 July 1878International recognition by theTreaty of Berlin.
San Marino1600Constitution of San Marino3 September 301Independence fromRoman Empire1463AddedFiorentino,Montegiardino,Serravalle, andFaetano
Serbia27 April 1992Dissolution of theSFR Yugoslavia, forming theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia.[note 11]7808th century-Creation of thePrincipality of Serbia in theSoutheastern Europe.17 February 2008 (disputed)[45]The region ofKosovo declared independence unilaterally on 17 February 2008, andis recognized by 97 UN states. Serbia recognizes thegovernment of Kosovo but claims its territory as anAutonomous Province.
8 June 2006Republic of Serbia declared legal successor toSerbia and Montenegro, ending the process of the dissolution ofYugoslavia.13 July 1878International recognition by theTreaty of Berlin.
Slovakia1 January 1993Dissolution of Czechoslovakia820sPrincipality of Nitra formed
Slovenia13 December 1991Constitution of Slovenia25 June 1991Declaration of independence fromYugoslavia[note 11]19 February 1945Formation of SR Slovenia
Spain6 December 1978Spanish Constitution568The Visigothic kingLeovigild unifies the Iberian Peninsula under his rule.26 February 1976Spanish Sahara is lost following theMadrid Accords, resulting in the partition of the territory betweenMauritania andMorocco.
718TheBattle of Covadonga takes place between the forces of theUmayyad Caliphate and a small group of Christian rebels led byPelagius of Asturias. The Christian forces achieve victory, establishing the Kingdom ofAsturias.
1479Dynastic unification of theCrown of Castile and theCrown of Aragon under the rule of theCatholic Monarchs.[46]
1707~1716De jure unification of Spain under theNueva Planta decrees.
1831Formal dissolution of the historical crowns and kingdoms, resulting in thede jure creation of the unified Kingdom of Spain.
Sweden1 January 1974Instrument of Government970 (Or prior)Eric the Victorious, the first king of Sweden about whom anything definite is known, becomes king.29 March 1809Loss of Finland toImperial Russia.
6 June 1523Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden and marking a definite secession from theKalmar Union.
 Switzerland12 November 1848Foundation of thefederal state afterSonderbund war1291Traditional founding4 August 1815The canton ofValais joins the Swiss Confederation, following the cantons ofNeuchâtel (19 May 1815) andGeneva (6 April 1815).
7 August 1815Restoration of theAncien Régime (federalism), reverting the changes imposed byNapoleon Bonaparte.
Ukraine24 August 1991Independence of formerUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from Soviet Union declared.[14]882Formation of theKievan Rus'30 September 2022 (disputed)Annexation ofDonetsk,Kherson,Luhansk andZaporizhzhia oblasts by Russia
22 January 1918Ukrainedeclares independence as theUkrainian People's Republic.
United Kingdom8 December 1922TheIrish Free State seceded from theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of theAnglo-Irish Treaty and theIrish Free State Constitution Act 1922, howeverNorthern Ireland opted to exclude itself from the Irish Free State two days later creating theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.886Kingdom of England1603The Kingdoms of Scotland, England and Ireland were united in apersonal union whenJames VI, King of Scots inherited the crowns of England and Ireland; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal and religious institutions.[47][48]
843Kingdom of Scotland

(Devolved Parliament since 1999)

1057[49] then
1165[50]		Kingdom of Wales then
Principality of Wales

(Annexed by England in 1542)
(Devolved Assembly since 1999)

1171 then
1542		Lordship of Ireland then
Kingdom of Ireland
1 May 1707Kingdom of Great Britain

(United the parliaments of Scotland and England)

1 January 1801United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland[51][52][53]

(United the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland)

6 December 1922
then8 December 1922		Irish Free State secedes from theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of theAnglo-Irish Treaty and theIrish Free State Constitution Act 1922.
12 April 1927United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

(Updated to current name)

2 December 1999De jure: Removal of theGovernment of Ireland Act 1920 and implementation of theNorthern Ireland Act 1998 removesirredentist claims to the Republic of Ireland
Vatican City1274Birth of current form of government thePapal conclave in 12747 June 1929Ratification of theLateran Treaty, making the Vatican City a sovereign state11 February 1929Signing of theLateran Treaty
Table notes
  1. ^abcThe date of formation of the current states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is subject to an international dispute. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all maintain that they wereillegally occupied by the Soviet Union, and that the current states are direct continuations of the pre-WWII states, which continued to exist throughgovernments-in-exile. Russia maintains that the current three states are legally distinct entities newly created after thedissolution of the Soviet Union. All three states were admitted the UN as independent nations, notsuccessor states of the USSR. For more information, seeState continuity of the Baltic states.

Oceania

[edit]
CountryDate of current form of governmentBirth of current form of governmentDate of acquisition of sovereigntyAcquisition of sovereigntyDate of territorial modificationMost recent significant territorial modification
Australia1 January 1901Commonwealth of Australia established as federation.1 January 1901Independence from United Kingdom.16 September 1975Papua New Guinea becomes formally independent of Australia
11 December 1931Statute of Westminster
Cook IslandsState in free association with New Zealand with a local prime minister4 August 19651962 autonomy of New Zealand
Fiji10 October 1970Independence from the United Kingdom
Kiribati12 July 1979Independence from United Kingdom1 October 1975Separation of theGilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and theEllice Islands (laterTuvalu)
Marshall Islands1 May 1979Constitution and local government established21 October 1986Compact of Free Association with the United States
Federated States of Micronesia10 May 1979Constitution ratified3 November 1986Compact of Free Association with the United States10 May 1979Yap,Chuuk,Pohnpei, andKosrae unite to form theFederated States of Micronesia
Nauru31 January 1968Independence from Australia and cessation of UN Trust Territory status
New Zealand6 February 1840Treaty of Waitangi where theBritish Crown established a right to govern from indigenousMāoritribes[54]17 January 1853Self-Government1 June 1962Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent.
18 April 1856Responsible Government
26 September 1907Granted nominal independence (Dominion status).
25 October 1926Balfour Declaration of 1926 — Great Britain and the Dominions are "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs"
25 November 1947Statute of Westminster adopted — Britain loses the power to legislate for New Zealand except by request
10 December 1947Full power to amend own constitution
Palau1 January 1981Republic of Palau created upon adoption of constitution1 October 1994Emerged from United Nations trusteeship (administered by the United States).
Papua New Guinea1 December 1973Self-governing territory
16 September 1975Independence from Australia
Samoa1 June 1962Independence from New Zealand
Solomon Islands2 January 1976Self-government granted by United Kingdom
7 July 1978Independence from the United Kingdom
Tonga4 July 1970Independence from United Kingdom4 December 1845Unification of what is now the islands of Tonga byGeorge Tupou I of Tonga
Tuvalu1 October 1975Separation ofGilbert Islands (laterKiribati) andEllice Islands (later Tuvalu)1 October 1978Independence from United Kingdom7 February 1979Treaty with United States recognizing Tuvaluan control overFunafuti,Nukufetau,Nukulaelae, andNiulakita atolls
Vanuatu30 July 1980Independence from joint British-Frenchcondominium[55]

Transcontinental states

[edit]
CountryDate of current form of governmentBirth of current form of governmentDate of acquisition of sovereigntyAcquisition of sovereigntyDate of territorial modificationMost recent significant territorial modification
Azerbaijan18 October 1991Declaration of independence from the Soviet Union28 May 1918Establishment of theAzerbaijan Democratic Republic.[14]28 April 1920Establishment of theAzerbaijan SSR
Colombia4 August 1886Creation of the Republic of Colombia20 July 1810Independence declared from Spain3 November 1903Separation of Panama from Colombia
7 August 1819Independence recognized by Spain
1830Dissolution ofGran Colombia
Cyprus16 August 1960Constitution of Cyprus establishesconsocial government. Consociationalismde facto suspended in 1963.[56][57][58]16 August 1960Independence from United Kingdom23 July 1974Establishment of theUnited Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus
15 November 1983 (disputed)Northern Cyprus declares independence. The government hasde facto control of the northern part of the island, but is only recognized byTurkey
Egypt18 June 1953Egyptian revolution of 1952, Egyptian monarchy overthrown in a military coup, republic declared28 February 1922The UK ends its protectorate,granting independence to Egypt1925The eastern borders of Libya andBritish Egypt are changed to their present boundaries.
France22 September 1792French Republic founded.481 then
843		First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks. Then creation of theKingdom of France (West Francia),Treaty of Verdun10 February 1947Metropolitan France:
Annexation ofTende,La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy.[note 18][note 19]
4 October 1958Establishment of the currentsemi-presidential system known as theFifth Republic30 July 1980Overseas France:
TheNew Hebrides Condominium declares independence and becomesVanuatu.
Georgia9 April 1991Independence from the Soviet Union declared1008Establishment of theKingdom of Georgia23 July 1992Abkhazia unilaterally declared independence
26 May 1918Establishment of Democratic Republic of Georgia[14]28 November 1991South Ossetia unilaterally declared independence
Indonesia18 August 1945Ratification of theConstitution of Indonesia by thePreparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence17 August 1945Indonesian Declaration of Independence from Netherlands20 May 2002Independence ofEast Timor, formerlyadministered as aprovince of Indonesia
27 December 1949Independence from the Netherlandsrecognized
Kazakhstan30 August 1995Constitution of Kazakhstan16 December 1991Independence declared from the Soviet Union[14]5 December 1936Establishment of theKazakh SSR
30 March 1993 (disputed)Baikonur Cosmodrome and surrounding areas leased to Russia.[note 20]
Panama3 November 1903Separation of Panama from Colombia, independence from Spain1 October 1979Panama Canal Zone
Russia25 December 19931993 Russian constitutional referendum replaces theSupreme Soviet with theFederal Assembly and increasespresidential power.882Formation of theKievan Rus'30 September 2022 (disputed)Annexation ofDonetsk,Kherson,Luhansk andZaporizhzhia oblasts by Russia
25 December 1991After theSoviet Union ceased to exist, the Russian Federation became an independent state and was recognized by the international community as the successor state of theSoviet Union.
Spain6 December 1978Spanish Constitution1479Dinastical unification of theCrown of Castile and theCrown of Aragon by theCatholic Monarchs. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other;alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns/States.[46]26 February 1976Spanish Sahara is lost following theMadrid Accords.
1707~1716De jure by theNueva Planta decrees
1831Dissolution of crowns and kingdoms and creationde jure, of the unified Kingdom of Spain.
Turkey24 June 20182017 Turkish constitutional referendum comes into effect; Turkey transitions from aparliamentary republic to apresidential republic.1299Formation of theOttoman Empire29 June 1939Republic of Hatay joins Turkey after a public referandum.
29 October 1923Theprovincial government, formed in 1920, declares the foundation of theRepublic of Turkey, as the legal successor state to the Ottoman Empire.

Sortable list

[edit]

In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence fromdecolonization (e.g., 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from theUnited Kingdom andFrance between 1956 and 1966) or dissolution of apolitical union (e.g., 18 current states gained control of sovereignty from theSoviet Union andYugoslavia between 1990 and 1992). In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreignmilitary occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence (e.g., 6 current states gained control of sovereignty fromNazi Germany between 1944 and 1945).

Dates refer tode facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.

In a union such as Czechoslovakia, Poland-Lithuania, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th-century unification, and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England (with a briefannexation by England from 1657 to 1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.[60]

There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (i.e., not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case in human history is the German Democratic Republic (East Germany orGDR), which was completely abolished after theGerman reunification in 1990. Modern Germany is a reunification of the GDR into theFederal Republic of Germany, not a GDRsuccessor state.

TheHoly Roman Empire is not considered a state by modern historians, but a political entity bringing together several sovereign states in a confederation.

The concept ofsovereign state should not be confused with that ofnation (for example there are evenstateless nations). This list has the date of creation of current sovereign states but not of nations. The historiography of some nations, such as the Bulgarians, even separates the different states founded by these nations (for example First, Second andThird Bulgarian State)

CountryContinentDate of latest territorial changeAcquisition
of sovereignty		Date of last
subordination		Previous governing powerHistorical NotesCapital
Islamic Republic of AfghanistanAfghanistanAsia12 November 1893July 1747 (Durrani Empire)1796Afsharid Empire2021–present:AfghanistanIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan (de facto)

2004–2021:Islamic Republic of AfghanistanIslamic Republic of Afghanistan (de jure; internationally recognized Government)

2002–2004:Transitional Islamic State of AfghanistanTransitional Islamic State of Afghanistan

1996–2001:AfghanistanIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan
1992–2002:Islamic State of AfghanistanIslamic State of Afghanistan (controlled only a small part of the country from 1996 to 2001, but still recognized by the UN and most of the world's countries as the legitimate government of Afghanistan)

1987–1992:AfghanistanRepublic of Afghanistan
1978–1987:Democratic Republic of AfghanistanDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan
1973–1978:Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)Republic of Afghanistan
1926–1973:Kingdom of AfghanistanKingdom of Afghanistan
1823–1926:Emirate of AfghanistanEmirate of Afghanistan(protectorate of theUnited Kingdom 1879–1919)
1747–1823:Durrani Empire (also called Sadozai Kingdom)
1738–1796: Part of theAfsharid Empire
1709–1738:Hotak Emirate
1506–1709: Part of theKhanate of Bukhara
1405–1506: Center of theTimurid EmpireTimurid Empire
1369–1405: Part of theTimurid EmpireTimurid Empire
1231–1369: Part of theMongol Empire
1163–1231: Part of theKhwarazmian Kingdom
1003–1163:Ghaznavid Sultanate
873–1003:Saffarid Emirate
821–873: Part ofTahirid Emirate
750–821: Part ofAbbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part ofUmayyad Caliphate
500–661: Part ofSasanian EmpireSasanian Empire
320–500 AD:Kidarite Kingdom
30–320 AD:Kushan Empire
150 BC–30 AD: Part ofIndo-Parthian Kingdom and theIndo-Scythians
256–150 BC:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
549–256 BC: Part ofMacedonian Empire
549–330 BC: Part ofAchaemenid EmpireAchaemenid Empire
678–549 BC: Part ofMedian Kingdom/Empire
Since 48,000 BC humans have been known to be living in the region, starting as Part ofIndus Valley civilisation andBactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex

Kabul
AlbaniaEurope194528 Nov 1912Nov 1944[61]Germany1992–present: Republic of Albania

1946–92:People's Socialist Republic of Albania

1944–46:Democratic Government of Albania

1943–44:AlbaniaAlbanian Kingdom, independent country militarly occupied byNazi GermanyGermany

1939–43:AlbaniaKingdom of Albania, a monarchy inpersonal union withKingdom of ItalyItaly as the
1928–39:Albanian Kingdom
1925–1928:Albanian Republic
1914–1925:Principality of Albania(viaAlbanian Declaration of Independence)
1912–1914:AlbaniaIndependent Albania
1479–1912: Part ofOttoman Empire asSanjak of Scutari
1444–1479:League of Lezhë (military alliance of Albanian feudal lords)
1190–1444: VariousAlbanian principalities (including thePrincipality of Albania)
1255–1368:Kingdom of Albania, Dependency of theAngevinKingdom of Sicily/Naples
1190–1255:Principality of Arbanon, oldest of the Albanian principalities, also autonomous principality of theByzantine Empire and later of theDespotate of Epirus
324–1190: Part of theByzantine Empire as the province ofMacedonia
148 BC-324 AD: Part of theRoman Empire as the province ofMacedonia
Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled in the Kryegjata Valley, near the antique site ofApollonia,[62] includingIllyria.

Tirana
AlgeriaAfrica18 March 18453 July 1962[63]3 July 1962[64] France1962–present:AlgeriaPeople's Democratic Republic of Algeria(viaÉvian Accords)
1830–1962: Part ofFrench Colonial Empire(as anintegral territory)

1659–1830:De facto Independence ofRegency of Algiers
1519–1659: Part of theOttoman Empire(as theRegency of Algiers)
1516-1519:Sultanate of Algiers1235–1554:Kingdom of Tlemcen
1121–1269: Part of theAlmohad Caliphate
1014–1152:Hammadid Sultanate
973–1014: Center of theZirid Emirate
909–973:Fatimid CaliphateFatimid Caliphate
800–909: Part of theAghlabid Emirate
778–909:Rustamid Imamate
750–778: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate
590–698: Part of theByzantine EmpireByzantine Empire(as theExarchate of Africa)
484–703:Kingdom of the Aurès
439–534: Part of theVandal Kingdom
435–439: Center of theVandal Kingdom
395–435: Part of theWestern Roman Empire asprovince
40 BC–395 AD: Part of theRoman Empire asprovince
202 BC – 40 BC:Kingdom of Numidia
814–202 BC: Part of theCarthaginian Empire
2500–539 BC: Part ofPhoenicia
10,000–2500 BC: Inhabited byCaspians
20,000–10,000 BC: Inhabited byIberomaurusians
80,000–20,000 BC: Inhabited byAterians
Since 1.8 Million BC, humans have been settled in Algeria as demonstrated by the discovery ofOldowan stone tools found at Ain Hanech in 1992.[65]

Algiers
AndorraEurope28 August 20017 Sep 1278[66][67]Nov 1944[68]France1278–present: Principality of Andorra(viaParéage of Andorra; occupied byFrance 1812–13, 1870, 1914, 1936, 1939, 1944)

987–1278: Part ofFrance
843–987: Part ofWest Francia
481–843: Part ofFrancia
395–481: Part of theWestern Roman Empire
27 BCE-481: Part of theRoman Empire
197 BCE – 27 BCE: Part of theRoman Republic

Andorra la Vella
AngolaAfrica11 November 197511 Nov 1975[69]11 Nov 1975Portugal1992–present: Republic of Angola
1975–1992:People's Republic of Angola(via theAlvor Agreement)
1972–1975:State of Angola(part of thePortuguese Empire)
1951–1972:Overseas Province of Angola(part of thePortuguese Empire)
1575–1951:State of West Africa(part of thePortuguese Empire)
The territory of Angola has been inhabited since thePaleolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups, tribes and kingdoms (like the kingdoms ofKongo,Ndongo andMatamba).		Luanda
Antigua and BarbudaThe Americas1 November 19811 Nov 1981[70]1 Nov 1981United Kingdom1981–present: Antigua and Barbuda

1632–1981: Part of theBritish Empire asits West Indies(interrupted by France in 1666)
Since 3100 BC, humans have been settled starting with theindigenous peoples of the Americas.

St. John's
ArgentinaThe Americas18 October 188425 May 18109 July 1816[71]Spain1861–present:Argentina Argentine Republic(aFederal state; originally the federation had 14federated states [Provinces of Argentina ], after theConquest of the Desert,federal territories was established inPatagonia, the last territory, Tierra del Fuego, became theProvince of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands and joined the federation in 1990. Currently Argentina has 23 provinces)

1831–1861:Argentine Confederation
1816–1830:United Provinces of South America(On 9 July 1816, theCongress of Tucumán issued the formalDeclaration of Independence, the country became a republic)
1810–1816:United Provinces of South America(via the 1810May Revolution; nominally a monarchic state in personal union withSpain, recognizingFerdinand VII as king)
1776–1810:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1542–1776: Part of theViceroyalty of Peru(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1528–1542:Governorate of New Andalusia, part of theSpanish Empire
11,000 BC-1528 AD: Inhabited byNative Argentines, including theInca Empire,Selkʼnam,Chonan peoples andGuaycuru peoples.

Buenos Aires
ArmeniaAsia/Europe5 December 193628 May 191823 Sep 1991[72]Soviet Union1991–present:Armenia Republic of Armenia

1920–1991:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic,federated state of theSoviet Union
1918–1920:ArmeniaFirst Republic of Armenia
April–May 1918: Part of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
November 1917 – April 1918: Part of theRussian EmpireRussian Republic asTranscaucasian Commissariat
1829–1917: Part of theRussian Empire asCaucasus Viceroyalty
1502–1829: Part of theOttoman EmpireOttoman Empire
1468–1502: Part of theTimurid Empire
1374–1468: Part of theKara Koyunlu
1335–1374: Part of theJalairid Sultanate
1236–1335: Part of theMongol Empire as itsterritory
1201–1360:Zakarid Principality of Armenia
1071–1194: Part of theSeljuk Empire
987–1170:Kingdom of Syunik
883–1045:Bragatid Kingdom of Armenia
654–884:Arminiya, Province (largely autonomousvassal principalities) of theUmayyad andAbbasidCaliphates
428–654: Divided between theByzantine Empire on thewest, and theeast by theSasanian Empire.
321 BCE–AD 428:Kingdom of Armenia
549 BCE–331 BC: Part ofAchaemenid Empire
860 BCE–590 BC:Kingdom of Ararat
1114 BCE–860 BC:Nairi Confederation
1300 BCE–1190 BC:Kingdom of Arme-Shupria
1500 BCE–1290 BC:Hayasa-Azzi Confederation
2492 BCE: Traditional foundation
Since 6000 BC humans have been settled starting with theShulaveri-Shomu andKura–Araxes eras.

Yerevan
AustraliaAustralia16 September 19759 Oct 1942[note 21]9 Oct 1942United Kingdom1942–present:Australia Commonwealth of Australia, aFederal state,(consisted of six states, three internal territories, and seven external territories, viaConstitution of Australia[73]) and a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom

1901–1942:Australia Commonwealth of Australia, afederation with aDominion status within theBritish Empire)
1788–1901: Part of theBritish Empire
Possibly 70,000 BC – 1788 AD: Inhabited byIndigenous Australians

Canberra
AustriaEurope14 December 1921115627 Apr 1945[note 22]World War II Allies (Allied-occupied Austria)1955–present: Republic of Austria, aFederal state(viaAustrian State Treaty)
1945–55:Allied-occupied Austria
1938–45: Annexed byNazi Germany
1934–38:Federal State of Austria(client state of Italy)
1919–34:First Republic of Austria(viaTreaty of Saint Germain)
1918–19:Republic of German-Austria(viaProclamation of Charles I)
1867–1918:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, adual monarchy withHungary(viaAustro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867)
1866:Austrian Empire
1815–1866:Austrian Empire(In union with other 38 states in theGerman Confederation)
1806–1815:Austrian Empire
1804–1806:Austrian Empire(State of the Holy Roman Empire)
1457–1804:Archduchy of Austria(State of the Holy Roman Empire)
1156–1457:Duchy of Austria(state of the Holy Roman Empire)		Vienna
AzerbaijanAsia/Europe28 April 192028 May 191830 Aug 1991Soviet Union1991–present: Republic of Azerbaijan(independence fromSoviet Union declared 1991

1920–1991:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic,federated state of theSoviet Union
1918–1920:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
1824–1918: Part ofRussian Empire
1796–1824: Part ofQajar Empire
1747–1796: Part ofAfsharid Empire
(1760–1794): Part ofZand Empire
1736–1747: Part ofAfsharid Empire
(1722–1729): Part ofHotaki Emirate
1501–1736: Part ofSafavid Empire
1468–1508: Part ofAgh Qoyunlu
1405–1507: Part ofTimurid Empire
1406–1468: Part ofQara Qoyunlu
1370–1405: Part ofTimurid Empire
1337–1376: Part ofSarbadars
1336–1432: Part ofJalayirid Sultanate
1335–1393: Part ofMuzaffarid dynasty
1335–1357: Part ofChobanid dynasty
1256–1335: Part ofIlkhanate
1077–1231: Part ofKhwarazmian Kingdom
1037–1194: Part ofGreat Seljuq Empire
963–1186: Part ofGhaznavid Sultanate
875–999: Part ofSamanid Emirate
936–1055: Part ofBuyid Empire
934–936: Part ofBuyid Emirate

928–1043: Part ofZiyarid Kingdom
750–1258: Part ofAbbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part ofUmayyad Caliphate
(642–759/760): Part ofDabuyid dynasty
224–651: Part ofSassanid Empire
247 BC – 224 AD: Part ofParthian Empire
312–63 BC: Part ofSeleucid Empire
550–330 BC: Part ofAchaemenid Empire
(652–625 BC): Part ofScythian Kingdom
678–550 BC: Part ofMedian Empire
850–616 BC: Inhabited byMannaeans
2700–539 BC: Inhabited byElamites
3200–2700 BC: Inhabited byProto-Elamites

Baku
BahamasThe Americas7 January 196410 July 1973[74]10 July 1973 United Kingdom1973–present: Commonwealth of the Bahamas, a monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom(Self-government gained from theUnited Kingdom in 1964; independence gained on 10 July 1973)
1718–1973: Part of theBritish Empire asits West Indies
1492–1718: Part of theSpanish Empire
500 to 800–1492: Inhabited by theLucayans (aTaino people)		Nassau
BahrainAsia1 July 152116 Dec 197116 Dec 1971 United Kingdom1971–present: Kingdom of Bahrain

1861–1971:Protectorate of theBritish Empire by way of thePerpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship
1783–1861: In union with other states in theBani Utbah Confederation
1717–1783: Ruled byOman after asuccessful invasion
1602–1717: Part ofPersia under theSafavid dynasty
1521–1602: Part of thePortuguese Empire
Mid-1400s–1521: Ruled by theJabrid dynasty
1253-mid–1400s: Ruled by theUsfurid dynasty
1076–1235: Ruled by theUyunid Emirate
976–1076: Ruled as part of theAbbasid Caliphate
899–976: Ruled by theQarmatian Republic
3rd century AD – 899: Ruled by theSassanids ofPersia
130 BC – 3rd century BC: Ruled by theParthians
6th century BC – 3rd century BC: Part of the Persian Empire under theAchaemenids
4th millennium BC – 6th century BC:Dilmun civilization

Manama
BangladeshAsia31 July 201516 Dec 197116 Dec 1971Pakistan1972–present:BangladeshPeople's Republic of Bangladesh

1971–1972:Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
1955–1971:East Pakistan (Part ofPakistan)
1947–1955:East Bengal (Part ofPakistan)
1858–1947: Part of theBritish Empire asBengal Province, withinBritish RajIndia
1757–1858: Part of theBritish Empire asBengal Presidency, of theEast India CompanyEast India Company
1717–1880: Ruled by theNawabs, nominally subordinate to theMughal Empire until 1757, and to theBritish Empire after 1757 (Lost ruling power after theBattle of Plassey in 1757)
1576–1757: Part of theMughal Empire asBengal Subah
1352–1576:Bengal Sultanate
1235–1352: Part of theDelhi Sultanate
1204–1297:Deva dynasty
c.1070–1204:Sena Kingdom
c. 750–c. 1070:Pala Empire
c. 650–c. 750: Bengal was divided between various kingdoms, likeVanga andSamatata (Both ruled by theKhadga dynasty)
590–626:Gauda Kingdom
350–655: Part ofKamarupa under theVarman dynasty
358–590: Part of theGupta Empire
26 BC – 358 AD: Bengal was divided between various kingdoms.
73 BC – 26 BC: Part of theKanva Kingdom
185 BC–73 BC: Part of theShunga Empire
232 BC – 800 AD: Part ofSamatata
319–185 BC: Part of theMaurya Empire
340–319 BC: Part of theKingdom of Magadha
600–340 BC: Ancient Bengal was divided between various kingdoms.
700–200 BC: Inhabited by thePundravardhana culture
Since 100,000 BC humans have been settled on Bangladesh, although the prehistoric evidences are weak.[75]

Dhaka
BarbadosThe Americas30 November 196630 Nov 196630 Nov 1966 United Kingdom1966–present:Barbados

1625–1966: Part of theBritish Empire asits West Indies
Claimed by Spain and Portugal in the 16th century.
c. 1200–c.1500 AD: Inhabited by theKalinago
c. 800–c. 1200 AD: Inhabited by theSaladoids
Archeological evidence suggests humans may have first settled or visited the island circa 1600 BC.

Bridgetown
BelarusEurope194525 Aug 1991[note 23]25 Aug 1991Soviet Union1990–present: Republic of Belarus

1943–1990:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, afederated state of theSoviet Union (USSR)
1941–1943: Occupation byNazi Germany
1922–1941: Byelorussian SSR, afederated state of theSoviet Union (USSR)
1920–1922: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1919–1919:Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1918–1919:Belarusian People's Republic
1917–1918: Part of theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1795–1917: Part of theRussian Empire
1569–1795: Part of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1397–1569: Part ofGrand Duchy of Lithuania
1307–1397:Principality of Polotsk, part ofGrand Duchy of Lithuania
987–1307:Principality of Polotsk (independent principality)
Before 987: In the 9th century the territory of modern Belarus became part ofKievan Rus', a loosefederation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples, ruled by theRurikid dynasty
Existence ofIron AgeBrushed Pottery andMilograd cultures in the BC era. The region that is now Belarus was first settled by Baltic tribes in the 3rd century. Around the 5th century, the area was taken over by Slavic tribes.

Minsk
BelgiumEurope1 July 19624 Oct 18301945Germany1839-present:Belgium

1908-1960:Belgian Congo

1885-1908:Congo Free State

1879-1884:School War

1815-1830:Dutch Rule

1714-1793:Austrian Netherlands

Brussels
BelizeThe Americas185921 Sep 1981[76]21 Sep 1981United Kingdom1981–present:Belize

Belizean-Guatemalan territorial dispute

1783-1981:British Honduras Largely as a result of the costly military expeditions against the Maya, the expenses of administering the new colony of British Honduras increased, at a time when the economy was severely depressed. Great landowners and merchants dominated the Legislative Assembly, which controlled the colony's revenues and expenditures. Some of the landowners were also involved in commerce but their interest differed from the other merchants of Belize Town. The former group resisted the taxation of land and favored an increase in import duties; the latter preferred the opposite.

1506-1783:Early colonial period

20000 BC-1506:Mayan Belize

In the tenth century, Mayan society suffered a severe breakdown. Construction of public buildings ceased, the administrative centres lost power, and the population declined as social and economic systems lost their coherence. Some people continued to occupy, or perhaps reoccupied, sites such as Altun Ha, Xunantunich, and Lamanai, but these sites ceased being splendid ceremonial and civic centres.

Belmopan
BeninAfrica15 January 18941 Aug 19601 Aug 1960France1990–present: Republic of Benin
1975–1990:People's Republic of Benin

1958–1975:Republic of Dahomey (French self-governing colony)
1904–1958:French Dahomey (as part ofFrench West Africa)
1894–1904:Kingdom of Dahomey (French Protectorate)
c.1600–1894:Kingdom of Dahomey (African kingdom)

Cotonou (De facto) andPorto-Novo (official)
BhutanAsia11 November 186516341634(none)1910–1947:protectorate of theBritish Empire

Autonomous since at least the 10th century.[77] Unified 1634, after theBattle of Five Lamas. Early history is sketchy, but may have been part ofKamarupa kingdom, and may have been occupied byTibetan-Mongol forces ca. 10th century.[78]

Thimphu
BoliviaThe Americas11 November 19036 Aug 18256 Aug 1825Spain2009–present:Plurinational State of Bolivia

1839–2009:Republic of Bolivia
1836–1839: In union with North Peru and South Peru in thePeru–Bolivian Confederation
1825–1839: Republic of Bolivia(The name of the country is a tribute toSimon Bolivar (considered as the country's first president), who always referred to the country asUpper Peru. There were doubts if the region should be an independent nation or join Argentina or Peru. AfterAntonio José de Sucre was elected as the second president, he convened the Constituent Assembly in Chuquisaca to determine the future of the region. Almost all delegates wanted that Bolivia became an independent country and rejected any annexation to Argentina (former Río de la Plata) or Peru).
1821–1825: Center of theViceroyalty of Peru(viceroyalty of theSpanish Empire)
1810–1821: Part of theViceroyalty of Peru(viceroyalty of theSpanish Empire)
1776–1810: Part of theViceroyalty of the Río de la Plata(viceroyalty of theSpanish Empire)
1542–1776: Part of theViceroyalty of Peru(viceroyalty of theSpanish Empire)
1528–1542:Governorate of New Toledo(governorate of theCrown of Castille)
1471–1542: Part of theInca Empire
1000–1500:Mollo culture
550–c.1000:Tiwanaku state
The region now known as Bolivia had been occupied for over 2,500 years when theNative Bolivians, includingAymara, arrived.

La Paz andSucre
Bosnia and HerzegovinaEurope25 November 19433 Mar 19923 Mar 1992Yugoslavia1997–present: Bosnia and Herzegovina(aFederal state)

1992–1997:Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1945–1992:Federated state ofYugoslavia
1941–1945 Part ofIndependent State of Croatia(Nazi Germany invasion)
1918–1941: Part ofKingdom of Yugoslavia
1878–1918: Part ofAustria-Hungary Empire
1463–1878: Part ofOttoman Empire
1377–1463:Kingdom of Bosnia
1154–1377:Banate of Bosnia (subject toKingdom of Hungary)

Sarajevo
BotswanaAfrica31 December 199930 Sep 1966[79]30 Sep 1966United Kingdom1966–present :Republic of Botswana

1885–1966: Part of theBritish Empire asBechuanaland Protectorate
600 AD:Bantu-speaking peoples first moved into the country from the north
The territory of Botswana has been inhabited since thePaleolithic Era. The original inhabitants of southern Africa were theSan andKhoi peoples.

Gaborone
BrazilThe Americas11 November 19037 Sep 1822[80]29 Aug 1825 (Treaty of Rio de Janeiro)United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves1985–Present:Brazil Federative Republic of Brazil (Sixth Brazilian Republic)(afederal state, the federation have 26federated states and 1federal district)

1964–1985:BrazilBrazilian Military Dictatorship (Fifth Brazilian Republic)(afederal state, the federation had 22federated states, 1federal district and 4federal territories)
1946–1964:BrazilUnited States of Brazil (Fourth Brazilian Republic)(afederal state, the federation had 22federated states, 1federal district and, 4federal territories)
1930–1946:BrazilBrazilian Vargas Era (Second and Third Brazilian Republics)(afederal state, the federation had 20federated states, 1federal district and 7federal territories)
1889–1930:BrazilRepublic of the United States of Brazil (First Brazilian Republic)(afederal state, the federation had 20federated states, 1federal district and, from 1903, 1federal territory)
1822–1889:Empire of Brazil(aunitary state)
1815–1822:Brazil, elevated tokingdom so that it was legally possible to achieve apolitical union with theKingdom of Portugal and the Algarves to create thePortuguese EmpireUnited Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves (Portuguese Empire)
1772–1775:State of Maranhão and Piauí, part of thePortuguese Empire
1772–1775:State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, part of thePortuguese Empire
1751–1772:State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, part of thePortuguese Empire
1621–1751:State of Maranhão, part of thePortuguese Empire
1621–1815:State of Brazil, part of thePortuguese Empire
1613–1621:Governorate General of Brazil, part of thePortuguese Empire
1607–1613: Divided inGovernorate General of Bahia andGovernorate General of Rio de Janeiro, part of thePortuguese Empire
1578–1607:Governorate General of Brazil, part of thePortuguese Empire
1572–1578: Divided inGovernorate General of Bahia andGovernorate General of Rio de Janeiro, part of thePortuguese Empire
1549–1572:Governorate General of Brazil, part of thePortuguese Empire
1534–1549:Captaincy Colonies of Brazil, private and autonomous colonies of thePortuguese Empire
9000 BC – 1500 AD: Inhabited byNative Brazilians, includingTupi people,Gê peoples,Kalina people andArawaks.

Brasília
BruneiAsia18 August 18411 Jan 19841 Jan 1984United Kingdom1984–present:Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace

1945–1984: Part of theBritish Empire
1942–1945: Occupied byJapan
1888–1942: Part of theBritish Empire
1368–1888:Sultanate of Brunei
1294–1368: Part of theMajapahit Kingdom
1276–1294: Part of theKingdom of Singhasari
c. 1000 AD – 1276 AD: Part of theKingdom of Srivijaya

Bandar Seri Begawan
BulgariaEurope28 October 19445 Oct 1908[81]5 Oct 1908Ottoman Empire
 Soviet Union		1990–present:Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria

1946–1990:BulgariaPeople's Republic of Bulgaria
1908–1946:Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)Tsardom of Bulgaria(reunified withEastern Rumelia where was a part of theOttoman Empire)
1878–1908:BulgariaPrincipality of Bulgaria
1396–1878:Part of theOttoman Empire
1185–1396:Second Bulgarian Empire
1018–1185: Part of theByzantine Empire
681–1018:First Bulgarian Empire
632–668:Old Great Bulgaria
324–681: Part of theByzantine Empire as the province ofThracia
46–324 AD: Part of theRoman Empire as the province ofThracia
480 BC–46 AD:Odrysian kingdom
Since c.1.4 million BC humans have been settled starting withLower Paleolithic.[82]

Sofia
Burkina FasoAfrica5 August 19605 Aug 1960[83]5 Aug 1960France1984–present:Burkina Faso

1960–1984:Republic of Upper Volta (independent)
1958–1960:Republic of Upper Volta,self-governing colony within theFrench Empire
1896–1958: Part of theFrench West Africa, federation of colonies of theFrench Empire
11th century – 1896: Burkina Faso is divided in severalMossi Kingdoms

Ouagadougou
BurundiAfrica1 July 19621 July 19621 July 1962Belgium1966–present: Republic of Burundi

1962–1966:Kingdom of Burundi (independent)
1890–1962:Kingdom of Burundi, subnational monarchy and part ofRuanda-Urundi (Part of theBelgian Empire)
1890–1919:Kingdom of Burundi, subnational monarchy and part ofGerman East Africa (Part of theGerman Empire)
c.1680–1890:Kingdom of Burundi

Bujumbura (De facto) andGitega (De jure)
CambodiaAsia9 November 19539 Nov 19539 Nov 1953[84]France1993–present:Kingdom of Cambodia

1992–1993:United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
1989–1992:State of Cambodia
1979–1989:People's Republic of Kampuchea
1975–1979:Democratic Kampuchea
1970–1975:Khmer Republic
1954–1970:Kingdom of Cambodia
1945–1953:French protectorate of Cambodia
1945:Japanese occupation of Cambodia
1863–1945:French protectorate of Cambodia, a Frenchprotectorate withinFrench Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within theFrench Empire.
1431–1863:Kingdom of Cambodia
802–1431:Khmer Empire founded 802 according toSdok Kok Thom Inscription
706/717–802: Separation inLand Chenla and Water Chenla
550 – c.706/717:Kingdom of Chenla
c.50/68 AD–550 AD:Kingdom of Funan

Phnom Penh
CameroonAfrica1 October 19611 Jan 19601 Oct 1961United KingdomRepublic of Cameroon

French Cameroons gained independence in 1960; added BritishSouthern Cameroons in 1961.
1922–1961:British Cameroon, part of theBritish Empire
1918–1960:French Cameroon, part of theFrench Empire
1884–1916:German Cameroon, part of theGerman Empire
The territory of Cameroon has been inhabited since theNeolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups, tribes,fondoms and kingdoms (such as the kingdoms ofKotoko,Mandara andBamum).

Iaundé
CanadaThe Americas1 April 199911 Dec 1931[note 24]11 Dec 1931United Kingdom

1760–1783:British America(After theSeven Years' War, the British conquers all French territories in the future modern territory of Canada)

Ottawa
Cape VerdeAfrica5 July 19755 July 19755 July 1975[87]PortugalRepublic of Cabo Verde

1460–1975: Part of thePortuguese Empire

Portuguese Cape Verde

In 1456,Alvise Cadamosto,Antoniotto Usodimare (Venetian andGenoese captains, respectively, in the service ofPrince Henry the Navigator) and an unnamed Portuguese captain discovered some of the islands. During the next decade,Diogo Gomes andAntónio de Noli (also captains in the service of Prince Henry) discovered the remaining islands of the archipelago.[citation needed] When they first landed in Cape Verde, the islands were barren of people but not of vegetation.

Praia
Central African RepublicAfrica13 August 196013 Aug 196013 Aug 1960 FranceCentral African Republic

1903–1960:Ubangi-Shari, part of theFrench Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of theFrench Empire
The territory ofCentral African Republic has been inhabited since theNeolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups

Bangui
ChadAfrica3 February 199711 Aug 196011 Aug 1960 France1960–present: Republic of Chad

1900–1960:French Chad, part of theFrench Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of theFrench Empire
1501–1912:Wadai Sultanate
1480/1522–1897:Sultanate of Bagirmi
c. 700–1900:Kanem–Bornu Empire
The territory ofChad has been inhabited since thePaleolithic Era.

N'Djamena
ChileThe Americas3 July 192912 Feb 1818[note 25]12 Feb 1818Spain1990–Present:Chile Republic of Chile(Democracy Restored)

1973–1990:ChileChilean Military Dictatorship
1925–1973:ChileChilean Presidential Republic
1891–1925:ChileParliamentary Chile
1861–1891:ChileLiberal Chile
1830–1861:ChileConservative Chile
1823–1830:Chile Republic of Chile (Organization of the Republic)
1818–1823:Chile Republic of Chile (Patria Nueva, New Fatherland)
1814–1818:Captaincy General of Chile(Reconquest by theSpanish Empire
1810–1814:Chile Kingdom of Chile (Patria Vieja, Old Fatherland)(nominally a monarchic state in personal union withSpain, recognizingFerdinand VII as king)
1798–1818:Captaincy General of Chile or Governorate of Chile (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Chile), with self-administration without vice-royal dependence, part of theSpanish Empire
1533–1798:Captaincy General of Chile or Governorate of Chile (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Chile), under supervision of theViceroyalty of Peru, part of theSpanish Empire
1438–1533: Part of theInca Empire
Between 18,500 and 14,000 BC – 1541 AD: Inhabited byChilean Natives, includingAymara,Mapuche, andRapa Nui

Santiago
ChinaAsia6 October 2011[note 26]1600 BCc. (Shang dynasty)[note 27]2 September 1945Japan (partial occupation)

1937–1945:Japanese Invasion
1916–present:Republic of China (based inTaiwan since 1949)
1915–1916:Empire of China
1912–1915:Republic of China
1895–1945:Japanese Taiwan
1895:Republic of Formosa
1841–1997:British Hong Kong
1661–1683:Kingdom of Tungning
1644–1912:Qing dynasty
1644–1662:Southern Ming
1624–1662:Dutch Formosa /Spanish Formosa
1557–1999:Portuguese Macau
1368–1644:Ming dynasty
1271–1368:Yuan dynasty
960–1279:Song dynasty
907–1234: Divided inFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms /Liao dynasty /Jurchen dynasty
618–907:Tang dynasty
581–618:Sui dynasty
420–589: Divided inNorthern and Southern dynasties
266–420:Jin dynasty
220–280: Divided inThree Kingdoms
206 BC – 220 AD:Han dynasty
221–206 BC:Qin dynasty (firstimperial dynasty)
c. 1046–256 BC:Zhou dynasty
c. 1600–c. 1046 BC:Shang dynasty
c. 2070–c. 1600 BC:Xia dynasty (firstroyal dynasty)
c. 8500–c. 2070 BC:Neolithic

The PRC government in Beijing considers itself thesuccessor of theRepublic of China (1912–1949) which legally inherited the whole of China from theQing dynasty. The ROC government in Taipei denies the legitimacy of the PRC and considers itself the sole legitimate government of the whole of China.

Beijing
ColombiaThe Americas4 July 199120 July 18107 Aug 1819Spain1886–present:ColombiaRepublic of Colombia (unitary state)

1863–1886:United States of Colombia (federal state)
1858–1863:Granadine Confederation (confederal state)
1831–1858:Republic of New Granada (unitary state)
1819–1831:Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia) (federal state)
1816–1819:Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of theSpanish Empire(Reconquest by the Spanish Empire)
1811–1816:Patria Boba period (Foolish Fatherland period)United Provinces of New Granada, afederal andrepublican state
1810–1814:Patria Boba period (Foolish Fatherland period):Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca(a monarchical state inpersonal union withSpain, recognizingFerdinand VII as king, in 1813 declared itself arepublic and joined theUnited Provinces of New Granada in 1814)
1739–1810:Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of theSpanish Empire
1723–1739:New Kingdom of Granada, within theViceroyalty of Peru, part of theSpanish Empire
1717–1723:Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of theSpanish Empire
1538–1717:New Kingdom of Granada, within theViceroyalty of Peru, part of theSpanish Empire
Since 10,000 BC humans have been settled fromNative Colombians with tribes, chiefdoms, and confederations (like theMuisca Confederation).

Bogotá
ComorosAfrica6 July 19756 July 19756 July 1975 France2001–present:Union of the Comores(aFederal state)

1975–2001: Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros
1886–1975: part of theFrench Empire
c.1000 BC: when the archipelago was first inhabited. The Comoros have been inhabited by various groups throughout this time.

Moroni
Congo, Democratic Republic of theAfrica30 June 196030 June 196030 June 1960 Belgium

1997–present:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1971–1997:ZaireRepublic of Zaire
1964–1971:Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa)
1960–1964:Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
1908–1960: Part of theBelgian Empire asBelgian Congo
1885–1908: Part of theBelgian Empire as theCongo Free State(as sovereign entity, a private domain of KingLeopold II of Belgium)
1390–1914: Part of theKingdom of Kongo
Since 80,000 BC humans has been settled from with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.

Kinshasa
Congo, Republic of theAfrica15 August 196015 Aug 196015 Aug 1960 France

1992–present:Republic of the Congo
1969–1992:People's Republic of the Congo
1960–1969:Republic of the CongoRepublic of the Congo (Brazzaville)
1910–1960: Part of theFrench Empire asFrench Equatorial Africa
1882–1910: Part of theFrench Empire asMiddle Congo
1390–1914: Part of theKingdom of Kongo
Since 80,000 BC humans has been settled from with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.

Brazzaville
Cook IslandsAustralia4 August 196519654 Aug 1965 New Zealand1965–present:Cook Islands Cook Islands

1893-1965:New ZealandColony of New Zealand

1858-1893:Kingdom of RarotongaKingdom of Rarotonga

1893-1901:Federation of Cook Islands

950-1865: part of theTui'Tonga Empire

900-1200French PolynesiaTahiti immigrants come to the Cook Islands

500-1200: Polynesian culture

Avarua
Costa RicaThe Americas25 July 182414 Nov 18381838Federal Republic of Central America1948–present:Costa RicaRepublic of Costa Rica(Second)

1848–1948:Costa RicaFirst Costa Rican Republic
1838–1847:Costa RicaFree State of Costa Rica
1823–1838:Federated state of theFederal Republic of Central America
24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of theFirst Mexican Empire as province of Costa Rica
15–24 September 1821:Republic of Costa Rica
1609–1821: Part of theCaptaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within theViceroyalty of New Spain(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1535–1609: Part of theViceroyalty of New Spain(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1525–1535: Part of theColumbian Viceroyalty(Part of theSpanish Empire)
Before 1525: TheHuetar people establishes some kingdoms in the modern territory of Costa Rica:Eastern Huetar Kingdom,domains of the King Garabito,Kingdom of Pacaca andWestern Huetar Kingdom. There was also theKingdom of Nicoya and theKingdom of Talamanca
Since about 10,000 to 7,000 BC humans have been settled byNative Costa Ricans, includingChibchans andNahuatl.

San José
CroatiaEurope10 February 19478 Oct 1991[32][33][34][35][36]8 Oct 1991Yugoslavia1991–present:Croatia Republic of Croatia

1945–1991:Federated state of theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as SR Croatia
1941–1945: Occupied byNazi Germany as the Croatia, a Fascist puppet.
1918–1941: Part of theKingdom of Yugoslavia(Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes)
1868–1918: Part of theAustria-Hungary as theKingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
1527–1868:Kingdom of Croatia(in the union with Kingdom of Hungary within Habsburg Monarchy, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary)
1102–1526:Kingdom of Croatia(in the union with Kingdom of Hungary)
925–1102:Kingdom of Croatia
681–925 AD: Divided between thePannonian andDalmatian
324–681: Part of theByzantine Empire as the province ofDalmatia
32 BC – 324 AD: Part of theRoman Empire as the province ofDalmatia andIllyricum
Since 128,000 BC humans have been settled fromPre-Croats with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.

Zagreb
CubaThe Americas12 June 190120 May 19022 February 1909United States1959–present:Republic of Cuba, sovereign communist state

1934–1959:Republic of Cuba, sovereign capitalist state
1909–1934:Republic of Cuba, Protectorate of theUnited States
1906–1909:Second American Occupation of Cuba
1902–1906:Republic of Cuba, Protectorate of theUnited States
1898–1902:Occupied but not annexed by United States
1821–1898:Captaincy General of Cuba(part of theSpanish Empire)
1607–1821:Captaincy General of Cuba, under supervision of theViceroyalty of New Spain, part of theSpanish Empire(part of theSpanish Empire)
1535–1607: Part of theCaptaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of theViceroyalty of New Spain(part of theSpanish Empire)
1510–1535: Part of theColumbian Viceroyalty(part of theSpanish Empire)
The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by theTaíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century.

Havana
CyprusEurope15 November 1983 (disputed)16 Aug 196016 Aug 1960 United Kingdom1960–present:CyprusRepublic of Cyprus

1878–1960: Part of theBritish Empire ascrown colony
1571–1878:Part of theOttoman Empire
1489–1571:Part of theRepublic of Venice
1192–1489:Kingdom of Cyprus
965–1192: Part of theByzantine Empire asProvince
750–965: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate
668–750: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate
31 BC-668 AD:Part of theRoman Empire
305–31 BC: Part of thePtolemaic Kingdom
321–305 BC: Part of theMacedonian Empire
545–321 BC: Part of theAchaemenid Empire
626–545 BC: Part of theNeo-Babylonian Empire
911–669 BC: Part of theNeo-Assyrian Empire
Since around the 10th millennium BChumans have been settled on the island dates.[88]
Note: Cyprus has been divided between two ethnicities as one sovereign state:CyprusGreek Cyprus andTurkish Cyprus from 1983.

Nicosia
CzechiaEurope1 January 19938701 Jan 1993Czechoslovakia1993–present: Czech Republic

1945–1993: Part of theCzechoslovakia (interrupted byWarsaw Pact armies in 1968)
1945: Occupied by WWII Allies in 1945
1939–1945:Occupied by Germany
1918–1939: Part of theCzechoslovakia
1867–1918:Lands of the Bohemian Crown, held inpersonal union withinAustria-Hungary
1806–1867:Lands of the Bohemian Crown, held inpersonal union within theAustrian Empire
1198–1806:Kingdom of Bohemia,State of the Holy Roman Empire (inpersonal union with Austria from 1526)
1002–1198:Duchy of Bohemia, State of the Holy Roman Empire
935–1002: Unified withMoravia andSilesia underBoleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, who acceded to the throne in 935.
870–935:Duchy of Bohemia first independent fromGreat Moravia

Prague
DenmarkEurope15 June 1920714[89]5 May 1945Germany2022: The sovereignty ofHans Island is partitioned between Denmark and Canada

2014: Denmark submits a claim for theNorth Pole to theUN
2009: GreenlandicSelf-Governance after areferendum
1973–2022:Dispute withCanada over sovereignty ofHans Ø
1948: Faroe Islands grantedhome rule
1940–1945:Germanoccupation
1920:Northern Schleswig (Sønderjylland)re-united with Denmark
1918:Independence ofIceland
1917: Denmark'slasttropicalcolony, sold toUnited States
1864:Schleswig,Holstein &Lauenburg islost toPrussia
1863– :House of Glücksburg
1849: Newconstitution with electedparliament
1814:Norway becomes independent with newconstitution.Greenland,Iceland &Faroe Islands remain under Danish rule
1721: Denmark-Norway re-establish claim to Greenland
1679: Denmark forced to leaveGotland for good
1665:Kongeloven, Denmark's first constitution
1658: The sovereignty overSkåneland is transferred to Sweden
1620: First overseascolony
1536:Reformation in Denmark
1534–1536:War of succession
1448:Christian I first king ofHouse of Oldenburg
1397–1523:Kalmar Union
1380–1814: Personal union betweenDenmark and Norway
1375–1412: QueenMargaret
1332–1340:Interregnum, Denmark controlled by German counts
1241:Code of Jutland"Jyske Lov"
1219–1223/27: DominantBaltic power under the reign ofValdemar II
1154–1182:Valdemar the Great
1131–1157: Civil war
1047– : Unbroken line ofDanish monarchs ruling the kingdom, al descending from titular QueenEstrid Svendsdatter
1042–1047:Norwegian rule
1010s–1040s: Anglo-Danish kingdom under the kingsSweyn,Cnut &Harthacnut
970s–1035: In periods the Danish kingsHarald,Sweyn &Cnut (& perhapsHarald II ?) exercises supremacy overNorway
Country re-united underGorm the Old &Harald Bluetooth
The decades from the 890s to the 930s are only sparse documented in writtensources. The country possibly divided into smaller parts ruled by various families
Second half of the 9th century, an increasing number ofViking raids onWestern Europe, many originating from Denmark
814–854:Horik I king (in periods ruling jointly with others)
812: Civil war
c. 800–810: KingGudfred
c. 714:Ongendus king
Danish kingship documented from the 8th century, though the institution possibly established prior to that

Copenhagen
DjiboutiAfrica27 June 197727 June 197727 June 1977 France1977–present: Republic of Djibouti

1894–1977: Part of theFrench Colonial Empire asFrench Somaliland
1862–1883: Ruled by Afar and Somali sultans
1577–1862: Part of theOttoman Empire
1415–1577:Part of theSultanate of Adal
1285–1415: Part of theSultanate of Ifat

Djibouti
DominicaThe Americas27 February 19673 Nov 19783 Nov 1978United Kingdom1978–present:Commonwealth of Dominica

1763–1978: Part of theBritish Empire asits West Indies

c.1690–1763: Part of theFrench Empire

The island was originally inhabited by theKalinago.

Roseau
Dominican RepublicThe Americas9 May 193627 Feb 1844[note 28]27 Feb 1844Haiti1844–present: Dominican Republic

1822–1844: Part of theRepublic of Haiti
1821–1822:Republic of Spanish Haiti
1809–1821: Part of theSpanish Empire
1806–1809: Part of the Republic of Haiti
1805: Part of theEmpire of Haiti
1795–1805: Part of theFrench Colonial Empire
1535–1795:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of theViceroyalty of New Spain(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1492–1535:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of theColumbian Viceroyalty(Part of theSpanish Empire)
At the time ofColumbus' arrival in 1492, the island's territory consisted of fiveTaíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey.

Santo Domingo
EcuadorThe Americas26 February 194613 May 183013 May 1830Gran Colombia1830–present:EcuadorRepublic of Ecuador

1824–1830: Divided inAzuay,Guayaquil andEcuador,federated states of theGran Colombia
1821–1824:Federated state of theGran Colombia
1717–1821: Part of the jurisdiction of theRoyal Audience of Quito (sometimes referred unofficially as the Presidency of Quito or Kingdom of Quito) within theViceroyalty of Nueva Granada, part of theSpanish Empire
1563–1717: Part of the jurisdiction of theRoyal Audience of Quito (sometimes referred unofficially as the Presidency of Quito or Kingdom of Quito) within theViceroyalty of Peru, part of theSpanish Empire
1542–1562: Part of theViceroyalty of Peru, within theSpanish Empire
1532–1542: Part of theGovernorate of New Castile, part of theSpanish Empire
1486–1532: Part of theInca Empire
Since 8000 BC humans has been settled, starting withNative Ecuadorians such asCotocollao, Tayos,Machalilla, andManteños

Quito
EgyptAfrica/Asia192528 Feb 1922[note 29]28 Feb 1922United Kingdom1971–present:EgyptArab Republic of Egypt

1958–1971:United Arab Republic (In union with Syria)
1953–1958:EgyptArab Republic of Egypt
1922–1953:Kingdom of Egypt
1914–1922: Part of theBritish Empire as theSultanate of Egypt (British protectorate)
1867–1914:Khedivate of Egypt, ade jureOttoman autonomous state(Occupied by theBritish Empire from 1882 to 1922).
1798–1801:Occupied by theFirst French Empire
1517–1867: Part of theOttoman Empire asEyalet of Egypt
1250–1517:Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (Baḥrī andBurjī dynasties)
1218–1250: Center of theAyyubid Sultanate
1174–1218: Part of theAyyubid Sultanate
1171–1174: Center of theAyyubid Sultanate
973–1171: Center of theFatimid Caliphate
969–973: Part of theFatimid Caliphate
935–969:Ikhshidid State, autonomous state within theAbbasid Caliphate
868–935: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate
868–905:Tulunid Emirate
750–868: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate
641–661: Part of theRashidun Caliphate
619–629: Part of theSasanian Empire asProvince
324–641: Part of theByzantine Empire asprovince
30 BC-324 AD: Part of theRoman Empire asprovince
332–30 BC:Ptolemaic Kingdom (in association withMacedonia)
332–323 BC: Part of theMacedonian Empire
343–332 BC: Part of theAchaemenid Empire as the31st Dynasty
404–343 BC: 28th–30th Dynasties ofAncient Egypt
525–404 BC: Part of theAchaemenid Empire as the27th Dynasty
664–525 BC: 26th Dynasty ofAncient Egypt
1069–664 BC: 21st–25th Dynasties ofAncient Egypt
1550–1069 BC: 18th–20th Dynasties ofAncient Egypt as a new kingdom
1650–1550 BC: 13th–17th Dynasties ofAncient Egypt
2055–1650 BC: 11th and 12th Dynasties ofAncient Egypt as the middle kingdom
2181–2055 BC: 8th–10th Dynasties ofAncient Egypt
2575–2150 BC: 3rd–7th Dynasties ofAncient Egypt as kingdom
3150–2575 BC: 1st–2nd Dynasties ofAncient Egypt(Unified by PharaohMenes or probablyNarmer, founder of theFirst Dynasty betweenLower Egypt andUpper Egypt).

Since 598,000 BC humans have been settled starting within a 30-metre (100 ft)terrace, with primitiveAcheulean andAbbevillian (Chellean).[90]

Cairo
El SalvadorThe Americas2 February 184129 Nov 189829 Nov 1898Greater Republic of Central AmericaGreater Republic of Central America

1982–present:El SalvadorRepublic of El Salvador
1979–1982:El SalvadorRevolutionary Junta of El Salvador
1922–1979:El SalvadorRepublic of El Salvador
1921–1922:Federated state of theFederal Republic of Central America
1915–1921:El SalvadorRepublic of El Salvador(As an official name from June 7)
1898–1915:Republic of Salvador
1896–1898:Federated state of theGreater Republic of Central America
November 1852 – 1896:Republic of Salvador
October–November 1852:Federated state of theFederation of Central America
1841–1852:Republic of Salvador
1823–1841:Federated state of theFederal Republic of Central America
1821–1823: Part of theFirst Mexican Empire as province of Salvador
1609–1821: Part of theCaptaincy General of Guatemala (alternatively Kingdom of Guatemala) within theViceroyalty of New Spain(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1535–1609: Part of theViceroyalty of New Spain(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1525–1535: Part of theColumbian Viceroyalty(Part of theSpanish Empire)
c.1200–1525: Divided betweenCuzcatlan (Western part) andLenca (Eastern part)
Since 8000 BC humans have been settled byNative Salvadorans, includingMayans,Nahuatl, andPipils.

San Salvador
Equatorial GuineaAfrica12 October 196812 Oct 196812 Oct 1968Spain1968–present: Republic of Equatorial Guinea
1979:1979 coup d'état

1778–1968: Part of theSpanish Empire

1640-1902:Aro Confederacy

Equatorial Guinea wasSpanish Guinea (Spanish Cameroons)
1474–1778: Part of thePortuguese Empire

Malabo
EritreaAfrica1 April 200224 May 199324 May 1993Ethiopia1993–present: State of Eritrea

1952–1993: Part ofEthiopia
1941–1952: Occupied by theBritish Empire
1889–1941: Part of theItalian Empire
1879–1889: Part of theEthiopian Empire
1555–1879: Part of theOttoman Empire
1137–1889:Medri Bahri kingdom
c. 100 AD – c. 940 AD: Part of theKingdom of Aksum
c. 980 BC–c. 400 BC: Part ofDʿmt

Asmara
EstoniaEurope1 January 194524 Feb 1918[91]20 Aug 1991Soviet Union1991–present:Republic of Estonia

1940–1991: Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940–1941), Germany (1941–1944) and again by the Soviet Union (1944–1991)
1918–1940:Republic of Estonia
1918:United Baltic Duchy
1917–1918:Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, autonomous entity of theRussian Republic
1721–1917:Governorate of Estonia, part of theRussian Empire
1561–1721:Duchy of Estonia, dominion of theSwedish Empire
1465–1561: Part of theLivonian Confederation
1346–1435: Part of theState of the Teutonic Order
1219–1346:Duchy of Estonia, a direct dominion (Latin: dominium directum) of theKing of Denmark
The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C

Tallinn
EswatiniAfrica6 September 19686 Sep 19686 Sep 1968United Kingdom2018–present:Kingdom of Eswatini

1968–2018:Kingdom of Swaziland
1902–1968: Part of theBritish Empire

Swaziland Protectorate


1745–1902:Kingdom of Swaziland

Lobamba (royal and legislative) andMbabane (administrative)
EthiopiaAfrica1 April 2002900c. (Zagwe Kingdom)[note 30]5 May 1941Italy1995–present:Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia(aFederal state, constituted by 10 regional states and 2 chartered cities)

1991–1995:Transitional Government of Ethiopia
1987–1991:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1974–1987:Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia
1941–1974:Ethiopian Empire
[92]1936–1941: Occupied byItaly
[92]1734–1936:Sultanate of Aussa
1647–1887:Emirate of Harar
1577–1672:Imamate of Aussa
1415–1577:Adal Sultanate
1285–1415: Part of theSultanate of Ifat
1270–1936:Ethiopian Empire
c. 900/1137–1270:Zagwe Kingdom
c. 325–1627:Kingdom of Semien
c. 80 BC – c. 940 AD:Kingdom of Aksum
c. 980 BC–c. 400 BC:Kingdom of D'mt

Addis Ababa
FijiAustralia10 October 197010 Oct 197010 Oct 1970United Kingdom1987–present: Republic of Fiji

1970–1987:Dominion of Fiji
1874–1970: Part of theBritish Empire

1874-1970:Colony of Fiji

1871–1874:Kingdom of Fiji

The Kingdom of Fiji was the first unified Fijian state, and it covered all of modern Fiji, except the island ofRotuma. Cakobau was theVunivalu (Warlord orParamount Chief) of the island ofBau. His father,Tanoa Visawaqa, had conquered theBurebasaga Confederacy but never subdued western Fiji. Cakobau controlled most of the eastern parts of the Fijian Islands and declared himself King of Fiji (Self-proclaimedTui Viti). This met with opposition from other chiefs, who regarded him as at bestfirst among equals. However, in June 1871,John Bates Thurston, the British honorary consul, persuaded theFijian chiefs to accept aconstitutional monarchy with Cakobau as the King, but with real power in the hands of acabinet and legislature dominated by Australian settlers. The Legislative Assembly met for the first time inLevuka in November 1871.

900 BC:Discovery of Fiji

The majority ofFiji's islands were formed throughvolcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago. Today, some geothermic activity still occurs on the islands of Vanua Levu andTaveuni. Fiji was settled first by theLapita culture, around 1,500–1,000 years BC, followed by a large influx of people with predominantly Melanesian genetics about the time of the beginning of the Common Era. Europeans visited Fiji from the 17th century, and, aftera brief period as an independent kingdom, the British established theColony of Fiji in 1874. Fiji was aCrown colony until 1970, when it gained independence as theDominion of Fiji. A republic was declared in 1987, followinga series of coups d'état.

Suva
FinlandEurope26 January 19566 Dec 19174 Jan 1918Russia1919–present: Republic of Finland

1918–1919:Kingdom of Finland
1918:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
1809–1917:Grand Duchy of Finland,Governorate-General of theRussian Empire
c.1200s–1809: Part of theKingdom of Sweden, as anintegral region.
The territory of Finland has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C, although it's possible that human habitation in the country dates back to 120,000 B.C[93][94]

Helsinki
FranceEurope30 July 19804811944Germany1958—Present:FranceFrench Republic(Fifth; consisted ofintegral regions (five being overseas regions) and severaloverseas collectivities)

1946–1958:FranceFrench Fourth Republic
1944–1946:FranceProvisional Government of the French Republic
1940–1944:Free France, a government-in-exile of France, and member of theallies during WWII.
1940–1944:FranceOccupied by Germany in WWII makingVichy France, aNazi Puppet.
1870–1940:FranceFrench Third Republic
1852–1870:FranceSecond French Empire
1848–1852:FranceFrench Second Republic
1830–1848:FranceJuly Monarchy
1814/5–1830:FranceBourbon Restoration
1804–1814/5:FranceFirst French Empire
1792–1804:FranceFirst French Republic
987–1792: Focusing with West Francia, theKingdom of France was established.
843–987: with theTreaty of Verdun establishedWest Francia
768–843: Part of theKingdom of the Franks
481–768: Center of theKingdom of the Franks
395–480 AD:Gaul, part of theWestern Roman Empire
121 BC – 395 AD:Gaul, part of theRoman Empire
French Tribes from 5th century to 121 BC:Gauls andCeltics
First human settlement from 1.8 Million BC

Note: TheFrench Colonial Empire was founded by the order ofFrancis I of France. In 1534, Francis sentJacques Cartier to explore theSt. Lawrence River inQuebec.

Paris
GabonAfrica17 August 196017 Aug 196017 Aug 1960 France1960–present: Gabonese Republic

1910–1960: Part of theFrench Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of theFrench Empire
1839–1910: Part of theFrench Empire as aprotectorate

Libreville
GambiaAfrica18 February 196518 Feb 196518 Feb 1965United Kingdom1970–present: Republic of The Gambia

1965–1970:Gambia (monarchy)
1821–1965: Part of theBritish Empire
1287–1480: Part of theMali Empire

Banjul
GeorgiaAsia/Europe23 July 199226 May 19189 Apr 1991Soviet Union1991–Present:Republic of Georgia
1921–1991:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, afederated state of theSoviet Union
1918–1921 :Democratic Republic of Georgia
1801–1918: Part of theRussian Empire
1490–1801 Fragmentized into three independent kingdoms –Kartli,Kakheti, andImereti and five semi-independent principalities –Odishi, (Mingrelia),Guria,Abkhazia,Svaneti, andSamtskhe
1008–1490:Kingdom of Georgia		Tbilisi
GermanyEurope3 October 19901 July 1867 (North German Confederation)15 Mar 1991West Germany
East Germany
West Berlin
World War II AlliesAllied-occupied Germany (Allied-occupied Germany)		1990–Present:Germany Federal Republic of Germany(Become fully sovereign reunification on 15 March 1991 after theTreaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany came into effect).

1949–1990: Divided betweenWest GermanyFederal Republic of Germany andGerman Democratic Republic(BerlinWest Berlin was an exclave of West Germany).
1945–1949: Germany occupied between theAllied-occupied GermanyAllies (USA, UK and France) and theSoviet Union(The occupation lasted from 1945 until the ratification ofBonn–Paris conventions in 1955).
1933–1945:Nazi Germany
1918–1933:Weimar RepublicWeimar Germany (afederal republic)
1878–1918:German Empire(PrussiaUnified in afederal monarchy with all state kingdoms of Germany, excluding Austria).
1867–1878:GermanyNorth German Confederation, federal union of 22 German-speaking states .
1815–1866:German Confederation, confederal union of 39 German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe, includingPrussia andAustrian Empire(Interrupted by theGerman Empire (1848–49)).
1806–1815:Confederation of the Rhine, confederal union of 37 German-speaking sovereign states, in a military alliance with theFranceFirst French Empire
962[note 31]-1806:Holy Roman Empire(federation composed of manykingdoms,principalities,duchies,counties,prince-bishoprics,Free Imperial Cities, and other domains).
843–962:Kingdom of Germany orEast Francia
768–843: Center of theKingdom of the Franks
481–768: Part of theKingdom of the Franks
395–480 AD:Germania Superior andGermania Inferior, parts of theWestern Roman Empire
83–395 AD:Germania Superior andGermania Inferior, parts of theRoman Empire
Germanic Tribes from 5th century to 480 AD:Germania
First human settlement from the year 598,000 BC.

Berlin
GreeceEurope10 February 194725 Mar 18221945 Bulgaria
Nazi Germany
 Italy		1974–Present:Greece Third Hellenic Republic

1967–1974:Greece:Greek Dictatorship
1944–1973:Kingdom of Greece
1941–1944:GreeceHellenic State, a government-in-exile during the axis occupation, and member of theallies during WWII.
1935–1941:Kingdom of Greece
1924–1935:GreeceSecond Hellenic Republic
1832–1924:Kingdom of Greece
1822–1832: After theWar of Independence Greece declared independent as theGreeceFirst Hellenic Republic
1453–1822: Part of theOttoman Empire
1453–1460:Despotate of Morea, ruled by the Palaiologos dynasty
1346–1566: Island ofChios and port ofPhocaea, Part of theRepublic of Genoa (Maona of Chios and Phocaea)
1348–1360: Part of theSerbian Empire
1310–1522:Rhodes, under theKnights Hospitaller
1261–1453: Part of theByzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
1261–1458:Duchy of Athens
1261–1432:Principality of Achaea
1231–1244: Part of theSecond Bulgarian Empire
1205–1669:Crete, part of theRepublic of Venice as part of itsStato da Màr.
1205–1337/40:Despotate of Epirus
1204–1261: Part of theLatin Empire
920s–1010s: Part of theFirst Bulgarian Empire
324–1204: Part of theByzantine Empire
148 BC-324 AD: Part of theRoman Empire
323–148 BC:Ancient Greece (Hellenistic period), Greece was divided in theKingdom of Macedonia,Kingdom of Epirus, and theAetolian League,Achaean League, and the city-states ofSparta andAthens.
338–323 BC:League of Corinth, aconfederation of Greek states created byPhilip II of Macedon (father ofAlexander the Great).Sparta andCrete did not join this league
776–338 BC:Ancient Greece (Archaic and Classical Period): Greece was divided into many states, includingAthens,Sparta,Thebes andMacedonia
c.1100–776 BC:Greek Dark Ages
c. 1600–c. 1100 BC:Mycenaean civilization
Since 7000 BC humans have been settled passing the first Greek ages such as theNeolithic era, theMinoan era and theHelladic era.

Athens
GhanaAfrica13 December 19566 May 19576 May 1957United Kingdom1957–Present:Republic of Ghana

1867–1957:British Gold Coast
1658–1850:Danish Gold Coast
1598–1872:Dutch Gold Coast
1650–1663:Swedish Gold Coast
1682–1721:Branderberger/Prussian Gold Coast
c.1670–1957:Kingdom of Ashanti
1482–1642:Portuguese Gold Coast
1409–1700:Kingdom of Dagbon, founded by theDagomba people
c.13th century: Modern day Ghana was divided in many states likeBonoman,Ashanti,Denkyira,Mankessim Kingdom, andAkwamu
c.11th century: Akans were firmly established in the Akan state called
Although the area of present-day Ghana in West Africa has experienced many population movements, the Akans were firmly settled by the 5th century CE

Accra
GrenadaThe Americas27 February 19677 Feb 19747 Feb 1974United Kingdom1974–present: Grenada

1783–1974: Part of theBritish Empire, as itsWest Indies
1779–1783: Part of theFrench Empire
1763–1779: Part of theBritish Empire
1650–1763: Part of theFrench Empire

St. George's
GuatemalaThe Americas185917 Apr 183917 Apr 1839Federal Republic of Central America1922–present:Guatemala Republic of Guatemala

1921–1922:Federated state of theFederal Republic of Central America
1840–1921: Republic of Guatemala
1823–1838:Federated state of theFederal Republic of Central America
24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of theFirst Mexican Empire as province of Guatemala
15–24 September 1821: Republic of Guatemala
1609–1821:Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly known as Kingdom of Guatemala), within theViceroyalty of New Spain, part of theSpanish Empire. Since its foundation the Captaincy had self-administration without vice-royal dependence.
1535–1609: Part of theViceroyalty of New Spain
1523–1535: Part of theColumbian Viceroyalty
Since 8000 BC humans have been settled byNative Guatemalans, includingMayans (that established city-states in the region) andNahuas (founders of theAztec Empire).

Guatemala City
GuineaAfrica2 October 19582 Oct 19582 Oct 1958 France1958–present: Republic of Guinea

1894–1958:French Guinea, part of theFrench West Africa, part of theFrench Empire
1878–1898:Wassoulou Empire
1725–1894:Imamate of Futa Jallon
1559–1670: part of theMali Empire
1235–1559: center of theMali Empire

Conakry
Guinea-BissauAfrica24 September 197324 Sep 197310 Sep 1974 Portugal1974–present:Republic of Guinea-Bissau

1474–1974:Portuguese Guinea

Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves

Portuguese Empire

1226-1474:Mali Empire

Bissau
GuyanaThe Americas26 May 196626 May 196626 May 1966United Kingdom1970–present: Co-operative Republic of Guyana

1966–1970:Guyana (monarchy)
1814–1966:British Guyana, part of theBritish Empire
1616–1814: Divided in three Dutch colonies:Demerara,Essequibo andBerbice
First human settlement from the year 35,000 BC.

Georgetown
HaitiThe Americas27 February 18441 Jan 18041 Jan 1804France1859–present:Republic of Haiti

1849–1859:Second Empire of Haiti
1820–1849:Republic of Haiti
1811–1820:Kingdom of Haiti
1806–1811:State of Haiti
1804–1806:First Empire of Haiti
1625–1804: Part of theFrench Empire asSaint-Domingue
1492–1625: Part of theSpanish Empire
At the time ofColumbus' arrival in 1492, the island's territory consisted of fiveTaíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey.

Port-au-Prince
HondurasThe Americas1 September 197229 Nov 189829 Nov 1898Greater Republic of Central AmericaGreater Republic of Central America1922–present:Honduras Republic of Honduras

1921–1922:Federated state of theFederal Republic of Central America
1898–1921: Republic of Honduras(United States has been occupied on the Honduran Land in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924 and 1925).[95]
1896–1898:Federated state of theGreater Republic of Central America
November 1852 – 1896:Honduras Republic of Honduras
October–November 1852:Federated state of the Federation of Central America
1838–1852:Honduras Republic of Honduras
1823–1838:Federated state of theFederal Republic of Central America
September 24, 1821 – 1823: Part of theFirst Mexican Empire as province of Honduras
15–24 September 1821:Honduras Republic of Honduras
1609–1821: Part of theCaptaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within theViceroyalty of New Spain(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1535–1609: Part of theViceroyalty of New Spain(Part of theSpanish Empire)
9000 BC–1525 AD: Inhabited byNative Hondurans, includingMayans, andToltecs.[96]

Tegucigalpa
HungaryEurope10 February 19478951918
23 Oct 1989		Austria-Hungary
 Soviet Union		1989–present:Third Hungarian Republic

1949–1989:Hungarian People's Republic
1946–1949:Second Hungarian Republic
1920–1946:Kingdom of Hungary
1919–1920:Hungarian Republic
1919:Hungarian Soviet Republic
1918–1919:First Hungarian Republic
1867–1918:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, adual monarchy withAustria(viaAustro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867)
1000–1867:Kingdom of Hungary
895–1000:Principality of Hungary
850–895:Etelköz
750–850:Levedia

Budapest
IcelandEurope1 December 19181 Dec 19181 Dec 1918Denmark1945–present:Republic of Iceland

1944–1945:Republic of Iceland(occupied by the United States)1918–1944:Kingdom of Iceland, with apersonal union withDenmark(Occupied by theUnited Kingdom andCanada in 1940 and 1941 and by theUnited States in 1941–1944)1814–1918: Part of theKingdom of Denmark1523–1814: Part ofDenmark-Norway, areal union between the kingdoms of Norway and Denmark
1397–1523: Part of the Kingdom of Norway, within theKalmar Union (personal union between the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark and Sweden)
1262–1397:Part of the Kingdom of Norway
930–1262:Icelandic Commonwealth.in 1262; Part of theKingdom of Denmark after 1814;Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944) with a Personal union with Denmark,Republic of Iceland founded 1944.
874–930:Settlement of Iceland byNorth Germanic andGaelic colonists[97]

Reykjavík
IndiaAsia31 July 201515 Aug 194715 Aug 1947United Kingdom1950–present:IndiaRepublic of India (afederal state. TheStates Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines. Currently the Indian Union comprises 28 states and 8 union territories)

1947–1950:IndiaDominion of India, a monarchy in apersonal union with theUnited Kingdom (afederal state. Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union.)
1858–1947: Part of theBritish Empire asBritish RajIndia (the territory was sometimes called the Indian Empire, though not officially.)(India was divided into provinces (formerly, called Presidencies) that were directly governed by the Crown and princely states which were ruled by a prince who acknowledged suzerainty to the Crown.)
1757–1858: Part of theBritish Empire as theEast India Company
1717–1857: India divided during theMughal Era:Maratha Empire (later, the "Maratha Confederacy"),Kingdom of Mysore, and theSikh Kingdom. However, the Mughal Emperor (in Maratha) continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. The Muslim, Hindu (including Maratha), and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.[98]
1555–1717:Mughal Empire
1540–1556:Sur Empire
1526–1556 AD:Mughal Empire
13th century-16th century: Politics in Northern India was dominated by theDelhi Sultanate, and in Southern India by theVijayanagar Empire. However, there were other regional powers present, like theChero dynasty,Reddi kingdom,Rajput states,Gajapati Kingdom,Ahom kingdom and theKingdom of Manipur
1347–1527: Three sultanates declared independent from DelhiBahmani Sultanate (1347–1527),Malwa Sultanate (1392–1562), andGujarat Sultanate (1407–1573). Plus theVijayanagara Empire (1336–1646)
1336–1646:Vijayanagara Empire (also called Kingdom of Bisnegar), ruled a major part of the southern Indian subcontinent
1206–1526:Delhi Sultanate, ruled a major part of the northern Indian subcontinent
230 BC–1206 AD: India divided between the 49middle kingdoms. The well-known kingdoms areShunga Empire (187 to 78 BC),Gupta Empire (280–550 AD),Satavahana dynasty (1st century BC–2nd century AD),Pala Empire (8th century–12th century),Rashtrakuta Kingdom (753–982),Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (mid-8th century AD–1036 AD) and theChola Empire (300s BC–1279 AD).
322–185 BC:Maurya Empire(Political unity in verified historiography was first achieved byChandragupta Maurya).
5th or 4th century–322 BC:Nanda Empire
c.600–345 BC: Indian Subcontinent was divided in 16 kingdoms calledMahajanapadas
1500–500 BC: Inhabited byVedic
1700–1500 BC: Inhabited byCemetery H
c.3300–c.1300 BC:Indus Valley civilisation, era when the India's local nameBhārat derives from the legendary Bharata (eitherDushyanta's son Bharata orRishabha's son Bharata), held by tradition as the first emperor to unite India in 2000 BC.[citation needed]

Since 2.2 million BC, India has been settled starting withHominins who were from Africa by the expansion of civilization with theMadrasian andSoanian cultures.[99]: 147 [100][101]: 167–170 

New Delhi
IndonesiaAsia/Australia20 May 200217 Aug 194527 Dec 1949Netherlands1949–present: Republic of Indonesia

1945–1949:Indonesian Struggle for Independence
1942–1945: Part ofJapan in World War II
1816–1942: Part of theDutch Empire asDutch East Indies
1812–1816: Part ofBritish India (following Dutch-French defeat in theNapoleonic War)
1802–1812: Part ofBatavian Republic (Client State of theNapoleonic France)
1619–1802: Under Administration of theDutch East India Company, being part of theDutch Empire
15th–19th century: VariousIslamic Kingdoms, most notablyDemak (successor state to the Majapahit Empire),Pajang (successor state to Demak),Mataram (successor state to Pajang) andBanten in Java;Malaka, Johor-Riau,Minang andAceh in Sumatra;Brunei andBanjarmasin in Kalimantan,Makassar in Sulawesi, andTernate andTidore in Moluccas
1292–1478:Majapahit Empire, united Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and parts of Philippines under the reign ofHayam Wuruk
4th century–13th century: VariousHindu-Buddhist Kingdoms, most notablySrivijaya in 8th–10th century AD
4th century: First Hindu Kingdom ofKutai in Kalimantan

Jakarta
IranAsia30 November 19711501 (Safavid Empire)[note 32]2 March 1946United Kingdom/Soviet Union
Anglo-Soviet withdrawal from Tehran		1980–present: Islamic Republic of Iran

1979–1980: Under anInterim Government
1925–1979:Pahlavi dynasty (Anglo-Soviet occupation 1941–1946)
1796–1925:Qajar dynasty
1747–1796:Afsharid dynasty
(1760–1794):Zand dynasty
1736–1747:Afsharid dynasty
(1722–1729): Part ofHotaki Empire
1501–1736:Safavid dynasty
1468–1508: Part ofAgh Qoyunlu
1405–1507: Part ofTimurid Empire
1406–1468: Part ofQara Qoyunlu
1370–1405: Part ofTimurid Empire
1337–1376:Sarbadars
1336–1432: Part ofJalayirid dynasty
1335–1393:Muzaffarid dynasty
1335–1357:Chobanid dynasty
1256–1335:Ilkhanate Empire (Hulagu dynasty)
1225–1231: Center of theKhwarazmian Empire
1077–1225: Part of theKhwarazmian Empire
1037–1194: Part of theGreat Seljuq Empire
963–1186: Part of theGhaznavid Empire
875–999: Part of theSamanid dynasty
934–1055:Buyid dynasty
867–1002: Part ofSaffarid dynasty
928–1043:Ziyarid dynasty
750–1258: Part ofAbbasid Caliphate
c.1236661–750: Part ofUmayyad Caliphate
(642–759/760):Dabuyid dynasty
224–651:Sassanid dynasty
247 BC – 224 AD:Parthian Empire (Arsacid dynasty)
312–63 BC: Part ofSeleucid Empire
330–323 BC: Part of the Empire ofAlexander the Great
550–330 BC:Achaemenid dynasty
(652–625 BC): Part ofScythian Kingdom
678–550 BC:Median Empire
850–616 BC: Inhabited byMannaeans
2700–539 BC:Elamites
3200–2700 BC:Proto-Elamites

Tehran
IraqAsia28 February 19913 Oct 19321 May 2003United States
United Kingdom
Australia
Poland		2003–present:Republic of Iraq(afederal state, consisting of 19 governorates, four of which make up the autonomousKurdistan Region)

2003:American Invasion[102]
1968–2003:Iraqi Republic
1958–1968:Iraqi Republic
1958:Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan
1932–1958:Kingdom of Iraq
1920–1932:Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration
1534–1923: Part of theOttoman Empire
1509–1534: Part of theSafavid Empire
1469–1509: Part of theAq Qoyunlu
1451–1469: Part of theQara Qoyunlu
1434–1451: Part of theQara Qoyunlu, except the east that was part of theTimurid Empire
1410–1434: Part of theQara Qoyunlu, except the south and east that was part of theTimurid Empire
1394–1410: Part of theTimurid Empire
1335–1394:Jalairid Sultanate in the south,Artuqid Beylik in the north
1258–1335: Part of theIlkhanate
1234–1258:Abbasid Caliphate in the center,Ayyubid Sultanate in the north,Mongol Empire in the east
1194–1234:Abbasid Caliphate in the center,Ayyubid Sultanate in the north,Khwaraszmian Sultanate in the east
1185–1194: Part of theSeljuk Empire in the south, west and center,Ayyubid Sultanate in the north
1130–1185: Part of theSeljuk Empire in the south, west and center,Zengid Emirate in the north
1071–1130: Part of theSeljuk Empire
1055–1071: Part of theSeljuk Empire in the south, west and center,Uqaylid Emirate in the north
1024–1055: Part of theBuyid Empire in the south, west and center,Uqaylid Emirate in the north,Kakuyid Emirate in the east
996–1024: Part of theBuyid Empire in the south, west and center,Uqaylids in the north
945–996: Part of theBuyid Empire in the south, west and center,Hamdanid Emirate in the north
937–945: Center of theAbbasid Caliphate,Ziyarid Kingdom andBuyid Empire in the east,Hamdanid Emirate in the north
931–937: Center of theAbbasid Caliphate,Ziyarid Kingdom in the east,Hamdanid Emirate in the north
900–931: Center of theAbbasid Caliphate,Samanid Emirate in the east,Hamdanid Emirate in the north
890–900: Center of theAbbasid Caliphate,Saffarid Emirate in the east,Hamdanid Emirate in the north
876–890: Center of theAbbasid Caliphate, eastern regions are part of theSaffarid Emirate
809–876: Center of theAbbasid Caliphate
796–809: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate
750–796: Center of theAbbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate
656–661: Center of theRashidun Caliphate
637–656: Part of theRashidun Caliphate
224–637: Part of theSassanid Empire
128 BC-224 BC: Part of theParthian Empire
148 BC–128 BC: Divided between theSeleucid Empire and theParthian Empire
301–148 BC:Seleucid Empire
310-301: Divided between theAntigonid Empire and theSeleucid Empire
318-310: Part of theAntigonid Empire
323-318: Divided in the satraps of Mesopothamia and Babylonia
330–323 BC: Part of the Empire ofAlexander the Great
539–330 BC: Part of theAchaemenid Empire
606–539 BC:Babylonian Empire
630 BC-606 BC: Divided betweenBabylonian Empire andAssyrian Empire
730 BC-630 BC:Assyrian Empire
770–730 BC: Divided betweenBabylonian Empire andAssyrian Empire
c.850 BC–770 BC:Assyrian Empire
c.1450–c.850 BC: Divided betweenBabylonian Empire andAssyrian Empire (between c.1020 BC-c.890 BC there is also the presence of small independent states orbiting the two empiress)
c.2000–c.1450 BC: Divided in many states likeAssyria,Isin andBabylonia
c.2100 BC:Neo-Sumerian Empire
c.2200 BC: Divided in many states along theTigris–Euphrates river system
c.2300 BC:Akkadian Empire
c.2550 BC: Divided in many states along theTigris–Euphrates river system
c.4000 BC:Sumer Civilization (the first Civilization in the world)

Baghdad
IrelandEurope2 December 199911 Dec 1931[note 33]11 Dec 1931United Kingdom1937–Present:Ireland (additionally described as theRepublic of Ireland)(Constitution of Ireland (1937): name change to "Ireland" (Irish:Éire), the country still was a monarchy in a personal union with Great Britain) (Republic of Ireland Act 1948: Ireland becomes a republic, ending the monarchy).

1931–1937:Irish Free State, monarchic state in apersonal union with theUnited Kingdom
1922–1931:Irish Free State, aDominion within theBritish Empire(Irish War of Independence: Irelandunilaterally declared itself independent in 1919, war ended withAnglo-Irish Treaty with thePartition of Ireland)..
1801–1922: constituent country of the United Kingdom (political union)
1707–1801:Kingdom of Ireland (in apersonal union withGreat Britain)
1659–1707:Kingdom of Ireland (in apersonal union with England)
1659–1660: Part of theCommonwealth of England
1653–1659: Part ofThe Protectorate
1653: Part of theCommonwealth of England
1642–1652:Confederate Ireland (a confederal monarchy that pledged allegiance to the English monarch)
1603–1642:Kingdom of Ireland. After theTudor conquest of Ireland, the entire country came under the nominal control of the King of Ireland (the monarch of England held the crowns of England and Ireland in apersonal union).
1542–1603:Kingdom of Ireland is established. However, most of Ireland was still held by Gaelic Irish dynasties.
1171–1542:Lordship of Ireland, apapal possession held infief by theKing of England. The kings of England claimed lordship over the whole island, but in reality the king's rule only ever extended to parts of the island. The rest of the island —known asGaelic Ireland—remained under the control of variousGaelic Irish kingdoms
800–1171: Divided inmany states. Some states, like theKingdom of Dublin, was founded byNordic invaders
150–800:[103]-: Divided inmany states, like the kingdoms ofOsraige,Munster andUlaid.
10,500 BC – 853 AD: Inhabited by theNative Irish, includingGaelic andCeltic cultures.

Dublin
IsraelAsia12 September 200514 May 194814 May 1948United KingdomThe 12 tribes conquer the holy land under the leadership of Joshua, then Israel goes through "The period of thejudges" leading to theKingdom of Israel unified under KingSaul, c. 1020 BC, divided into separate kingdoms of Israel and Judea by 930 BC, which fall toNeo-Assyrian andNeo-Babylonian empires in 722 and 586 BC, respectively. In the 2nd century BC, Judea re-gains independence asHasmonean kingdom after revolt against the HellenistSeleucid Empire. Conquered byPompey of theRoman Empire in 63 BC, and subsequently falls toByzantine,Umayyad,Abbasid,Crusader,Mamluk,Ottoman Turkish, andBritish rule, before regaining independence as theState of Israel in 1948.Jerusalem
ItalyEurope1 January 19481003 (County of Savoy)17 May 1861Sardinia
Lombardy–Venetia
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Papal States
United Provinces of Central Italy
 France		1946–present:ItalyItalian Republic

1945–1946:Kingdom of Italy
1943–1945:Italian Social Republic, aNazi Puppet.
1861–1943:Kingdom of Italy(Unified by theTwo Sicilies,Sardinia, thePapal States,Lombardy–Venetia, and itsCentral United Provinces)
1859–1860:United Provinces of Central Italy
1816–1861:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1815–1866:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1805–1814:Napoleonic Italy, part of theFranceFirst French Empire
1802–1805:Italian Napoleonic Republic, part of theFranceFirst French Empire
1720–1861:Kingdom of Sardinia
962–1801: the Italian peninsula divided into many states, among them themedieval Kingdom of Italy (774–1806) within theHoly Roman Empire
855–962: Divided between theKingdom of Italy,Duchy of Benevento,Duchy of Naples, theGiudicati,Republic of Venice andByzantine Empire
843–855: Divided between theMiddle Francia,Duchy of Benevento,Duchy of Naples, theGiudicati,Republic of Venice andByzantine Empire
775–843: Divided between theFrankish Kingdom,Duchy of Benevento,Duchy of Naples, theGiudicati,Republic of Venice andByzantine Empire
754–775: Divided between theKingdom of the Lombards, thePapal States,Duchy of Benevento and theByzantine Empire
568–754:Kingdom of the Lombards, later theKingdom of (all) Italy (Latin:Regnum totius Italiae). For most of the kingdom's history, the Byzantine-ruledExarchate of Ravenna andDuchy of Rome separated the northern Lombard duchies, from the two large southern duchies ofSpoleto andBenevento.
553–1071: Part of theByzantine Empire. Eastern RomanEmperor Justinian declared war on the Ostrogoths in 535 in an effort to restore the former western provinces of the Roman Empire. TheCatepanate of Italy, the last Roman (Byzantine) outpost in Italy was lost in 1071.
493–553:Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy (Latin:Regnum Italiae). Zeno negotiated with the invadingOstrogoths, convincing their king Theodoric to depart for Italy asmagister militum per Italiam ("commander in chief for Italy") with the aim of deposing Odoacer. The Ostrogoths was never recognised by the eastern emperors as "kings" (rex).
476–493:Kingdom of Italy (Odoacer).Odoacer assumed control of the peninsula as ade jure representative of the de jure Western Roman EmperorJulius Nepos. With the death of Nepos in 480, the Eastern RomanEmperor Zeno legally abolished the title and position of Western Roman Emperor and assumed the role of Odoacer's sovereign. In Roman constitutional theory, the Empire was still simply united under one emperor, implying no abandonment of territorial claims.
395–476: Center of theWestern Roman Empire
27 BC – 395 AD: Center of theRoman Empire
509–27BCRoman Republic. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status and was not converted into a province.
753 BC–509 BC:Roman Kingdom, founded by an Italic tribe known as theLatins
12th century – 100 BC:Various ancient peoples dispersed throughout modern-day Italy, the most predominant being theItalic peoples who gave the peninsula its name, there also the presence ofPhoenicians andCarthaginians ininsular Italy,Greeks inSouthern Italy, andEtruscans andCelts incentral andnorthern Italy respectively.
Since 848,000 BC humans have been settled by the firsthominins atMonte Poggiolo.[104]

Rome
Ivory CoastAfrica4 December 19587 Aug 19607 Aug 1960 France1960–presentIvory Coast

1886–1962: Part of theFrench Empire asFrench Ivory Coast, part of theWestern Africa
1740–1843:Kingdom of Sanwi
1710–1898:Kong Empire
1460–1895:Gyaaman
Possibly since theUpper Paleolithic humans have been settled before 1460.

Abidjan (former capital; still hosts some government offices) andYamoussoukro (de jure)
JamaicaThe Americas6 August 19626 Aug 19626 Aug 1962United Kingdom1962–present:Jamaica

1707–1962: Part of theBritish Empire
1655–1707: Part of theEnglish Empire
1509–1655: Part of theSpanish Empire
Originally inhabited by the indigenousArawak andTaíno peoples, the island came underSpanish rule following the arrival ofChristopher Columbus in 1494.

Kingston
JapanAsia15 May 1972539c.[note 34].28 Apr 1952World War II Allies (Allied-occupied Japan)1952–present: Japan(after theTreaty of San Francisco ended postwar occupation).

1945–1952:JapanAllied-occupation of Japan with theUnited States and theUnited Kingdom in the post-war period.
1868–1945:Empire of Japan
1603–1868:Tokugawa shogunate
1568–1603:Japanese Azuchi–Momoyama
1336–1568:Ashikaga shogunate
1333–1336:Kenmu Restoration
1185–1333:Kamakura shogunate
794–1185:Heian era
710–794:Nara era
538–710:Asuka era
300–578:Kofun era (Era when all Japanese states merged into one in c. 400 AD).
1000 BC – 300 AD:Yayoi era (Era when Japan was founded in 660 BC byEmperor Jimmu mythologically).
14,000 – 900 BC:Jōmon era
Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled crossing through the Korean-Japanese bridge,[105] and Japan made as an island in 12,000 BC warming the planet.[citation needed]

Tokyo
JordanAsia26 October 199725 May 19462 Aug 1958Arab Federation1958–present:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Feb–Aug 1958:Federated state of theArab Federation, governed fromBaghdad, Iraq.
1946–1958:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
1921–1946:Emirate of Transjordan, part of theBritish Empire
1918–1920:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1517–1918: Part of theOttoman Empire
1250–1517: Part of theMamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
1174–1250: Part of theAyyubid Sultanate
1071–1174: Part of theSeljuk Empire
969–1071: Part of theFatimid Caliphate
750–969: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate
636–661: Part of theRashidun Caliphate
625–636: Part of theEastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
614–625: Part of theSassanid Empire
286–614: Part of theEastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
273–286: Part of theRoman Empire
269–273: Part of thePalmyrene Empire
107–269: Part of theRoman Empire
330 BC-107 AD:Nabatean Kingdom
539–330 BC: Part of theAchaemenid Empire
596–539 BC: Part of theBabylonian Empire
607–596 BC:Ammon,Moab andEdom
c.719–607 BC: Part of theAssyrian Empire
13th century – 719 BC: Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of theBronze Age:Ammon,Moab andEdom.
What is nowJordan has been inhabited byhumans since thePaleolithic period.

Amman
KazakhstanAsia/Europe30 March 1993 (disputed)16 Dec 199116 Dec 1991Soviet Union1991–present:Republic of Kazakhstan
1936–1991:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic,federated state of theSoviet Union


1920–1936: Part of theRussian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic,federated state of theSoviet Union
1918–1920:Alash Autonomy
1731–1917: Part of theRussian Empire
1465–1731:Kazakh Khanate
1240s–1456: Part of theGolden Horde
1220s–1240s: Part of theMongol Empire
The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires. In antiquity, the nomadicScythians have inhabited the land and the PersianAchaemenid Empire expanded towards the southern territory of the modern country. Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as theFirst Turkic Khaganate etc. have inhabited the country throughout its history.

Astana
KenyaAfrica12 December 196312 Dec 196312 Dec 1963United Kingdom1964–present:Republic of Kenya

1963–1964:Kenya (monarchy)
1920–1963:Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, part of theBritish Empire
1895–1920:East Africa Protectorate, part of theBritish Empire
c.1st century AD: The Kenyan coast had served host to communities ofironworkers and communities of Bantu subsistence farmers, hunters, and fishers who supported the economy with agriculture, fishing, metal production, and trade with foreign countries. These communities formed the earliest city-states (likeMombasa andMalindi) in the region which were collectively known asAzania.[106]As city-states settled on the coast, several nomadic tribes inhabited the rest of what is today Kenya.
What is nowKenya has been inhabited byhumans since thePaleolithic period.

Nairóbi
KiribatiAustralia1 October 197512 July 197912 July 1979United Kingdom1979–present:Republic of Kiribati
1877-1976:British Western Pacific Territories

1892–1976:Gilbert and Ellice Islands, part of theBritish Empire

Kiribati Colonial

600 BC-1892:Pre-Colonial Kiribati

The islands which now form the Republic ofKiribati have been inhabited for at least seven hundred years, and possibly much longer. The initialAustronesian peoples’ population, which remains the overwhelming majority today, was visited byPolynesian andMelanesian invaders before the firstEuropean sailors visited the islands in the 17th century. For much of the subsequent period, the main island chain, theGilbert Islands, was ruled as part of theBritish Empire. The country gained its independence in 1979 and has since been known as Kiribati.

Tarawa do Sul
KosovoEurope17 February 200817 Feb 200817 Feb 2008Serbia2008–present:Kosovo

North Kosovo crisis (2011–2013)Clashes between theRepublic of Kosovo andethnic Serbs innorthern Kosovo began on 25 July 2011.Second Republic of Kosovo2008 Kosovo Declaration of Independence

Kosovo War

First Republic of Kosovo1992-2006:Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija

1992-2006:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

1945-1992:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo 1928-1939:Kingdom of AlbaniaGerman Occupation of AlbaniaItalian Occupation of Albania

Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia

1918-1941:Kingdom of Yugoslavia

First Balcan War1882-1918:Kingdom of Serbia

1455-1912:Ottoman Kosovo

1387-1478:Principality of Dukagjini

1402-1459:Serbian Despotate1371-1402:Moravian Serbia

1371-1412:District of Brancovíc1346-1371:Serbian Empire

1217-1346:Kingdom of Serbia1185-1396:Second Bulgarian Empire681-1018:First Bulgarian EmpireRoman Kosovo

Dardani Peoples400 BC-28 BC:Kingdom of DardaniaThe Dardani were the most stable and conservative ethnic element among the peoples of the central Balkans, retaining an enduring presence in the region for several centuries.

Pristina
North KoreaAsia12 October 19629 Sep 19489 Sep 1948Soviet Union1948–present:North KoreaDemocratic People's Republic of Korea

1945–1948: Occupied by theSoviet Union under theProvisional People's Committee, and later thePeople's Committee
1945–1946:People's Republic of Korea
1910–1945:Part of theKorea under Japanese ruleEmpire of Japan
1897–1910:Korean Empire
1392–1897:Kingdom of Great Joseon
918–1392:Kingdom of Goryeo
901–918:Kingdom of Taebong
892–936:Later Baekje
698–926:Kingdom of Balhae
668–935:Unified Silla
18 BC – 660 AD:Kingdom of Baekje
37 BC – 668 AD:Kingdom of Goguryeo
108 BC – 37 AD: Divides between thekingdoms of Korea
2333–108 BC:Kingdom of Gojoseon (Founded byDangun according to legend)
Since around 498,000 BC humans have been settled in theKorean Peninsula andManchuria began roughly half a million years ago.,[107][108] includingJeulmun andMumun.

Pyongyang
South KoreaAsia27 July 195315 Aug 194815 Aug 1948United States1987–present:South KoreaRepublic of Korea(Sixth)

1981–1987:Fifth Republic of Korea
1972–1981:Fourth Republic of Korea
1963–1972:Third Republic of Korea
1961–1963:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
1960–1961:Second Republic of Korea
1948–1960:First Republic of Korea
1945–1948: Occupied by theUnited States under theArmy Military.
1919–1945:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
1910–1945:Part of theKorea under Japanese ruleEmpire of Japan
1897–1910:Korean Empire
1392–1897:Kingdom of Great Joseon
918–1392:Kingdom of Goryeo
901–918:Kingdom of Taebong
892–936:Later Baekje
668–935:Unified Silla
42–562:Gaya confederacy
18 BC – 660 AD:Kingdom of Baekje
37 BC–668 AD:Kingdom of Goguryeo
57 BC – 935 AD:Kingdom of Silla
108 BC – 37 AD: Divides between thekingdoms of Korea
2333–108 BC:Kingdom of Gojoseon (Founded byDangun according to legend)
Since around 498,000 BC humans have been settled in theKorean Peninsula andManchuria began roughly half a million years ago.,[107][108] includingJeulmun andMumun.

Seoul
KuwaitAsia18 December 19691752Feb 1991Iraq1991–present:State of Kuwait

1990–1991:Kuwait Governorate, governorate of Iraq
1990:Republic of Kuwait
1963–1990:State of Kuwait
1919–1963:Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of theBritish Empire as aprotectorate
1889–1919:Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of theBritish Empire as aprotectorate (not recognized by the Ottomans)
1871–1899:Sheikhdom of Kuwait, de facto part of theOttoman Empire
1752–1871:Sheikhdom of Kuwait, independent state
1670–1752: Part of theKhalidi Emirate
1613–1670: In 1613, the town of Kuwait was founded in the present-day location ofKuwait City. Part of theOttoman Empire

Kuwait City
KyrgyzstanAsia5 December 193631 Aug 199131 Aug 1991Soviet Union1991–present:Kyrgyz Republic (the name "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" was adopted in 1990, changed to current in 1993)

1936–1991:Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic,federated state of theSoviet Union
1922–1936: Part of theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic,federated state of theSoviet Union
1918–1922: Part of theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1867–1918:Part of theRussian Empire

Bishkek
LaosAsia22 October 195322 Oct 195322 Oct 1953 France1975–present:Lao People's Democratic Republic

1953–1975:Kingdom of Laos, independent state
1947–1953:Kingdom of Laos, Part of theFrench Empire
1945–1947:French Protectorate of Laos a Frenchprotectorate withinFrench Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within theFrench Empire.
1940–1945: Occupied byJapan
1893–1940:French Protectorate of Laos, a Frenchprotectorate withinFrench Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within theFrench Empire.
1707–1893: Divided between theKingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1893),Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904),Principality of Phuan (1707–1899) andKingdom of Vientiane (1707–1828)(which lost its sovereignty to theKingdom of Siam from 1828 until 1893),
1354–1707:Kingdom of Lan Xang

Vientiane
LatviaEurope194418 Nov 1918[109]4 May 1990Soviet Union1991–present:Republic of Latvia

1940–1991: Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991)
1918–1940:Republic of Latvia
1918:United Baltic Duchy
1918:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia,de jure independent state (was a client state of Germany)
1918: Divided in theCourland Governorate, part of theRussian Republic, and a region occupied by Germany (Ober Ost)
1795–1918: Divided between theCourland Governorate and theGovernorate of Livonia, both part of theRussian Empire
1721–1795: Divided between theDuchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and theGovernorate of Livonia, part of theRussian Empire
1629–1721: Divided between theDuchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and theSwedish Livonia, part of theSwedish Empire
1569–1629: Divided between theDuchy of Courland and Semigallia and theDuchy of Livonia, both part of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1561–1569: Divided between theDuchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania, and theDuchy of Livonia, part of theKingdom of Poland
1215–1561:Terra Mariana (later known as Livonian Confederation), a directly subject to theHoly See
1207–1215:Terra Mariana,State of the Holy Roman Empire
The territory of Latvia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C

Riga
LebanonAsia1 September 192022 Nov 194331 Dec 1946 FranceLebanese Republic (1943–present)

1920–1943:State of Greater Lebanon(constituent of theFrench Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon)
1917–1920: Part of theOccupied Enemy Territory Administration
1516–1917: Part of theOttoman Empire (as theEyalet of Sidon and later theBeirut Vilayet)
1289–1516: Part of theMamluk Sultanate
1109–1289:County of Tripoli
1071–1109: Part of theSeljuk Empire
969–1071: Part of theFatimid Caliphate
935–969:Ikhshidid State, autonomous state within theAbbasid Caliphate
905–935: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate
876–905: Part of theTulunid Emirate
750–876: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate
637–661: Part of theRashidun Caliphate
626–637: Part of theByzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)
611–626: Part of theSassanid Empire
395–611: Part of theByzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)
273–395: Part of theRoman Empire
270–273: Part of thePalmyrene Empire
63 BC–270: Part of theRoman Republic (and later theRoman Empire)
301 BC–63 BC: Part of theSeleucid Empire
314 BC–301 BC: Part of the kingdom ofAntigonus I Monophthalmus
320 BC–314 BC: Part of thePtolemaic Kingdom of Egypt
323 BC– 320 BC: Part of the Satrap ofLaomedon of Mytilene
332 BC–323 BC: Part of the Empire ofAlexander the Great
538 BC–332 BC: Part of theAchaemenid Empire
605 BC–538 BC: Part of theBabylonian Empire
858 BC–608 BC: Part of theAssyrian Empire
2500 BC–858 BC:Ancient Phoenicia: Lebanon was divided into many states, likeTyre,Sidon, Arwad,Berytus,Byblos

Beirut
LesothoAfrica12 March 18684 Oct 19664 Oct 1966United Kingdom1966–present:Kingdom of Lesotho (resumed)

1884–1966:Basutoland, Part of theBritish Empire
1822–1884:Kingdom of Lesotho

Maseru
LiberiaAfrica6 January 198626 July 184726 July 1847American Colonization Society1847–present:Republic of Liberia
1980-1984: People's Redemption Council

1980 coup d'etat1821–1847: Settled but not claimed by theUnited States[110]

1834-1857:Republic of Maryland

1822-1847:Colony of Liberia

American Colonization Society

Pepper Coast

Monrovia
LibyaAfrica13 February 198424 Dec 1951[111]24 Dec 1951Cyrenaica Emirate
 France
United Kingdom		2011–present:State of Libya (Sometimes refer to as Libya)

1977–2011:Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya(before 1986 without the word "Great" in the full name of the country)
1969–1977:Libyan Arab Republic
1963–1969:Kingdom of Libya
1951–1963:United Kingdom of Libya
1949–1951:Emirate of Cyrenaica
1943–1951:French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames
1942–1951:British Military Administration of Libya
1911–1943:Italian Libya, part of theItalian Empire
1558–1911: Part of theOttoman Empire (Ottoman Tripolitania). Ottomans conqueredFezzan between 1556 and 1577
1544–1558: Divided between theBanu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and theOttoman Empire (Tripolitania)
1404–1544: Divided between theBanu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and theSultanate of Tunis (Tripolitania)
1203–1404:Banu Sulaym tribe (coastal areas)
1187–1203:Banu Ghanyia tribe (coastal areas)
1184–1187: Divided between theBanu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and theBanu Ghanyia tribe (Tripolitania)
1159–1184: Divided between theBanu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and theAlmohad Caliphate (Tripolitania)
1148–1159: Divided between theBanu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and theKingdom of Africa (Tripolitania)
1097–1148: Divided between theBanu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and theBanu Jami tribe (Tripolitania)
1051–1097:Banu Sulaym tribe (coastal areas)
973–1051: Divided between theFatimid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and theZirid Emirate (Tripolitania)
961–973: Part of theFatimid Caliphate
945–961: Divided between theAbbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and theFatimid Caliphate (Tripolitania)
969-945: Part of theFatimid Caliphate (coastal areas)
909–969: Divided between theAbbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and theFatimid Caliphate (Tripolitania)
906–909: Divided between theAbbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and theAghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania)
868–906: Divided between theTulunid Emirate (Cyrenaica) and theAghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania)
800–868: Divided between theAbbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and theAghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania)
750–800: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate
694–750: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate
683–694: Divided between theUmayyad Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and theByzantine Empire (Tripolitania)
663–683: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate
648–656: Part of theRashidun Caliphate
553–648: Part of theEastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
439–533: Divided between theEastern Roman Empire (Cyrenaica) and theVandal Kingdom (Tripolitania)
395–439: Divided between theEastern Roman Empire (Cyrenaica) and theWestern Roman Empire (Tripolitania)
97 BC – AD 395: Part of theRoman Republic (later theRoman Empire)
107 BC–95 BC: Divided between thePtolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica) and theRoman Republic (Tripolitania)
201 BC–107 BC: Part of thePtolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica)
323 BC–201 BC: Divided between thePtolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica) andCarthage (Tripolitania)
331 BC–323 BC: Divided between the Empire ofAlexander the Great (Cyrenaica) andCarthage (Tripolitania)
525 BC–331 BC: Divided between theAchaemenid Empire (Cyrenaica) andCarthage (Tripolitania)
Phoenicians (Ancient Lebanese) andAncient Greeks arrived in the country in the 7th century BC and established colonies and cities. The Phoenicians are fixed inTripolitania, and the Greeks, inCyrenaica.Fezzan was home to a Beber people known asGaramantes
Archaeological evidence indicates that the coastal plain was inhabited byNeolithic peoples (ancestors to the Bebers) from as early as 8000 BCE.

Tripoli
LiechtensteinEurope23 January 171918 August 186618 August 1866German Confederation1866–present:Liechtenstein

1866: Dissolution of theGerman Confederation

County of Vaduz

Lordship of Schellenberg

Vaduz
LithuaniaEurope3 August 194016 Feb 191811 Mar 1990Soviet Union1991–present:Republic of Lithuania

1940–1991: Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991)
1918–1940:Republic of Lithuania
1918:LithuaniaKingdom of Lithuania
1914–1918:noborderGerman Occupation
1812–1914: Part of theRussian Empire
1812:French Occupation
1795–1812: Part of theRussian Empire
1569–1795:Grand Duchy of Lithuania,federated state of thenoborderPolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1236–1569:Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Vilnius
LuxembourgEurope19 April 183915 Mar 18151945Germany
1890–present:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state with its own dynasty

1866–1890:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state inpersonal union withNetherlands
1815–1866:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent fromFrance in 1815 and in union with other 37 sovereign states in theGerman Confederation, but also inpersonal union withNetherlands

Luxembourg
MadagascarAfrica14 October 195826 June 196026 June 1960France2014–present:Republic of Madagascar (Fourth Republic)

2009–2014:High Transitional Authority
1992–2009:Republic of Madagascar (Third Republic)
1975–1992:Democratic Republic of Madagascar
1960–1975:Malagasy Republic, independent state
1958–1960:Malagasy Republic, an autonomous republic within theFrench Community
1897–1958:French Madagascar, part of theFrench Empire
1882–1897:Malagasy Protectorate, part of theFrench Empire
1840–1882: Most of the island was united by Imerina as theKingdom of Madagascar
1540–1840: Madagascar was divided in many states, one of this states was the Kingdom of Imerina
By theMiddle Ages, over a dozen predominant ethnic identities had emerged on the island, typified by rule under a localchieftain. Among some communities, such as theSakalava,Merina andBetsimisaraka, leaders seized the opportunity to unite these disparate communities and establish truekingdoms under their rule.
Around the 9th century ADBantu migrants crossed theMozambique Channel fromEast Africa.
Human settlement of Madagascar occurred between 350 BC and 550 AD by IndianizedAustronesian peoples, arriving on outrigger canoes fromIndonesia.

Antananarivo
MalawiAfrica6 July 19646 July 19646 July 1964United Kingdom1964–present:Republic of Malawi

1963–1964:Nyasaland, part of theBritish Empire
1953–1963:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, part of theBritish Empire
1907–1953:Nyasaland, part of theBritish Empire
1893–1907:British Central Africa Protectorate, part of theBritish Empire
1891–1893:Nyasaland Districts Protectorate, part of theBritish Empire
1480–1891:Kingdom of Maravi
The part of Africa now known as Malawi was settled by migratingBantu groups around the10th century.

Lilongwe
MalaysiaAsia9 August 196531 Aug 1957[17]31 Aug 1957United KingdomTheFederation of Malaya gained independence in 1957; in 1963 it added territories ofSabah,Sarawak andSingapore, and changed its name to Malaysia (afederal state).[52]Singapore became independent in 1965.


Peninsular Malaysia:
1826–1957:British Malacca:Straits Settlements,Federated Malay States,Unfederated Malay States
1636–1826: Divided in many states like theJohor Sultanate, thePerak Sultanate, theSelangor Sultanate,Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman, etc.
1641–1824:Dutch Malacca, part of theDutch Empire
1620–1636: Occupied by theAceh Sultanate
1528–c.1620: Divided between theJohor Sultanate and thePerak Sultanate
1511–1641:Portuguese Malacca, part of thePortuguese Empire
1499–1511: Divided between theKedah Sultanate and theMalacca Sultanate
c.1467–1499: Divided between theKedah Sultanate,Malacca Sultanate,Pahang Sultanate and theMajapahit Empire
1402-c.1467: Divided between theMajapahit Empire and the independentMalacca Sultanate
1392–1402: Part of theMajapahit Empire
1380–1392: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states likeKedah Sultanate,Samudera Pasai Sultanate,Langkasuka,Pahang Tua, etc.
1355–1380: Part of theMajapahit Empire
1293–1355: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states likeKedah Sultanate,Samudera Pasai Sultanate,Langkasuka,Pahang Tua, etc.
1287–1293: Part of theKingdom of Singhasari
1250–1287: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states likeKedah Sultanate,Samudera Pasai Sultanate,Langkasuka,Pahang Tua, etc.
1090–1250: Part of theDharmasraya
687–1090: Part of theSrivijaya Empire
c.100–687:Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states likeGangga Negara,Langkasuka,Chi Tu,Pan Pan,Kedah,Melayu Kingdom, etc.

Malaysian Borneo:
1841–1963:British Borneo
1599–1641:Sultanate of Sarawak
1568–1888: Divided between theSultanate of Brunei and theSultanate of Sulu
1368–1568: Part of theSultanate of Brunei
1294–1368: Part of theMajapahit Kingdom
1276–1294: Part of theKingdom of Singhasari
c.900 AD–1276 AD: Part of theSrivijaya Kingdom

Kuala Lumpur (de jure, legislative and royal) andPutrajaya (administrative and judicial)
MaldivesAsia26 July 196526 July 196526 July 1965United KingdomUnified according to legend by KingKoimala (1117–1141).

Independentsultanate until 1887, when it became aBritish protectorate.

Malé
MaliAfrica8 April 196020 Aug 196020 Aug 1960Mali Federation1960–present:Republic of Mali

1959–1960: part ofMali Federation, a territory with self-rule within theFrench Community, governed fromDakar, Senegal.
1893–1958:French Sudan, part of theFrench West Africa,federation of territories of theFrench Colonial Empire in Africa
1848–1893:Toucouleur Empire
1818–1862:Massina Empire
1670–1818:Pashalik of Timbuktu, part ofMorocco
1559–1670: Center of theMali Empire
c. 1235–1559: part of theMali Empire
1464–1591:Songhai Empire
c. 9th century–1430:Gao Empire

Bamako
MaltaEurope20 August 180121 Sep 196421 Sep 1964United Kingdom1974–present: Republic of Malta

1964–1974:State of Malta
1813–1964:Crown Colony of Malta
1800–1813:Protectorate of Malta
1798–1800:French occupation of Malta, theinsurrection and independentGozo
1530–1798:Hospitaller Malta
1130–1530: part of theKingdom of Sicily
1091–1130: part of theCounty of Sicily
909–1091: part of theFatimid Caliphate
870–909: part of theAbbasid Caliphate
395–870: part of theByzantine Empire
218 BC-395 AD: part ofRoman Sicilia
480 BC-218 BC: part of theCarthaginian Empire
800 BC-480 BC: part of thePhoenician Empire

Valletta
Marshall IslandsAustralia1 May 197921 Oct 198621 Oct 1986United States

1986–present:Republic of the Marshall Islands (independent state)
1943–1986: part of theTrust Territory of the Pacific Islands, administered by theUnited States
1914–1943: part of theSouth Seas Mandate, part of theJapanese Empire
1898–1914: part of theGerman New Guinea, part of theGerman Empire
1878–1898: part of theGerman Empire
Micronesian colonists reached the Marshall Islands using canoes circa2nd millennium BC, with interisland navigation made possible using traditional stick charts.

Majuro
MauritaniaAfrica11 August 197928 Nov 196028 Nov 1960France1960–present:Islamic Republic of Mauritania

1903–1960:Colony of Mauritania, part of theFrench West Africa (a federation of French colonial territories), part of theFrench Empire
1600s–1903: VariousBerber andArabic tribes
early 1500s-early 1600s: Southern regions are part of theSonghai Empire
c.early 1200s-early 1500s: Southern regions are part of theMali Empire
1086 – c.early 1200s:Ghana Empire
1076–1086: Part of theAlmoravid Emirate
c.300–1076:Ghana Empire
VariousBerber tribes.

Nouakchott
MauritiusAfrica196512 Mar 196812 Mar 1968United Kingdom1992–present:Republic of Mauritius

1968–1992:Mauritius, independent state (monarchy)
1814–1968:British Mauritius, part of theBritish Empire
1710–1814:Isle de France, part of theFrench Empire
1638–1710:Dutch Mauritius, part of theDutch Empire
The island of Mauritius was uninhabited before its first recorded visit by the Dutch in the late 16th century. The name Dina Arobi has been associated with Arab sailors, but this is speculative, as the name is evidently of Sankritic origin (dwip (island) > diba > dina).

Port Louis
MexicoThe Americas30 December 185316 Sep 18101864Spain1867–Present:Mexico United Mexican States (afederal state, composed of 32 federal entities: 31 states andMexico City)

1864–1867:MexicoSecond Mexican Empire (aunitary state)
1846–1863:MexicoSecond Federal Republic of Mexico (afederal state, composed of 24 federated states, 1 federal territory and 1 federal district)
1835–1846:MexicoCentralist Republic of Mexico (aunitary state)
1824–1835:MexicoFirst Mexican Republic (afederal state, originally composed of 19 federated states and 4 territories. In its later years was composed of 20 federated states, 6 territories and a federal district)
1823–1824:MexicoProvisional Government of Mexico
1821–1823:MexicoFirst Mexican Empire (unitary state)
1521–1821:Viceroyalty of New Spain(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1421–1521:Aztec Empire (or the Triple Alliance, a confederation of allied city-states), but also Maya city-states and some city-states that was not allied with the Aztecs
1122–1421: Several small states in the modern territory of Mexico (except in the northern regions, inhabited by nomad tribes)
674–1122:Toltec Kingdom
c.100 AD–c.700 AD:Mexica-Tenochtitlan
c.700 BC – 1521 AD:Zapotec civilization
c.1500 BC – 1521 AD:Mixtec Civilization
c.2000 BC – 1539 AD:Maya Civilization
c.2,500 BC–400 BC:Olmec Civilization
Since 19,000 BC humans has been settled by theNative Mexicans, includingNahuatl.

Mexico City
Micronesia, Federated States ofAustralia10 May 19793 Nov 19863 Nov 1986United States1979–present:Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia

1947–1979:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

1919–1947:South Seas Mandate

1914–1919:Empire of JapanImperial Japanese Navy occupation

1899–1914: Part ofGerman New Guinea

1574–1899: Part of theSpainCaptaincy General of the Philippines

Palikir
MoldovaEurope2 September 199027 Aug 199127 Aug 1991Soviet Union1991–present:Moldova

1940-1991:RSS of Moldova 1924-1940:Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

1941-1944:Governorate of Transnístria1881-1947:Kingdom of Romania

1917-1918:Moldovian Democratic Republic1873-1918:Russian Empire

1346-1859:Moldavia

Chișinău
MonacoEurope18482 Feb 18611945Germany1911–present:Monaco

1911:Constitution of Monaco

Sixth Coalition1814: part ofFrench Empire

1297-1814:House of Grimaldi(under the sovereignty of theRepublic of Genoa)Grimaldi ManGrimaldi Manis the name formerly given to two human skeletons of theUpper Paleolithic discovered in Italy in 1901. The remains are now recognized as representing two individuals, and are dated to ca. 26,000 to 22,000 years ago (i.e. c. 24000–20000 BC) and classified as part of the widerEarly European modern humans population of the lateAurignacian to earlyGravettian.

Monaco
MongoliaAsia29 December 191129 Dec 191113 Mar 1921Republic of China1990-present: Mongolia

Modern MongoliaMongolian Revolution of 19901945:Inner Mongolian People's Republic was a state inInner Mongolia founded shortly after theSecond World War. It existed from 9 September 1945 until 6 November 1945

ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ

ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ

ᠥᠪᠥᠷ

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ

ᠠᠷᠠᠳ

ᠤᠯᠤᠰ1924-1992:Mongolian People's Republic

Outer Mongoliagained independence fromQing China in 1911, and enjoyed brief autonomy before it was seized by theRepublic of China in 1919. Aftera Soviet-backed revolution in 1921, the Mongolian People's Republic was established in 1924.Mongolian Revolution of 19211919-1921:Chinese Mongolia

ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ

1911-1919:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia

Mongolian Revolution of 1911

1691-1911:Qing Dynasty

1634-1757:Dzungar Khanate

1399-1634:Oirat Confederation

1368-1635:Northern Yuan

1271-1368:Yuan Dynasty

1206-1368:Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of severalnomadic tribes in theMongol heartland under theleadership of Temüjin, known by the more famous title ofGenghis Khan (c. 1162 – 1227), whom a council proclaimed as the ruler of allMongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants, who sent outinvading armies in every direction. The vast transcontinental empire connected theEast with theWest, and thePacific to theMediterranean, in an enforcedPax Mongolica, allowing the exchange of trade, technologies, commodities, and ideologies acrossEurasia.

1130-1206:Khamag Mongol

9th-12th century:Mongol khanates

907-1125:Liao Dynasty

744-840:Uyghur Khaganate

647-682:Protectorate General to Pacify the North

628-646:Xueyantuo

682-744:Second Turkic Khaganate

Eastern Turkic Khaganate

First Turkic Khaganate

(Celestial Turks were aTurkic people in medievalInner Asia. The Göktürks, under the leadership ofBumin Qaghan (d. 552) and his sons, succeeded theRouran Khaganate as the main power in the region and established theFirst Turkic Khaganate, one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs ofTurkic peoples)

330-555:Rouran Khaganate

93-234:Xianbei State

209 BC-93 AD:Xiongnu

600-300 BC:Pazyryk Culture

700-300 BC:Chandman Culture

1100-300 BC:Slab-grave Culture

1400-700 BC:Deer stones Culture

1450-1150 BC:Ulaanzuukh Culture

1500-1000 BC:Sagsai Culture

1800-1600 BC:Munkhkhairkhan culture

2750-1900 BC:Chemurchek Culture

330-2500 BC:Afanasievo Culture

Ulaanbaatar
MontenegroEurope3 June 200621 May 2006[note 35]21 May 2006(independence referendum)
June 3, 2006		Serbia and Montenegro2006–present:Montenegro
2003–2006: Part of the union ofSerbia and Montenegro
1992–2003:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia(withSerbia)
1945–1991: Part of theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1943–1945: Occupied byNazi Germany
1941–1943: Occupied by theKingdom of Italy
1918–1941: Part of theKingdom of Yugoslavia(Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes)
1910–1918:Kingdom of Montenegro
1852–1910:Principality of Montenegro
1516–1852:Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
1499–1516: Part of theOttoman Empire
1356–1499:Principality of Zeta
1346–1356: Part of theSerbian Empire
1217–1346: Part of theKingdom of Serbia
1186–1217: Part of theGrand Principality of Serbia
1077–1186:Kingdom of Duklja
843–1077:Principality of Duklja
625–843:Duklja(vassal state of the Byzantine Empire)		Podgorica
MoroccoAfrica6 November 1975788[112]7 Apr 1956France
Spain		1955–present:MoroccoKingdom of Morocco

1912–1956:French protectorate of Morocco
1912–1956:Spanish protectorate of Morocco
1666–1912:Alaouite Sultanate of Morocco
1510–1659:Saadi Sultanate
1472–1554:Wattasid dynasty
1244–1465:Marinid Sultanate
1121–1269:Almohad Caliphate
1040–1147:Almoravid dynasty
750–778:Idrisid dynasty
744–1058:Barghawata
710–1019:Kingdom of Nekor
661–750: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate
590–698: Part of theByzantine EmpireByzantine Empire(as theExarchate of Africa)
484–703:Kingdom of the Aurès
439–534: Part of theVandal Kingdom
435–439: Center of theVandal Kingdom
395–435: Part of theWestern Roman Empire asprovince
42 AD–395 AD: Part of theRoman Empire asprovince
300 BC – 42 AD:Kingdom of Mauretania
814–202 BC: Part of theCarthaginian Empire
2500–539 BC:Phoenician trading posts in the coasts
10,000–2500 BC: Inhabited byCapsians
20,000–10,000 BC: Inhabited byIberomaurusians
80,000–20,000 BC: Inhabited byAterians
Idris I of Morocco convinced the Awraba Berber tribes to break their allegiance to the distant Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad and he founded the Idrisid dynasty in 788.Since 1.3 Million BC, humans have been settled in Morocco as demonstrated by the discovery of Stone Age hand-axe manufacturing site found at Casablanca in 2021.

Rabat
MozambiqueAfrica25 June 197525 June 197525 June 1975PortugalPortuguese colony from 1498 to 1975.Maputo
MyanmarAsia4 January 19484 Jan 19484 Jan 1948United KingdomDhanyawaddy Kingdom founded 2666 BC,Sri Ksetra Kingdom founded 483 BC,Pagan Kingdom founded 849,Hanthawaddy Kingdom founded 1287,Toungoo Dynasty founded 1510,Konbaung Dynasty founded 1752.Occupied by Britain 1885–1948,Occupied by Japan 1942–1945. Ruled bySAC junta since 2021Naypyidaw
NamibiaAfrica1 March 199721 Mar 199021 Mar 1990South AfricaGerman colony from 1884; governed bySouth Africa 1915–1990Windhoek
NauruAustralia31 January 196831 Jan 196831 Jan 1968Australia/New Zealand/United KingdomTrust Territory of NauruPreviously occupied byGermany 1888, Australia 1914,Japan 1942–45,Yaren
  NepalAsia2 December 18151559c. (Gorkha Kingdom)1768 (Unification of Nepal)(none)1816–1923:protectorate of theBritish Empire

Autonomous throughout its recorded history, and certainly since its 1768unification.[113] The ancientMaurya Empire occupied southern Nepal, but not the core Kathmandu valley.[citation needed]

Kathmandu
NetherlandsEurope25 November 197526 July 1581 (de facto)
30 Jan 1648 (de jure)		1945Germany

1945–present:Kingdom of the Netherlands(reestablished in 1945.Aruba,Curaçao, theNetherlands, andSint Maarten are the constituent countries of the Kingdom)
1940–1945: Occupied byNazi Germany establishing asDutch government-in-exile, a member of theallies during WWII.
1839–1940:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1815–1839:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1813–1815:Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands
1810–1813: Part of theFirst French Empire
1806–1810: Occupied by theFirst French Empire asKingdom of Holland
1795–1806: Occupied byFranceFrance as theBatavian Republic
1648–1795: TheDutch Republic, recognized as a full independent state
1581–1648: TheDutch Republic declares its independence as a confederacy of seven Dutch provinces-seceded from theSpanish Empire. The new republic was still considered a state of the Holy Roman Empire until thePeace of Münster in 1648
1556–1714:Spanish Netherlands, part of theSpanish Empire
1549–1556:Seventeen Provinces(personal union of states of the Holy Roman Empire, administered by the Archduke of Austria (that was also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The Archduchy of Austria was a state of the HRE. But the Kingdom of Spain was not)
1482–1549:Habsburg Netherlands(personal union offiefs of theKingdom of France and of theHoly Roman Empire (theCounty of Artois was ceded by France to the Holy Roman Empire in 1493, all the fiefs became Imperial States after this year), held by the Archdukes of Austria (that was also Holy Roman Emperors, the Archduchy of Austria was itself a State of the HRE)
1384–1482:Burgundian Netherlands(personal union offiefs of theKingdom of France (in the case of theCounty of Artois) and of theHoly Roman Empire (the other fiefs), held by the Dukes of Burgundy (vassals of the French king and of the Holy Roman Emperor)
1190–1384: States of theHoly Roman Empire:County of Hainaut,Duchy of Luxembourg,County of Artois,Duchy of Guelders,County of Namur,Duchy of Brabant,County of Holland,Bishopric of Utrecht,Frisian Freedom (autonomous confederation within the Holy Roman Empire).
959–1190:Duchy of Lower Lotharingia, part of theKingdom of East Francia, later theKingdom of Germany and later a state of theHoly Roman Empire
855–959: Part ofLotharingia
843–855: Part ofMiddle Francia
600–734:Frisian Kingdom
481–843: Part ofFrancia
385–481 AD: Part of theWestern Roman Empire asGallia Belgica andGermania Inferior
3rd century: Inhabited bySalian Franks
22 BC – 385 AD: Parts of theRoman Empire asGallia Belgica andGermania Inferior
55 BC – 600 AD: Part ofGermania
800–22 BC: Inhabited by theCelts,Gauls, andGermanic peoples.
1800–800 BC: Inhabited by theElps
2700–1800 BC: Inhabited by theBeakers
Since 38,000 BC humans have been settled sinceNeanderthals from the North Sea floor off the coast of Zeeland.[114]

Note: TheDutch Empire was created in 1602, after the foundation of theDutch East India Company, in the government of thestadtholderMaurice, Prince of Orange.

Amsterdam
New ZealandAustralia1 June 196225 Nov 1947[note 36]25 Nov 1947United Kingdom1947–present:Realm of New Zealand, a monarchy in apersonal union with the United Kingdom.[115][116]New Zealand (a sovereign state) has one Antarctic territorial claim (theRoss Dependency), one dependent territory (Tokelau), and two associated states (theCook Islands andNiue)

1907–1947:Dominion of New Zealand, a Dominion within theBritish Empire
1841–1907:Colony of New Zealand, part of theBritish Empire
1788–1841: Part of theColony of New South Wales, part of theBritish Empire
c.1280–1788 CE: Inhabited by Native New Zealanders (Maori), divided in tribes (iwi)

Wellington
NicaraguaThe Americas1930[117]29 Nov 189829 Nov 1898Greater Republic of Central AmericaGreater Republic of Central America1898–Present:Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua

1896–1898:Federated state of theGreater Republic of Central America
November 1852 – 1896:Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua
October–November 1852:Federated state of theFederation of Central America
1838–1852:Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua
1823–1838:Federated state of theFederal Republic of Central America
24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of theFirst Mexican Empire as province of Nicaragua
15–24 September 1821: Republic of Nicaragua
1638–1894:Mosquito Coast, part of theBritish Empire
1609–1821: Part of theCaptaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within theViceroyalty of New Spain(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1535–1609: Part of theViceroyalty of New Spain(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1525–1535: Part of theColumbian Viceroyalty(Part of theSpanish Empire)
Since c.2000 BC humans have been settled byNative Nicaraguans, includingChibcha.

Managua
NigerAfrica4 December 19583 Aug 19603 Aug 1960FranceBecame part ofFrance in 1900, became independent on 3 August 1960

1804-1903:Sokoto Caliphate

1403-1901:Songhai Empire

1404-1500:Agadéz Sultanate

1235-1632: part ofMali Empire

700-1430:Gao Empire

700-1380:Kanem Empire

Niamey
NigeriaAfrica15 January 19701 Oct 19601 Oct 1960United KingdomBecame part of theUnited Kingdom as theColony and Protectorate (1914–1954)/Federation of Nigeria(1954–1960), became independent on 1 October 1960

1900-1914:Southern Nigeria Protectorate andNorthern Nigeria Protectorate were British protectorates in Nigeria during the period of colonization of the African continent, dividing Nigeria into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in this region of Africa.

1502-1897:Zazzau Sultanate

1430-1591:Songhai Empire

1380-1893:Bornu Empire

1500-1840:Kwararafa, a pre-colonial confederation in the north of what is now Nigeria

Abuja
North MacedoniaEurope2 August 19448 Sep 19918 Sep 1991Yugoslavia2019–present:North MacedoniaRepublic of North Macedonia

1991–2019:North Macedonia/North MacedoniaRepublic of Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)
1946–1992: Part of theYugoslavia asSocialist Republic of Macedonia
1944–1946: Part of theDemocratic Federal Yugoslavia asDemocratic Republic of Macedonia
1941–1944: Part of theKingdom of Bulgaria
1929–1941: Part of theKingdom of Yugoslavia asVardar Banovina
1918–1929: Part of theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes asSouth Serbia
1913–1918: Part of theSerbiaKingdom of Serbia
1365–1913: Part of theOttoman Empire asRumelia Eyalet
1346–1365 Part of theSerbian Empire
1185–1396: Part of theSecond Bulgarian Empire
681–1018: Part of theFirst Bulgarian Empire
324–681: Part of theByzantine Empire as the province ofMacedonia
148 BC – 324 AD: Part of theRoman Empire as the province ofMacedonia
324–148 BC: Part of theMacedonian Empire
479–324 BC: Part of theAchaemenid Empire
Since 5700 BC humans have been settled passing theVinča.

Skopje
NorwayEurope27 February 19308728 May 1945Germany1940–present:Kingdom of Norway(TheBouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency of the Kingdom of Norway. Norway also lays claims to the Antarctic territories ofPeter I Island andQueen Maud Land).

1940–1945:Occupied by Germany (Reichskommissariat).
1905–1940:Kingdom of Norway(Haakon VII elected Norwegian king in areferendum in 1905).
1814–1905:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. Apersonal union between the Kingdom of Norway and the Kingdom of Sweden.
1537–1814:Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Norway, inreal union with theKingdom of Denmark,Duchy of Schleswig, and theDuchy of Holstein.
1523–1533:Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Norway, inpersonal union with theKingdom of Denmark,Duchy of Schleswig, and theDuchy of Holstein.
1397–1523: Kingdom of Norway, inpersonal union with theKingdom of Sweden and theKingdom of Denmark. This union was known as theKalmar Union
872–1397:Kingdom of Norway(According to tradition,Harald Fairhair unified all the small kingdoms into one in 872 after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger, thus becoming the first king of a united Norway. In 1163, Norway adopted its currentLaw of Succession)
c.700s–872: The modern territory of Norway was divided in several small kingdoms. This age was characterised by expansion and emigration by Viking seafarers. TheViking Age itself only ended later in 1066.
About 10,000 BC, following the retreat of the great inland ice sheets, the earliest inhabitants migrated north into the territory which is now Norway.

Oslo
OmanAsia8 December 19581626[note 37]1743Afsharid Empire1970–presentOman

1856-1970:Muscat and Oman

749-1959:Imamate of Oman

1744:House of Busaid

1696-1856:Omani Empire

1624:Ya'rubids are a native people of Oman

1507-1656:Portuguese Oman

1154-1624:Nabhani Dynasty they were rulers of Oman from 1154 until 1624, when the Yaruba dynasty came to power. One of its most visible legacies is Bahla Fort, a large complex of mud-brick buildings on stone foundations that is registered as a UNESCO world heritage site. The Nabhanid dynasty may be a possible ancestor of the Nabhan family, a family of Syrian and Lebanese descent that has influential members in the United States, some of whom immigrated and settled in New York City in the mid-20th century, and some who have influence in Brazil.

Previously occupied byGreat Seljuq Empire, Ottoman Empire, Portugal (1508–1650), etc.

1400:Azd

Mascate
PakistanAsia14 August 194714 Aug 194714 Aug 1947United Kingdom1956–present:Islamic Republic of Pakistan

1947–1956:Dominion of Pakistan
1858–1947: Part of theBritish Empire asPunjab Province,Balochistan Province,Baluchistan Agency,North West Frontier Province,North-West Frontier States Agency in theBritish RajIndian Empire
1849–1858: Part of theBengal PresidencyBengal Presidency of theEast India CompanyEast India Company
1799–1849:Sikh Empire
1747–1826:Durrani Empire
1716–1799:Sikh Misl
1591–1707:Mughal Empire
1520–1591: Divided betweenArghun dynasty andTarkhan dynasty
1351–1524:Samma dynasty
13th century-1351: Divided between parts of theMongol Empire andDelhi Sultanate
879–1215:Ghurid Sultanate
879–1026:Hindu Shahi
854–1011: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate under theHabbari dynasty
819–999:Samanid Empire
Mid-8th–12th Centuries:Pratihara Empire
670–860: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate asUmayyad Sindh
643–661:Rashidun Caliphate
632–724:Brahman dynasty of Sindh
524–632:Rai dynasty
450–560:Hephthalite Empire
240–410 AD:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, part of theSasanian Empire
30–375 AD:Kushan Empire
19–c.240 AD:Indo-Parthian Kingdom, part of theParthian Empire
150 BC–400 AD: Parts of theIndo-Scythian Kingdom asApracharajas andParatarajas
256 BC–125 BC: Part of theGreco-Bactrian Kingdom
322–200 BC: Part of theMaurya Empire
329–323 BC: Part of theMacedonian Empire
550–330 BC: Part of theAchaemenid Empire
1500–500 BC: Inhabited byVedic
1700–1500 BC: Inhabited byCemetery H
c.3300–c.1300 BC: Part of theIndus Valley civilisation
Since 2 million BC, Pakistan has been settled starting with Proto-humans.[118][119]

Islamabade
PalauAustralia1 January 19811 Oct 19941 Oct 1994United StatesPreviously ruled by Spain, Germany, Japan.Ngerulmud
PalestineAsia15 June 2007Sovereignty disputed byIsrael15 Nov 1988IsraelOn 15 November 1988, thePalestine Liberation Organization also proclaimed its independence of theState of Palestine and attained its autonomy as thePalestinian National Authorityin 1994 in theWest Bank andGaza Strip, the territories that areoccupied by Israelsince 1967.

Parts ofWest Bank arecontrolled by Israel, except for theArea A of thePalestinian National Authority. TheGaza Strip has beenoccupied by Hamas since the2007 war afterIsraeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005.

TheWest Bank wasoccupied by Jordan from 1948 to 1967, and theGaza Strip wasoccupied by Egypt from 1957 to 1967.

Ramalá
PanamaThe Americas31 December 19993 Nov 190331 Jan 1990Colombia1990–present:Republic of Panama
1989–1990:American Invasion
1903–1989:Republic of Panama
1886–1903:Part of theRepublic of Colombia
1863–1886:Federated state of theUnited States of Colombia
1858–1863: In union with other 7 states in theGranadine Confederation
1831–1858: Part of theRepublic of New Granada
1819–1831: Part of theGran Colombia
1717–1819:Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of theSpanish Empire
1542–1776 :Viceroyalty of Peru(viceroyalty of theCrown of Castile, and after 1715, of the Crown of Spain)
1528–1542:Governorate of New Toledo, governorate of theCrown of Castile
Before Europeans arrived Panama was widely settled byChibchan,Chocoan, andCueva peoples.		Panama City
Papua New GuineaAustralia1 December 197316 Sep 197516 Sep 1975AustraliaPapuan,Polynesians, andMelanesians before then.Port Moresby
ParaguayThe Americas193814 May 1811 (de facto)
Nov 25, 1845 (formal declaration of Independence)		1876Empire of Brazil

Argentina
Uruguay

1876–present:Republic of Paraguay

Occupied 1870–1876 by Brazil, inTriple Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay.[120](Paraguayan independence was assured only after the War of the Triple Alliance, when Brazil resisted Argentine offers to divide and annex the country)
1813–1870:Republic of Paraguay(Paraguay refused to join theUnited Provinces of the Río de la Plata and theArgentine Confederation [futureArgentina], which considered Paraguay to be a break-away province. On 12 October 1813 the Paraguayan Republic was proclaimed. Paraguay only made a formal declaration of independence in 1845. It was only recognized by Argentina as an independent country on 17 July 1852. However, this recognition was rejected by the Congress of Argentina and the actual recognition of independence came only in 1856)
1811–1813: Province of Paraguay (de facto independent of Spain, but stillde jure part of theSpanish Empire)
1776–1811: Part of theViceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (part of theSpanish Empire)
1542–1776: Part of theViceroyalty of Peru (part of theSpanish Empire)
1524–1544: Part of theGovernorate of New Andalusia(part of theSpanish Empire)
11,000 BC – 1524 AD: Inhabited by Native Paraguayans, including theTupi-Guarani peoples,Mascoian peoples andMataco-Guaycuru peoples.

Asunción
PeruThe Americas26 February 194228 July 182125 Aug 1839North Peru
South Peru
Río de la Plata		1839–Present:Peru Republic of Peru

1836–1839: Divided inNorth Peru andSouth Peru, in union withBolivia in thePeru–Bolivian Confederation
1822–1836:Peru Republic of Peru
1824-1822:Protectorate of Peru, protectorate of theUnited Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Argentina)
1542–1824:Viceroyalty of Peru(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1542–1824:Governorate of New Castile(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1534–1572:Neo-Inca State, arump state of theInca Empire
1438–1542:Inca Empire(The Kingdom of Cuzco gradually conquers several small kingdoms and became an Empire)
1197–1438:Kingdom of Cuzco and other several smallQuechua kingdoms
6th–11th Centuries AD:Tiwanaku-Wari Empire
Since 24,000 BC humans has been settled, includingNative Peruvians such asTiwanaku,Moche,Lima,NascaChavín andVirú.

Lima
PhilippinesAsia2012[26][121]4 July 1946[note 38]4 July 1946[note 39]United States1986–present:Fifth Philippine Republic
1981–1986:Fourth Philippine Republic

1973–1981:Under the Martial Law
1946–1972:Third Philippine Republic
1942–1943: A puppet state of theJapanese Empire (Second Philippine Republic)
1935–1942, 1945–1946:Commonwealth of the Philippines, unincorporated territory of theUnited States with Commonwealth status
1899–1899/1901:First Philippine Republic (terminated by USA (as an insurgency))
1898–1935: Anunincorporated territory ofThe United States
1821–1898:Captaincy General of the Philippines, following the independence of Mexico, all control was transferred to Madrid(Part of theSpanish Empire)
1535–1821:Captaincy General of the Philippines, part of theViceroyalty of New Spain(Part of theSpanish Empire)
Pre-1535: The Philippine Islands had a numerous sinified states, Indianized kingdoms and Muslim states. InLuzon, there were the Ivatan people, the Society of Cordillera, the Kingdoms of Pangasinan and Ma-i, Kota Selurong and theTondo dynasty. The Confederation of the Madyas and the Rajahnate of Cebu were inVisayas. Lastly, inMindanao, there were theSultanate of Maguindanao, Butuan Rajahnate and theSultanate of Sulu. TheBruneian Empire occupiedPalawan_(island) and parts of Mindanao too.

Manila
PolandEurope15 February 195111 November 1918 (as a new state, not as a nation)1945Germany
 Soviet Union

1989–present:PolandRepublic of Poland(third)
1947–1989:Polish People's Republic
1945–1947:Provisional Government of National Unity
1939–1990:Government of the Republic of Poland in exile
1939–1945: Occupied byNazi Germany and theSoviet Union during WWII making thePolish Underground State as an emergency state, and later in 1944 Poland wasproposed to make a Government.
1918–1939:Republic of Poland(second)
1917–1918:Kingdom of Poland, a puppet ofGerman Empire andAustria-Hungary
1915–1917: Occupied byGerman Empire andAustria-Hungary duringWorld War I
1867–1915: Part of theRussian Empire asVistula Land
1832–1867: Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland), inreal union with theRussian Empire
1815–1832: Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland), inpersonal union with theRussian Empire
1807–1815:Duchy of Warsaw, inpersonal union with theKingdom of Saxony(Interrupted by theGeneral Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland (1812–1813))
1795–1807: Divided betweenAustrian Empire,Prussia, andRussian Empire
1569–1795:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland,federated state of thePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth(first republic)
1385–1569:Kingdom of Poland, inpersonal union with theGrand Duchy of Lithuania
1025–1385:Kingdom of Poland
9th century – 1025:Civitas Schinesghe(era when Poland was unified ca 966 byMieszko I).

Since 498,000 BC humans have been settled in Poland starting withHomo species, and later settled byLusatian culture,Celts,Germanics, andothers.

Warsaw
PortugalEurope20 May 200225 July 113930 Aug 1808 France1975–present:PortugalPortuguese Republic(Third)

1974–1975:PortugalJunta de Salvação Nacional
1933–1974:PortugalSecond Portuguese Republic
1926–1933:PortugalDitadura Nacional
1910–1926:PortugalFirst Portuguese Republic
1834–1910:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
1815-1822/1825:United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1808:Convention of Cintra ended French occupation of Lisbon
1777–1834:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Napoleonic era)
1640–1777:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
1580–1640:Iberian Union(Portuguese Empire in apersonal union with theSpanish Empire under theking Philip II).
1415–1580:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves(Portugal became into anempire until 2002).
1139–1415:Kingdom of Portugal(Independent after theBattle of Ourique, Although it was not until 4 years later in 1143, whenindependence was recognized).
1096–1139: Part of theKingdom of León as theCounty of Portugal
1071–1096: Directly ruled by theKingdom of Galicia
910–1071: Part of theKingdom of León as theCounty of Portugal
868–910: Part of theKingdom of Asturias as theCounty of Portugal
756–929:Emirate of Córdoba
c.721–750:Umayyad Caliphate
418–c.721:Visigothic Kingdom
409–585:Kingdom of the Suebi
385–418 AD: Part of theWestern Roman Empire asHispania
218 BC – 385 AD: Part of theRoman Empire asLusitania andGallaecia
7th century – 218 BC: Inhabited byIberians,Cynetes,Lusitanians,Celtici, andGallaeci
Since 398,000 BC humans have been settled in Portugal, starting withHomo heidelbergensis.[122]

Lisbon
QatarAsia4 November 20213 Sep 19713 Sep 1971United KingdomOttoman Empire
Abbasid Caliphate
Umayyad Caliphate
Rashidun Caliphate
Various nomadicArab tribesmen before that.		Doha
RomaniaEurope10 February 194713 July 187813 July 1878United Principalities
 Soviet Union		Romanian People's Republic
Soviet occupation
Kingdom of Romania
Ottoman Empire
Wallachia
Voivodeship of Maramureș
Țara Litua
Banat of Severin
Dacian Kingdom		Bucharest
RussiaAsia/Europe30 September 2022 (disputed)1471 (Grand Duchy of Moscow)26 Dec 1991 (de facto)
12 Dec 1993 (de jure)[note 40]		Soviet Union1993–present:Russian Federation (afederal state, currently have 85 federal subjects. Two federal subjects are not internationally recognized as part of Russia.)

1991–1993:Russia Russian Federation (afederal state, originally comprising 89 federal subjects)(with the1978 constitution)
1922–1991:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic,Federated state of theSoviet Union (The RSFSR was itself afederal state, comprising 77 federal subjects)
1918–1922:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (afederal state)
19 January 1918:RussiaRussian Democratic Federative Republic (afederal state)
1917–1918:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (afederal state)
14 Sep – 7 Nov 1917:Russian Republic (afederal state)
1721–1917:Russian Empire (aunitary state)
1547–1721:Tsardom of Russia
1480–1547:Grand Duchy of Moscow, sovereign and independent state
1283–1480:Grand Duchy of Moscow(From 1283 to 1294 it was a part of theMongol Empire. From 1294 to 1480 it was part of theGolden Horde)
1157–1331:Grand Duchy of Vladimir(From 1238 to 1294 it was a part of theMongol Empire thanks to theGreat stand on the Ugra river. From 1294 to 1331 it was part of theGolden Horde)
1136–1478:Novgorod Republic(Until 1238 it was a part of theKievan Rus')
c.862–1240:Kievan Rus', a loosefederation ofEast Slavic andFinnic peoples, was founded by theRurik dynasty in the city ofNovgorod. Later in 882 the capital city was moved toKiev (in modern-day Ukraine)
c.859–862: Settlement ofNovgorod, the oldest recorded city inRussian history, by theNorth GermanicVarangians.
c.830–859:Rus' Khaganate, possibleGermanic polity preceding the founding of Novgorod
650–969:Khazars
Since 38,000 BC humans have been settled, includingRus' people, anEast Slavic people. There is also the presence ofTurkic,Mongolic,Finno-Ugric,Northeast andNorthwest Caucasian peoples.

Moscow
RwandaAfrica1 July 19621 July 19621 July 1962BelgiumBecameGerman East Africa (1885–1918), Rwanda-Urundi (1916–1962), became independent on 1 July 1962Kigali
Saint Kitts and NevisThe Americas19 December 198019 Sep 198319 Sep 1983United Kingdom1882-1983:Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla

1689-1782:British West Indies andFrench West Indies In the 18th century it was owned by Britain and France, who claimed it as an island of the French and East Indies, and Britain claimed it as part of the British West Indies.

1493:Arawak andTaino peoples

Basseterre
Saint LuciaThe Americas27 February 196722 Feb 197922 Feb 1979United Kingdom1833-1959:British Windwar Islands was an administrative grouping of British colonies in theWindward Islands of theWest Indies, existing from 1833 until 31 December 1959 and consisting of the islands ofGrenada,Saint LuciaCastries
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesThe Americas27 October 196927 Oct 197927 Oct 1979United KingdomThe indigenous inhabitants of the islands ofSt. Vincent and The Grenadines were severalAmerindian groups. The arrival of Europeans in the early 16th century did not lead to long-term settlement, only in 1717 did the French establish the town ofBarrouallie, although the English claimed Saint Vincent in 1627. TheTreaty of Paris (1763) saw Saint Vincent ceded toGreat Britain. Frictions with the British led to theFirst andthe Second Carib Wars in the mid-18th century.Kingstown
SamoaAustralia1 June 19621 Jan 19621 Jan 1962New ZealandGerman colony 1900 to 1914; occupied by New Zealand 1914;Trust Territory first of the League of Nations, then of the United Nations and administered by New Zealand, 1920 to 1962.Apia
San MarinoEurope1463124321 Sep 1944World War II Allies1944: Brief occupation by Germany, then Allies duringBattle of San Marino

1739: Brief occupation by thePapal States
1503: Brief occupation byRimini
1243: The people of San Marino established the positions of Captains Regent (Capitani Reggenti) as a joint heads of state
Before 1243: Part of the Roman Empire[citation needed]
301: Traditionally said to have been founded bySaint Marinus[123]

San Marino
São Tomé and PríncipeAfrica12 July 197512 July 197512 July 1975Portugal1975-1991:Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe

1485-1975:Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

São Tomé
Saudi ArabiaAsia4 November 202113 Jan 1902 (Emirate of Riyadh)[note 41]23 Sep 1932Emirate of Jabal Shammar1932–present:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

1926–1932:Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, adual monarchy that was the precursor to the modern day Saudi Arabia
1916–1925:Kingdom of Hejaz (Not recognized by theOttoman Empire, last Ottoman troopsevicted from Medina byKingdom of Hejaz in 1919)
1921–1926:Sultanate of Nejd (Third Saudi State)
1916–1923:Sheikdom of Upper Asir
1913–1921:Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (Third Saudi State)
1909–1930:Idrisid Emirate of Asir
1902–1913:Emirate of Riyadh (Third Saudi State)
1836–1921:Emirate of Jabal Shammar
1824–1891:Emirate of Nejd (Second Saudi State)
1818–1824: Diriyah became part of theEgypt Eyalet, part of theOttoman Empire
1814–1916:Sharifate of Mecca, part of theOttoman Empire
1744–1818:Emirate of Diriyah (First Saudi State), unified allArabian Peninsula (exceptYemen andOman)
1670–1790:Eastern Arabia, ruled by theKhalidi Emirate
1633–1934:Principality of Najran
1551–1670:Eastern Arabia, part of theOttoman Empire
1521–1551:Al-Muntafiq, an Arab tribal confederation, successfully occupiedal-Ahsa andal-Qatif (eastern Saudi Arabia today)
1517–1804:Sharifate of Mecca, part of theOttoman Empire
1260–1517:Sharifate of Mecca, part of theMamluk Sultanate of Egypt
1400–c.1521:Jabrids (Bahrain) rules coastal areas inEastern Arabia.
1253–c.1400:Usfurids (Bahrain) rules coastal areas inEastern Arabia.
1076–1253:Uyunid Emirate (Bahrain) rules coastal areas inEastern Arabia
1171–1260:Sharifate of Mecca, part of theAyyubid Sultanate
968–1171:Sharifate of Mecca, part of theFatimid Caliphate
c. 968:TheSharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca is established. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia (except the Eastern coast) reverted to traditional tribal rule.
945–968: Western Arabia was part of theBuyid Empire
899–1076:Qarmatians established a religious-utopian republic inEastern Arabia
750–945: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate
656–661: Part of theRashidun Caliphate (capital city transferred toKufa, located in modernIraq)
632–656:Rashidun Caliphate, with the capital city inMecca
622–632:Muhammad, Prophet of Islam, united all thetribes of Arabia under the banner of Islam and created a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian Peninsula.
Shortly before the advent ofIslam, apart from urban trading settlements (such asMecca andMedina), much of what was to become Saudi Arabia was populated by nomadic pastoral tribal societies. The east coast was a territory of theSassanid Empire
By the lateBronze Age, a historically recorded people and land (Midian and theMidianites) in the north-western portion of Saudi Arabia are well-documented in theBible.[124]
Early settled civilizations in theAntiquity: theDilmun civilization on the east of the Arabian Peninsula,Thamud north of theHejaz, andKingdom of Kinda andAl-Magar civilization in the central of Arabian Peninsula.
There is evidence that modern human (Homo sapiens) habitation in theArabian Peninsula dates back to about 63,000 years ago
Stone tools from theMiddle Paleolithic age along with fossils of other animals discovered at Ti's al Ghadah, in northwestern Saudi Arabia, might imply thathominids migrated through a "Green Arabia" between 300,000 and 500,000 years ago

Riyadh
SenegalAfrica20 August 196020 Aug 196020 Aug 1960Mali FederationIndependent first asMali Federation with capital inDakar. Previously part ofGhana,Mali andSonghai Empires.Dakar
SerbiaEurope17 February 2008 (disputed)[45]13 July 1878 (as a new state, not as a nation.)[note 42]3 June 2006Yugoslavia
Serbia and Montenegro		2006–present:Republic of Serbia (successor state of Serbia and Montenegro)

2003–2006:Republic of Serbia, federated state of theSerbia and Montenegro (successor state of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
1992–2003:Republic of Serbia, federated state of theFederal Republic of Yugoslavia (New state)
1946–1992:Socialist Republic of Serbia, federated state of theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1944–1945: Part of theDemocratic Federal Yugoslavia
1941–1944:Occupied by Nazi Germany and theAxis Powers,Yugoslav government-in-exile, and member of theallies during WWII.
1929–1941: Part of theKingdom of Yugoslavia
1918–1929:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
1918:Kingdom of Serbia
1915–1918: Occupied by theCentral Powers (Austro-Hungarian andBulgarian occupation)
1882–1915:Kingdom of Serbia
1815–1882:Principality of Serbia
1804–1813:Revolutionary Serbia(as independent movement inside the Ottoman Empire)
1459–1817: Part of theOttoman Empire
1402–1459:Serbian Despotate
1371–1402:Moravian Serbia
1346–1371:Serbian Empire
1217–1346:Kingdom of Serbia
11th century–1217:Grand Principality of Serbia
8th century–10th century:Principality of Serbia
Since 5700 BC humans have been settled passing theVinča.

Belgrade
SeychellesAfrica29 June 197629 June 197629 June 1976United KingdomPerhaps sovereign 1790–1794Victoria
Sierra LeoneAfrica27 April 196127 Apr 196127 Apr 1961United KingdomColony of United KingdomFreetown
SingaporeAsia9 August 19659 Aug 19659 Aug 1965MalaysiaBritish colony 1824–1963;occupied by Japan 1942–1945; declared independence, thenmerged with Malaysia[15][21] from 1963 until 1965.[18][20]Singapore
SlovakiaEurope1 January 19931 Jan 19931 Jan 1993Czechoslovakia1945–1993: Part of theCzechoslovakia (interrupted byWarsaw Pact armies in 1968)

1945: Occupied by WWII Allies in 1945
1939–1945:Occupied by Germany as a puppet -Slovak state
1918–1939: Part of theCzechoslovakia
1867–1918: Part ofAustria-Hungary
1806–1867: Part of theAustrian Empire
1526-1806: Part of theHabsburg monarchy
1003–1018: Part of theCivitas Schinesghe
1000–1526: Part of theHungarian kingdom
825-1108:Principality of Nitra

Bratislava
SloveniaEurope19 February 194525 June 199125 June 1991Yugoslavia1991–present: Republic of Slovenia
1945–1991: Part of theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1918–1945: Part of theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
1918–1918: Part of theState of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
1806–1918: Duchy ofCarinthia (as part of theAustria-Hungary Empire)
976–1806:Duchy of Carinthia (as part of theHoly Roman Empire)
889–976:March of Carinthia (as part of theCarolingian Empire)
828–889: Direct rule by theFrankish Empire
658–828:Principality of Carantania
631–658:Samo's Empire		Ljubljana
Solomon IslandsAustralia2 January 19767 July 19787 July 1978United KingdomColony of German New Guinea from 1884 to 1920, turning the Solomon Islands into theBritish after Germany's tragic defeat in theFirst World War, in theSecond World WarJapan invaded the islands starting theSolomon Islands Campaign and theGuadalcanal Campaign.Honiara
SomaliaAfrica18 May 1991 (disputed)1 July 19601 July 1960United Kingdom
Italy		1 July 1960: Union ofTrust Territory of Somalia (formerItalian Somaliland) andState of Somaliland (formerBritish Somaliland)
19th century: Part ofSultanate of Hobyo
18th century: Part ofMajeerteen Sultanate
15th century: Part ofAdal Sultanate
13th century: Part ofAjuran Sultanate
13th century: Part of Warsangali Sultanate
13th century: Part ofIfat Sultanate
10th century: Part ofSultanate of Mogadishu
200 BC:Somali city-states		Mogadishu
South AfricaAfrica27 April 199411 Dec 1931[note 43]11 Dec 1931United KingdomUnited Kingdom1961–present:Republic of South Africa(Democratization in 1994)

1931–1961:Union of South Africa,monarchy inpersonal union with theUnited Kingdom
1910–1931:Union of South Africa, aDominion within theBritish Empire
1839–1902: SeveralBoer Republics:Natalia Republic (1839–1843),Orange Free State (1854–1902),South African Republic (1852–1877; 1881–1902),State of Goshen (1882–1883),Republic of Stellaland (later United States of Stellaland; 1882–1885)
1816–1897:Zulu Kingdom
1806–1910: Part of theBritish Empire
c.1780–1817:Mthethwa Paramountcy
1652–1806:Dutch Cape Colony, part of theDutch Empire(Conquered by the British, becoming theBritish Cape Colony)
1430–1760:Kingdom of Mutapa
c.1075–c.1220:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
c.300 AD–c.500 AD: VariousBantu peoples migrated and settled in the territory of the future South Africa (Zulu,Xhosa,Swazi,Sotho, etc.). In addition to these Bantu peoples, there were still the Khoikhoi, who already inhabited the region before the Bantu expansion
Before theBantu expansion,Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa.
What is nowSouth Africa has been inhabited by humans since thePaleolithic period.

Bloemfontein (judicial),Cape Town (legislative) andPretoria (executive)
South SudanAfrica9 July 20119 July 20119 July 2011Sudan2011:United Nations Mission in South Sudan

1991–present:Nuer White Army

1983-2018:SPLA

1894–1910:Lado Enclave administered by theBelgian Empire

Juba
SpainEurope26 February 1976542 (Visigothic Spain of Toledo)[note 44][126]1813 France1975–present:Spain Kingdom of Spain(restored thrice with democracy)

1939–1977:Spanish Republic (government in exile)
1947:Referendum of re-establishing the Spanish Kingdom
1936–1975:Francoist Spain
1931–1939:Second Spanish Republic
1874–1931:SpainKingdom of Spain(restored again)
1873–1874:First Spanish Republic
1810–1873:SpainKingdom of Spain(restored)
1803–1813:Kingdom of Napoleonic Spain, a French occupation.[note 45]
1700–1810:SpainKingdom of Spain
1640–1700:SpainMonarchy of Spain
1580–1640:Iberian Union(Spanish Empire integrated with thePortuguese Empire under thePhilip II).
1516–1580:SpainMonarchy of Spain(after theReconquista, two Catholic monarchies (Castile andAragon) and among other territories such asNavarre were merged byCharles I of Spain).

13th century – 1516: Spain has been divided between two monarchies: theCrown of Castile and theCrown of Aragon(In 1492, Spain became into anempire until 1975).
10th–13th century: Spain has been divided between the Christian Kingdoms (Castile,León, andNaverre) andMuslim Caliphates.
756–10th century AD:Emirate of Córdoba
c.721–750 AD:Umayyad Caliphate
542–c.721 AD:Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo
418–542 AD:Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse
409–418 AD:Kingdom of the Alans
385–418 AD: Part of theWestern Roman Empire asHispania
218 BC – 385 AD: Part of theRoman Empire asHispania
7th century-218 BC: Inhabited byIberians
First hominid settlement from the 1.5 million BC.[127]
Note: Each country maintained its own legal system and institutions.

Madri
Sri LankaAsia18 May 20094 Feb 19484 Feb 1948United KingdomAccording to theMahāvaṃsa,Prince Vijaya led 700 of his followers from present-dayBengal andOdisha to Sri Lanka, establishing the first kingdom on the island,Tambapanni, in 543 BC. However, it was not until the reign ofDutthagamani (161–137 BC) that the whole country was unified under a new kingdom,Anuradhapura.Colombo (executive, judicial) andSri Jayawardenepura Kotte (official)
SudanAfrica9 July 20111 Jan 1956[note 46]1 Jan 1956United Kingdom
Egypt		After King Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt for a century before being defeated and driven out by the Assyrians. Later ruled by theOttoman Empire,Egypt, and then asAnglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899–1956.Khartoum
SurinameThe Americas15 December 195425 Nov 197525 Nov 1975NetherlandsKingdom of the NetherlandsParamaribo
SwedenEurope29 March 1809970c.970(none)No exact date forconsolidation of Sweden. The beginning of the reign of thefirst Swedish king proven to have existed historically dates from circa 970 AD. TheKalmar Union (1397–1523) was apersonal union of Scandinavian states (Denmark, Sweden and Norway).[note 47] In states in personal unions their sovereignties and international identity remain intact, just sharing the samehead of state.)Stockholm
 SwitzerlandEurope4 August 181515991815Austrian Empire1848–present:SwitzerlandSwiss Confederation(second)

1814–1848:Swiss Confederation (in Restoration and Regeneration) with theCongress of Vienna of 1815.
1803–1814:Napoleonic Swiss Confederation, a French puppet(Occipied by theAustrian Empire in 1813)
1798–1803:Helvetic Republic, a French occupation
1648: Independence fully recognized by thePeace of Westphalia
1499: De Facto independence in theTreaty of Basel (1499)
1291–1798:Old Swiss Confederacy:Swiss Confederation
911–1291: Part of theKingdom of Germany and theHoly Roman Empire (from 962) as theDuchy of Swabia
843–911: Part ofEast Francia asAlamannia
496–539: Part of theOstrogothic Kingdom asAlamannia
496, 539–843: Part of theFrankish Empire asAlamannia
411–534:Kingdom of the Burgundians
395–411 AD: Part of theWestern Roman Empire asGermania Superior
200 BC – 395 AD: Part of theRoman Empire asGermania Superior
6000–200 BC: Inhabited byGermanic,Urnfield, andCelts.
Since 298,000 BC humans have been settled byHomo erectus has been found inPratteln.[128]

Bern
SyriaAsia10 June 1967April 17, 194628 Sep 1961[note 48]United Arab RepublicFall of the Assad regime

1961–present:Syrian Arab Republic
1958–1961:United Arab Republic (in union withEgypt)
1950–1958:Second Syrian Republic, independente state
1946–1950:independent First Syrian Republic
1923–1946: Part of theMandate for Syria and the Lebanon. The administration of the region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including theSyrian Federation (1922–25), theState of Syria (1925–30) and theMandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946), as well as smaller states: theState of Greater Lebanon, theAlawite State andJabal Druze State.
1919–1920:Arab Kingdom of Syria
1917–1919:Occupied by France and the United Kingdom
1516–1917: Part of theOttoman Empire
1516–1917: Part of theOttoman Empire
1510–1516: Part of theMamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of theSafavid Empire in the East
1405–1510: Part of theMamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of theAq Qoyunlu in the East
1395–1405: Part of theMamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of theTimurid Empire in the East
1340–1395: Part of theMamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of theArtuqid Beylik in the East
1268–1340: Part of theMamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of theIlkhanate in the East
1264–1268:Principality of Antioch, theMamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West. TheIlkhanate in the East
1250–1264:Principality of Antioch and theMamluk Sultanate of Egypt
1183–1250:Principality of Antioch and theAyyubid Sultanate
1160–1183:Principality of Antioch and the Emirates of Mosul and Aleppo, ruled by theZengid dynasty
1129–1160: Crusader states (Antioch and, until 1144, Edessa) and theZengid Emirate
1121–1129: Crusader states (Antioch and Edessa) and theArtuqid Beylik in the East. In the West theSeljuk Empire
1098:Crusader states established in Syria:Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) andCounty of Edessa (1098–1144)
1082–1121: Part of theSeljuk Empire
1024–1082: Divided in many states, ruled by differente dynasties like theMirdasids, theNumayrids, theMarwanids, theUqaylids
1002–1024: Western regions are Part of theFatimid Caliphate. Eastern regions are divided in many states, ruled by differente dynasties like theNumayrids, theMarwanids, theUqaylids
990–1002: Divided in many states, ruled by differente dynasties like theHamdanids, theNumayrids, theMarwanids, theUqaylids
945–990: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate and theHamdanid Emirates of Aleppo and Al-Jazira
905–945: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate andHamdanid Emirate
890–905: Part of theTulunid Emirate andHamdanid Emirate
868–890: Part of theTulunid Emirate and of theAbbasid Caliphate
750–868: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate
744–750: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate
661–744: Center of theUmayyad Caliphate
637–661: Part of theRashidun Caliphate
627–637: Part of theEastern Roman Empire
613–627: Part of theSassanid Empire
395–613: Part of theEastern Roman Empire
273–395: Part of theRoman Empire
270–273:Palmyrene Empire
123–270: Part of theRoman Empire
39 BC – 123 CE: Part of theRoman Empire and of theParthian Empire
69 BC–39 BC: Part of theRoman Empire, of theKingdom of Emessa and of theKingdom of Palmyra
85 BC–70 BC: Part of theKingdom of Armenia
127 BC–85 BC:Seleucid Empire andKingdom of Osroene
240 BC–127 BC: Center of theSeleucid Empire
301 BC–240 BC: Part of theSeleucid Empire
305 BC–301 BC: Part of the kingdom ofAntigonus I Monophthalmus
323 BC–305 BC: Part of theSatrap ofLaomedon of Mytilene
331 BC–323 BC: Part of theEmpire of Alexander the Great
539 BC–331 BC: Part of theAchaemenid Empire
605 BC–539 BC: Part of theNew Babylonian Empire
608 BC–605 BC: Part of theNew Babylonian Empire andNew Kingdom of Egypt
616 BC–608 BC: Part of theNew Assyrian Empire andNew Kingdom of Egypt
717 BC–616 BC: Part of theNew Assyrian Empire
738 BC–717 BC: Part of theNew Assyrian Empire andKingdom of Urartu
824 BC–738 BC: Divided in manySyro-Hittite states in the west, while eastern regions are part of theKingdom of Urartu and theNew Assyrian Empire
840 BC–824 BC: Part of theNew Assyrian Empire
c.870 BC–840 BC: Part of theNew Assyrian Empire, excepts some Aramean states like Aram and Hamath
c.892 BC–c.870 BC: Divided into manySyro-Hittite states in the west, while eastern regions are part of theNew Assyrian Empire
c.1076 BC–c.892 BC: Divided into manySyro-Hittite states, whereAramaeans came to rule from about 1000 BC
c.1200 BC–c.1076 BC: Divided into manySyro-Hittite states in the west, while eastern regions are part of theMiddle Assyrian Empire
c.1274 BC–c.1200 BC: Part of theHittite Empire and theMiddle Assyrian Empire
c.1300 BC–c.1274 BC : Part of theHittite Empire, theNew Kingdom of Egypt and theMiddle Assyrian Empire
c.1365 BC–c.1300 BC: Part of theHittite Empire and theNew Kingdom of Egypt
c.1448 BC–1365: Part of theKingdom of Mitanni and theNew Kingdom of Egypt
c.1502 BC–c.1448 BC: Part of theKingdom of Mitanni
c.1517 BC–c.1502 BC: Part of theKingdom of Mitanni and theBabylonian Empire
c.1750 BC–c.1517 BC: Small Amorrite kingdoms and theBabylonian Empire
c.1760 BC–1750 BC: Part of theBabylonian Empire
c.1776 BC – c.1760 BC:Amorite kingdoms andMariote Kingdom, independent states
c.1788 BC–c.1776 BC: SmallAmorites kingdoms and theOld Assyrian Empire
c.1898 BC–c.1788 BC:Amorite kingdoms (Amurru kingdom,Kingdom of Qatna,Ebla's Third Dynasty,Yamhad) andMariote Kingdom, independent states
c. 2000 BC–c. 1898 BC:Kingdom of Qatna andMariote Kingdom, independent states(Mari conquered Ebla)
c.2028 BC–c.2000 BC:Eblaite Kingdom andMariote Kingdom, independent states
c.2100 BC–c.2028 BC:Eblaite Kingdom, independente state.Mariote Kingdom, part of theNeo-Sumerian Empire
c.2212 BC–c.2100 BC:Eblaite Kingdom andMariote Kingdom, independent states
c.2230 BC–c.2218 BC:Eblaite Kingdom andMariote Kingdom, part of theAkkadian Empire
c. 2266 BC–c. 2230 BC:Eblaite Kingdom andMariote Kingdom, independent states
c.2290 BC–c.2266 BC:Eblaite Kingdom andMariote Kingdom, part of theAkkadian Empire
c.2900 BC–c. 2290 BC:Mariote Kingdom
c. 3000 BC–2290 BC:Eblaite Kingdom
Archaeologists have demonstrated that civilization in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth. Syria is part of theFertile Crescent, and since approximately 10,000 BCE it was one of the centers ofNeolithic culture (PPNA) whereagriculture andcattle breeding appeared for the first time in the world.
The oldest remains found in Syria date from thePalaeolithic era (c. 800,000 BCE).

Damascus
TajikistanAsia5 December 19299 Sep 19919 Sep 1991Soviet UnionIndependent in 1991 ofSoviet Union

Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic 1929-1991
Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1924–1929
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 1918–1924
Turkestan Autonomy 1917–1918
Russian Empire 1860–1917
Samanid Empire 875-999

Dushanbe
TanzaniaAfrica26 April 19649 Dec 19619 Dec 1961United KingdomIndependent in 1961 asTanganyika, addedZanzibar in 1963.Dodoma
ThailandAsia10 March 19094 Mar 1351 (Ayutthaya Kingdom)1945JapanTheAyutthaya Kingdom is considered to be the precursor of modern Thailand, although theSukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438) was the firstThai polity fully independent fromMon,Khmer, orChinese control. Brieflyoccupied by Burma in 1767, thenreunified underTaksin the Great.Occupied by Japan 1941–1945.Bangkok
Timor-LesteAsia191428 Nov 197520 May 2002United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor2002–present:Timor-Leste Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

1999–2002: Administered by theUnited Nations in Transition.
1975–1999: Part ofIndonesia asTimor Timur
1702–1975:Part of thePortuguese Empire
Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled byNative Timorese with tribes, kingdoms and confederations.

Dili
TogoAfrica30 August 195827 Apr 196027 Apr 1960FranceLomé
TongaAustralia4 December 18454 June 19704 June 1970United KingdomUnited 1845 byGeorge Tupou I. British protectorate 1900–1970.

950-1865:Tuʻi Tonga Empire

Nukuʻalofa
Trinidad and TobagoThe Americas31 August 196231 Aug 196231 Aug 1962United KingdomPort of Spain
TunisiaAfrica20 March 195620 Mar 195620 Mar 1956France1956–present:Republic of Tunisia

1956-1957:Kingdom of Tunisia

The modern state of Tunisia was implemented in 1956 byFrance

1881-1956:French Tunisia was aFrench protectorate established in what is now the Republic of Tunisia, it was a protectorate that began with the occupation of Tunisia from 1881 until Tunisia's independence in 1956.

19th century:Bey of Tunis

1705-1881:Beylik of Tunis

1574-1705:Ottoman Tunisia

Ottoman Tunisia, also known as theRegency of Tunis, refers to the Ottoman presence inIfriqiya from the 16th to 19th centuries, whenTunis was officially integrated into theOttoman Empire as theEyalet of Tunis. The Ottoman presence in the Maghreb began with the takeover ofAlgiers in 1516 by the Ottoman Turkishcorsair andbeylerbeyAruj (Oruç Reis), eventually expanding across the entire region except forMorocco.

1229-1574:Hafsid

1121-1229:Almohad Caliphate

During the 13th century, the Almohad chalfiate conquered Tunisia

TheKingdom of Africa was aTunisiankingdom located inNorth Africa andItaly, Tunisia was conquered by the kingdom in the12th century, byRoger II

During thefirst millennium, Tunisia was conquered by several Muslim dynasties and caliphates based in Carthage, after the loss of the Umayyad Caliphate

972-1148:Zirid dynasty

909-973:Fatimid Caliphate

800-909:Aghlabids

750-800:Abbasid Caliphate

The third Islamic state, the Abbasid Caliphate, was the successor to the Umayyad and Rashidun Caliphates.

698-750:Umayyad Caliphate

590-698:Exarchate of Africa

534-590:Praetorian Prefecture of Africa

435-534:Vandal Kingdom

146 BC-435:Roman Tunisia

12th C.- 146 BC:Ancient Carthage

12th C.-North African culture

Tunis
TurkeyAsia/Europe29 June 19391299[note 49]1923Greece
Italy
United Kingdom
France
ArmeniaArmenia
1923–present: Republic of Turkey

1920–1923:Ottoman Empire, occupied byGreece,Italy,France,United Kingdom andArmenia (Treaty of Sèvres)(Republican Turks, led by GeneralMustafa Kemal Atatürk initiate theTurkish War of Independence to expel foreign occupation troops and at the same time wage a civil war against Turkish monarchists, seen as collaborationists by the republicans).
1299–1920:Ottoman Empire(TheSultanate of Rum became divided in several Turkic principalities, calledbeyliks, the Ottoman beylik conquered and unified all beyliks inAnatolia. Also conqueredConstantinople. From 1453, one of the titles used by the Ottoman Sultans was "Caesar of Rome" (Turkish:Kayser-i Rum), part of their titles until the Ottoman Empire ended in 1923. However, this title was never recognized by Europeans.)
1261–1453: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)(Unlike many kingdoms and empires, the Eastern Roman Empire [and theRoman Empire before it] technically wasn't a hereditary monarchy; there were no formal succession laws in place to specify who was to succeed as emperor. As such, there cannot be a legitimate pretender to the Byzantine throne as the possibility of a true "rightful emperor" died with the empire and its institutions in 1453.)
1204–1261: Divided inLatin Empire,Empire of Nicaea,Empire of TrebizondEmpire of Trebizond and theSultanate of Rum.(The Empire of Nicaea is considered the legitimate continuation of the Byzantine Empire because it managed to retake Constantinople.)
1077–1308:Sultanate of Rum, part of theSeljuk Empire
395–1204: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
168 BC – 395 AD: Part of theRoman Republic (later theRoman Empire)
131 BC–64 BC: Western regions are part of theRoman Republic. Eastern regions divided in many kingdoms.
301 BC–131 BC: Divided in many kingdoms, like theKingdom of Cappadocia,Galatia,Kingdom of Pontus,Kingdom of Pergamon and theSeleucid Empire
306 BC–301 BC:Antigonid dynasty
334–306 BC:Macedonian Empire
550–334 BC:Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire
609 BCE–550 BCE:Lydia conquers all the west of Anatolia. The eastern regions falls under the rule of theMedian Empire
707 BCE–609 BCE: Divided in many states, likeLydia,Lycia,Phrygia,Lycaonia,Mushki, etc. Eastern regions falls under the rule of theAssyrians.
1178 BCE–707 BCE: Divided in many states, likeLydia,Lycia,Phrygia,Lycaonia,Tabal,Mushki, etc. Around 900 BCE theGreeks began to establish colonies on the coast.
1325 BCE–1178 BCE:Hittite Empire
1400 BCE–1325 BCE:Hittite Empire andArzawa (a "kingdom" or a federation of local powers,Troy was one of the members)
c. 1600 BCE–1400 BCE:Hittite Empire and many small states in the west.Assuwa, aconfederation (or league) of 22 ancient Anatolian states, was formed some time before 1400 BC, when it was defeated by the Hittite Empire.Troy was one of the members of the confederation
c.2000 BCE–1600 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited byHattian,Hittite,Hurrian,Luwian andAnatolian tribes
. The small state ofPala was established
c.2550 BCE–2000 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited byHattian,Hurrian andAnatolian tribes
c.3500 BCE–2550 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited byHattian andHurrian tribes
From 10,000 BC humans has been settled making first states asIndo-Europeans, includingPhrygia andThrace.

Ankara
TurkmenistanAsia7 August 192127 Oct 199127 Oct 1991Soviet Union1991–present:Turkmenistan

1925-1991:Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

1918-1925:Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

1789-1925: (part of the)Qajar Iran

Ashgabat
TuvaluAustralia7 February 19791 Oct 19781 Oct 1978United Kingdom1978–present: Tuvalu

1976–1978: Part of theUnited KingdomBritish Empire as the Colony of Tuvalu

1892–1976: Part of theUnited Kingdom British Empire as part of theGilbert and Ellice IslandsGilbert and Ellice Islands Colony

Funafuti
UgandaAfrica1 March 19629 Oct 19629 Oct 1962United Kingdom1963–present: Republic of Uganda

1962–1963:UgandaUganda

1894–1962: Part of theUnited KingdomBritish Empire as theProtectorate of Uganda

1894–1910:Lado Enclave administered by theBelgian Empire

1888–1894: Part of theUnited Kingdom British Empire

Kampala
UkraineEurope30 September 2022 (disputed)24 August 1991[note 50]24 Aug 1991Soviet Union1991–present: Ukraine

1944–1991: Part of theSoviet Union asUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1941–1944: Part ofGermany asReichskommissariat Ukraine
1922–1944: Part of theSoviet Union asUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1919–1922:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1917–1919:Ukrainian People's Republic
April–December 1918:Ukrainian State
1917 – April 1918:Ukrainian People's Republic
1796–1917:Russian Empire Part of the Russian Empire asKiev Governorate
1775–1796:Russian EmpireRussian Empire as theRussian EmpireKiev Viceroyalty
1764–1775:Zaporozhian Sich, a semi-autonomous polity andproto-state ofCossacks within theRussian Empire
1708–1764:Russian Empire Part of Russian Empire asKiev Governorate
1649–1764:Cossack Hetmanate (the wordhetman was the title of the general of the Zaporizhian Army. Zaporizhia is a historical and geographic region in Southern Ukraine).(From 1654 until 1764 it was aprotectorate of theTsardom of Russia and later theRussian Empire)
1569–1795: Part of thePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as theKiev Voivodeship
1471–1569:Kiev Voivodeship, part of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania
1441–1783:Crimean Khanate
1253–1349/1392:Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
1199–1253:Principality of Galicia–Volhynia
1132–1471:Principality of Kiev (state of theKievan Rus' from 1132 to 1240, the capital city of the Kievan Rus' was the city of Kiev [capital city of modern Ukraine]. Part of theMongol Empire from 1240 to 1261. Part of theGolden Horde from 1261 to 1362. Part of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania from 1362 to 1471)
c.879–1199: TheKievan Rus', a loosefederation ofEast Slavic andFinnic peoples, founded by theRurik dynasty, in 882 the city ofKiev (capital city of modern Ukraine) became the capital city of this federation
c.600 AD: The territory of modern Ukraine was the core of the state of the Bulgars (often referred to asOld Great Bulgaria). At the end of the 7th century, most Bulgar tribes migrated in several directions and the remains of their state were absorbed by theKhazar Khaganate (650–969)
c.482 AD: Foundation of the city of Kiev by brothersKyi, Shchek and Khoryv
c.400 AD: theAntes Union was located in the territory of what is now Ukraine. The Antes were the ancestors ofUkrainians and other Slavic peoples.
Before 400 AD: There were severaltribes and kingdoms in the territory of modern Ukraine. During theIron Age, the land was inhabited byCimmerians,Scythians, andSarmatians. Beginning in the sixth century BC, colonies founded byGreeks was established in the shores of theBlack Sea. These colonies became theBosporan Kingdom (435 BC – 370 AD)
Modern human settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence of theGravettian culture in theCrimean Mountains.

Kyiv
United Arab EmiratesAsia11 February 19722 Dec 19712 Dec 1971United Kingdom1971–present: United Arab Emirates

1820–1971: Part of theUnited KingdomBritish Empire as theTrucial StatesTrucial States of the Coast of Oman

1258–1820:Bani Yas

750–1258: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate

661–750: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate

632–661: Part of theRashidun Caliphate

629–632: Part of theCaliphate of Muhammad

224–629: Part of theSasanian EmpireSasanian Empire

Abu Dhabi
United KingdomEurope2 December 1999498 (Dál Riata)[note 51]1066Duchy of Normandy1922–present:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(England,Scotland,Wales andNorthern Ireland [the later one is variously described as a country, province or region] are theconstituent countries of the Kingdom)

1801–1922:United KingdomUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1707–1801:Kingdom of Great BritainGreat Britain

Retrospective of the three constituent countries in theisland of Great Britain(For Northern Ireland seeIreland.Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when theisland of Ireland was partitioned betweenNorthern Ireland andSouthern Ireland by theGovernment of Ireland Act 1920. Unlike Southern Ireland, which would become theIrish Free State in 1922 [a monarchy inpersonal union with the United Kingdom, later became a republic in 1949], the majority of Northern Ireland's population were unionists, who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom inpolitical union.)..
TheUnited Kingdom has sovereignty over seventeen territories which do not form part of the United Kingdom itself: fourteenBritish Overseas Territories and threeCrown Dependencies.

 England:
1659–1707:Kingdom of England, inpersonal union with theKingdom of Scotland
1653–1659:The ProtectorateCommonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
1649–1653:Commonwealth of EnglandCommonwealth of England
1603–1649:Kingdom of England, inpersonal union with theKingdom of Scotland
1215:Magna Carta starts a process to rebalance the power of the monarchy
1066:Norman Conquest of England marks the commonly understood date of last subordination
927–1603:Kingdom of England(with the union of eight kingdoms).
410–927: Divided in several small kingdoms. Gradually eight of these kingdoms conquered the others small kingdoms in the future territory of England:Mercia,Dumnonia,Kent,Northumbria,East Anglia,Wessex,Sussex, andEssex.
385–410 AD: Part of theWestern Roman Empire asBritannia
43–385 AD: Part of theRoman Empire asBritannia
From 898,000 BC humans has been settled stating withtribes, chiefdoms and confederations starting withHappisburgh on theNorfolk coast, with stone tools andfootprints probably made byHomo antecessor. These earliest inhabitants werehunter-gatherers. Low sea-levels meant that Britain was attached to the continent for much of this earliest period of history, and varying temperatures over tens of thousands of years meant that it was not always inhabited.[129]

 Scotland:
1659–1707:Kingdom of Scotland, inpersonal union with theKingdom of England
1653–1659:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
1649–1653:Commonwealth of England
1603–1649:Kingdom of Scotland, inpersonal union with theKingdom of England
1286–1603:Kingdom of Scotland
9th century – 1286:Kingdom of Alba(There is no precise Gaelic equivalent for the English terminology "Kingdom of Alba", as the Gaelic termRìoghachd na h-Alba means Kingdom of Scotland'.)
6th century – 9th century: The area that is now Scotland was divided into three areas:Pictland, a patchwork of small lordships in central Scotland; theAnglo-SaxonKingdom of Northumbria, which had conquered southeastern Scotland; andDál Riata, founded by settlers fromIreland, bringingGaelic language and culture with them.
From 12,000 BC humans has been settled stating withtribes, chiefdoms and confederations,[130][131] includingCaledonians,Caereni,Carnonacae,Cat,Cornovii,Creones,Damnonii,Decantae,Lugi,Maeatae,Novantae,Picts,Selgovae,Scoti,Smertae,Taexali,Vacomagi, andVenicones.

 Wales:
1659–1707: Part of theKingdom of England
1653–1659:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
1649–1653: Part of theCommonwealth of England
1542–1649: Part of theKingdom of England
1226–1542:Principality of Wales, inpersonal union with theKingdom of England
5th century-1216: Divided in various states, including theKingdom of Gwynedd
385–410 AD: Part of theWestern Roman Empire asBritannia
43–385 AD: Part of theRoman Empire asBritannia
From about 228,000 BC humans has been settled stating withtribes, chiefdoms and confederations.[132][133]

Note: TheBritish Empire was founded by the order ofElizabeth I who granted a patent toHumphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration in 1578.[134] On 1 of May 1707, the kingdoms are united fromEngland (10th century – 1707) andScotland (9th century – 1707), forming as theKingdom of Great Britain. On 1 January 1801,Ireland was united with two kingdoms as theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, until Ireland become independent on 6 December 1922 leaving with 26 out of 32 of the Irish counties. From this day, the British sovereignty was established as theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

London
United StatesThe Americas7 September 19814 July 177619 Oct 1781Great Britain1776–present:United States of America(afederal state, originally the federation had 13federated states [States of the United States ], currently have 50 federated states and 1 federal district, with the last state to be admitted in the Union beingHawaii, admitted in 1959; The U.S. also currently administers three territories in the Caribbean Sea and eleven in the Pacific Ocean.)

1763–1776:Thirteen British Colonies of America in the Atlantic coast, part of theBritish Empire;New Spain andSpanish Louisiana in theSouthwestern United States,Florida and theMississippi Basin (Louisiana returned to the French in 1801), part of theSpanish Empire; Russians established in futureAlaska the colony ofRussian America
1521–1763: In the territory of the futurecontiguous United States Europeans began to colonize on the Native American territories establishingNew Spain in theSouthwestern United States andFlorida in 1521, part of theSpanish Empire;New France in theMississippi Basin in 1534, part of theFrench Empire;Thirteen British Colonies of America in the Atlantic coast in 1607, part of theBritish Empire;New Netherland in the Atlantic coast in 1614, part ofDutch Republic;New Sweden along the Delaware River in 1638, part ofSwedish Empire.
From at least 15,000 BC humans has been settled fromNative Americans with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations. Examples are theMississippian cultures (the largest urban site of these peoples,Cahokia, may have reached a population of over 20,000),Puebloans, theIroquois Confederacy,Apaches,Navajos,Cherokees, etc.

Washington, D.C.
UruguayThe Americas186125 Aug 182527 Aug 1828Empire of Brazil1830–present:Oriental Republic of Uruguay

1828–1830:Uruguay Oriental State of Uruguay1822–1828:CisplatinaCisplatine Province, a province of theEmpire of BrazilEmpire of Brazil(Brazil and Argentina fight a war with each other for control of Uruguay's territory. The war only comes to an end with diplomatic intervention of the United Kingdom, which establishes Uruguay as an independent nation and buffer state between Argentina and Brazil via the1828 Treaty of Montevideo).
1817–1822:Cisplatina Cisplatine Province, a province of thePortuguese Empire(The Portuguese Empire take advantage of the chaos of the wars of independence inHispanic America and of the civil war that had started in theUnited Provinces of the Río de la Plata to invade and conquer the territory of the future Uruguay).
1815–1820: Part of theLiga FederalLeague of the Free Peoples, an alliance of provinces incivil war against the centralist government of theUnited Provinces of the Río de la Plata
1811–1815: Part of theLiga FederalUnited Provinces of South America
1776–1811: Part of theSpainViceroyalty of Río de la Plata, Part of theSpainSpanish Empire
1542–1776: Part of theViceroyalty of Peru, part of theSpanish Empire
1528–1542: Part of theGovernorate of New Andalusia, part of theSpanish Empire
10.000 BCE-1528: Inhabited byNative Uruguayans as theCharrúa peoples.

Montevideo
UzbekistanAsia24 October 19241 Sep 19911 Sep 1991Soviet Union

1991–present:Republic of Uzbekistan(independence fromSoviet Union declared 1991;constitution adopted 1992)

1924–1991: Part of the Soviet Union asUzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

1920–1924:Khorezm People's Soviet Republic

1917–1920:Khanate of Khiva

1873–1917: Part of theRussian Empire as Khanate of Khiva

1511–1873: Khanate of Khiva

1370–1511: Part of theTimurid Empire

1226–1370: Part of theChagatai Khanate

1206–1226: Part of theMongol Empire

1100–1206: Part of theKhwarazmian Empire

1037–1100: Part of theSeljuk Empire

840–1037: Part of theKara-Khanid Khanate

819–840: Part of theSamanid Empire

750–819: Part of theAbbasid Caliphate

661–750: Part of theUmayyad Caliphate

440–661: Part of theHephthalite Empire

125 BCE-440:Nomadic Tribes

256 BCE-125 BCE: Part of theGreco-Bactrian Kingdom

312 BCE-63 BCE: Part of theSeleucid Empire

330 BCE-312 BCE: Part of theMacedonian Empire

530 BCE-330 BCE: Part of theAchaemenid Empire

Tashkent
VanuatuAustralia30 July 198030 July 198030 July 1980United Kingdom
France		1980–present: Republic of Vanuatu

1906–1980: Part of theFrench Third RepublicFrench andUnited KingdomBritish empires asNew HebridesNew Hebrides Condominium

1890–1906: Part of theFrench Third Republic French andUnited Kingdom British Empires asAnglo-French Joint Naval Commission

1889–1890:Independent Commune of Franceville

1887–1889: Part of theFrench Third Republic French andUnited Kingdom British Empires as Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission

Port Vila
Vatican CityEurope11 February 192911 Feb 192911 Feb 1929Italy1929–present:Vatican CityVatican City State(restored with theLateran Treaty)

1870–1929:States of the Church (in prison)
754–1870:State of the Church(Interregna (1798–1799,1809–1814 and1849)). When theExarchate of Ravenna finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the Duchy of Rome was completely cut off from the Byzantine Empire, of which it was theoretically still a part. The Holy See, underPope Stephen II, attempted diplomatic negotiations with the Lombards, and upon the failure of those negotiations, entreated KingPepin the Short of the Franks to intervene on its behalf. Pepin defeated the Lombards by 756 and granted the lands of the Duchy of Rome as well as the former Lombard possessions to the Papacy in what is referred to as theDonation of Pepin.
556–754:Duchy of Rome, part of theByzantine Empire
493–556: Part ofOstrogothic Kingdom
476–493: Part ofKingdom of Italy (Odoacer)
395–476: Part ofWestern Roman Empire
27 BC – 395 AD: Part ofRoman Empire
509–27 BC: Part ofRoman Republic
753–509 BC: Part ofRoman Kingdom
12th century – 100 BC: BetweenLatins andEtruscans

Vatican City
VenezuelaThe Americas3 October 189913 Jan 183013 Jan 1830Gran Colombia

1999–PresentVenezuelaBolivarian Republic of Venezuela(afederal state, comprising twenty-three states, a capital district and the Federal Dependencies which consist in several islands in the Caribbean sea)
1953–1999:VenezuelaRepublic of Venezuela(afederal state)
1864–1953:VenezuelaUnited States of Venezuela(afederal state)
1830–1864:State of Venezuela(aunitary state)
1826–1830: Divided inApure,Orinoco,Venezuela,Zulia Department and Maturín,federated states of theGran Colombia
1824–1826: Divided inApure,Orinoco,Venezuela andZulia Department,federated states of theGran Colombia
1819–1824:Federated state of theGran Colombia
1817–1819:Republic of Venezuela
1814–1817:Captaincy General of Venezuela, part of theSpanish Empire
1813–1814:Republic of Venezuela
1812–1813:Captaincy General of Venezuela, part of theSpanish Empire
1811–1812:American Confederation of Venezuela
1787–1811:Captaincy General of Venezuela (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Venezuela), without vice-royal dependence in judicial affairs, part of theSpanish Empire
1777–1787:Captaincy General of Venezuela, (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Venezuela), under judicial supervision of the Royal Audience of Santafé de Bogotá (located inViceroyalty of New Granada), part of theSpanish Empire
1739–1777: Part of theViceroyalty of New Granada, part of theSpanish Empire
1723–1739: Part of theViceroyalty of Peru, part of theSpanish Empire
1717–1723:Province of Caracas, part of theViceroyalty of New Granada, within theSpanish Empire
1546–1717: Part of theViceroyalty of New Spain, part of theSpanish Empire
1528–1546:Klein-Venedig, a concession give to a German banking family by the Holy Roman EmperorCharles V (that was alsoKing of Spain), in theProvince of Caracas, part of theCrown of Castile
Since about 7000 BC humans have been settled byNative Venezuelans with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.

Caracas
VietnamAsia2 July 19762 Sep 19452 July 1976VietnamNorth Vietnam
South VietnamSouth Vietnam
 France		1945–1954: the second French rule, which was ended by theGeneva Conference of 1954

1940–1945:Japanese occupation

1887–1940:French rule

1802–1945:Nguyễn dynasty, effective independence from 1802 to 1887, afterwards becoming puppet of theFrench rule

1778–1802:Tây Sơn dynasty

1428–1788:Later Le dynasty

1407–1428: annexed by Ming dynasty in theFourth Era of Northern Domination

1400–1407:Hồ dynasty

1225–1400:Trần dynasty

1009–1225:Lý dynasty

980–1009:Early Lê dynasty

968–979:Đinh dynasty

938–965:Ngô dynasty

544–602: The region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under theAnterior Lý dynasty

40–43 AD:Trưng sisters briefly lead theLạc Việt to independence, establishing a monarchy inLingnam

179–111 BC:Nam Việt

258–179 BC:Âu Lạc

2879–258 BC:Văn Lang confederacy arose underKinh Dương Vương, who was the founder of theHồng Bàng dynasty, and lasted until the eighteenth and final kingHùng Duệ Vương was deposed byThục Phán

Hanoi
YemenAsia26 April 20201 Nov 191822 May 1990North Yemen
South Yemen
United Kingdom		North Yemen independent from Ottoman Empire 1918;South Yemen from UK in 1967;unified 1990Aden (de facto, temporary) andSanaa (de jure)
ZambiaAfrica24 October 196424 Oct 196424 Oct 1964United Kingdom1964–present: Republic of Zambia

1963–1964: Part of theUnited KingdomBritish Empire asNorthern RhodesiaColony of Northern Rhodesia

1953–1963: Part of theUnited Kingdom British Empire asFederation of Rhodesia and NyasalandFederation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

1911–1953: Part of theUnited Kingdom British Empire asNorthern Rhodesia Colony of Northern Rhodesia

1890–1911: Part of theUnited Kingdom British Empire asRhodesia

1823–1890: Part of theKingdom of Mthwakazi

1660–1823: Part of theRozvi Empire

1430–1660: Part of theKingdom of Mutapa

Lusaka
ZimbabweAfrica190111 Nov 196518 Apr 1980United Kingdom1980–present: Republic of Zimbabwe

1979–1980: Part of theUnited KingdomBritish Empire asSouthern RhodesiaColony of Southern Rhodesia

1979:Zimbabwe RhodesiaZimbabwe Rhodesia

1970–1979:RhodesiaRepublic of Rhodesia

1965–1970:RhodesiaRhodesia

1963–1965: Part of theUnited Kingdom British Empire asSouthern Rhodesia Colony of Southern Rhodesia

1953–1963: Part of theUnited Kingdom British Empire asFederation of Rhodesia and NyasalandFederation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

1923–1953: Part of theUnited Kingdom British Empire asSouthern Rhodesia Colony of Southern Rhodesia

1890–1923: Part of theUnited Kingdom British Empire asRhodesia

1823–1890:Kingdom of Mthwakazi

1660–1823:Rozvi Empire

1430–1660: Part of theKingdom of Mutapa

1220–1430:Kingdom of Zimbabwe

1075–1220:Kingdom of Mapungubwe

The British colony ofSouthern Rhodesiaunilaterally declared Independence asRhodesia 1965; known asZimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979; unrecognised until 1980.

Harare

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Listed are the six UN member states with limited recognition: China (Bhutan neither recognizes PRC nor ROC; the ROC was recognized as a sovereign country by just 11 countries and Vatican City/Holy See as of Jan 2024, Israel (not recognized by 32 members), North and South Korea (no mutual recognition), Armenia (not recognized by Pakistan) and Cyprus (not recognized by Turkey).
  2. ^Since the beginning of theSecond Libyan Civil War in 2014, various areas of Libya are under the control of competing groups. These include domestic groups such asNew General National Congress and localTuareg groups, and foreign groups such asISIL.
  3. ^With the ongoingSomali Civil War, significant areas remain outside federal control.
  4. ^A new constitution was approved in 2013, but most changes will not enter effect for another decade.
  5. ^In the Dominican Republic, every constitutional amendment is considered a new constitution. The most recent amendment was the 2010 constitution.
  6. ^abFollowing theNorthern Iraq offensive in June 2014, large areas ofIraq arede facto under the control ofIraqi Kurds or theIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
  7. ^This constitution cut North Korean ties with theSoviet Union. Several new constitutions and amendments have followed (most recently in 2013), creating new titles for the national leader such asEternal President andChairman of the National Defence Commission. However, power has remained with theKim dynasty since 1948.
  8. ^See theDeclaration of independence article: "... the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis."
  9. ^See alsoSovereignty of the Philippines § Peace protocol, U.S. military government, Treaty of Paris, and other points in that article for clarification.
  10. ^abcDue to the ongoingSyrian Civil War, small areas ofSyria arede facto under the control of other parties such asIsrael and the loyalists of the deposedBa'athist regime.
  11. ^abcdeAccording to theBadinter Arbitration Committee, theSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was dissolved into five states. This is the result when the Serb-dominatedFederal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was formed on 27 April 1992 as arump state, consisting only of the former Socialist Republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Its government claimed continuity to the former country, however, the international community refused to recognize it as such. The stance of the international community was that Yugoslavia had dissolved into its separate states. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was prevented by a UN resolution on 22 September 1992 from continuing to occupy the United Nations seat assuccessor state to SFRY. This question was important for claims on SFRY's international assets, including embassies in many countries. Only in 1996 had the FRY abandoned its claim to continuity from the SFRY. The FRY was dominated by Slobodan Milošević and his political allies. This was reaffirmed in theSuccession Agreement signed in June 2001.
  12. ^TheFaroe Islands andGreenland were administered by Denmark until 24 March 1948 and 1 May 1979 respectively. They are now autonomous countries withhome rule, but remain part of the Kingdom of Denmark.
  13. ^abcTheannexation of the Baltic states in 1940 is considered an illegal occupation by the current governments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and by a number of Western countries, including the United States and the European Union, who assert that the states were independent countries occupied by the Soviet Union. The three corresponding Soviet republics were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of theConstitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and wasde facto a single federal state and the three states consider the corresponding Soviet republics to have been illegitimate entities.
  14. ^The breaking-through of theChannel Tunnel on 31 October 1990 created a new land border between the UK and France.[37] However, the Channel Tunnel runs underwater and did not change the above-ground territory of either nation.
  15. ^France swapped a small area of land with Andorra in 2001 to allow Andorra to construct theEnvalira Tunnel access bridge.
  16. ^Prior to 1999, the Constitution of Ireland claimed that "The national territory consists of the whole island of Ireland", but that its laws were only valid in the counties of the Republic.
  17. ^East Timor had been under Indonesian occupation since 1975, but this occupation was not recognized by the wider global community.
  18. ^The breaking-through of theChannel Tunnel on 31 October 1990 created a new land border between the UK and France.[37] However, the Channel Tunnel runs underwater and did not change the above-ground territory of either nation.
  19. ^France swapped a small area of land with Andorra in 2001 to allow Andorra to construct theEnvalira Tunnel access bridge.
  20. ^Baikonur is treated as afederal subject of Russia, but its exact status is a topic of dispute between the two countries.[59]
  21. ^Full sovereignty. Adoption of theStatute of Westminster 1931
  22. ^Austrians date their national identity back to the establishment of theDuchy of Austria (later theArchduchy of Austria) in theMiddle Ages (a state of theHoly Roman Empire that only had full sovereignty after the dissolution of the Empire in the 19th century). Another important states in the identity of the Austriannation is theAustrian Empire,Cisleithania,Republic of German-Austria, theFirst Austrian Republic,Federal State of Austria (this laterannexed by Nazi Germany). As an independent and sovereign state the current Austrian state dates back to 1945, when the country seceded from Nazi Germany after the end ofWorld War II. However theMoscow Conference of 1943 declared the German annexation of Austria in 1938 null and void
  23. ^The medievalPrincipality of Polotsk became anextinct state after its dissolution. Modern state of Belarus dates from 1991
  24. ^Full sovereignty. Adoption of theStatute of Westminster 1931. Canada becomes completely sovereign, having consulates and embassies in other countries
  25. ^TheKingdom of Chile (Patria Vieja) became anextinct state after its reconquest by Spain. Modern state of Chile dates from 1818
  26. ^20 January 1955 forTaiwan.
  27. ^People's Republic of China consider itself the successor state of theRepublic of China, the latter considers itself the successor state of theQing Empire, and through themandate of heaven all Chinese imperial states considered themselves successors to previous dynasties, with the Shang dynasty being historically the first non-legendary dynasty of that country.
  28. ^TheRepublic of Spanish Haiti became anextinct state after its reconquest by Haiti. Modern state of Dominican Republic dates from 1844
  29. ^Egypt is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the First Dynasty ofAncient Egypt. But it is important to stress the difference betweenstate andnation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Egyptian state, as an independent sovereign state, dates from 1922
  30. ^Zagwe was one of the kingdoms that emerged from the collapse of theKingdom of Aksum, that became an extinct or abolished state in 960 AD. It is the direct historical predecessor of theEthiopian Empire, regardless of the Solomonic dynasty of the ancientKingdom of Aksum having overthrown the Zagwe dynasty in 1270 and assumed their throne. Dynastic lineages are irrelevant to current international law, mainly because of the fact of the majority of the states in the current world scenario are republics.
  31. ^Some historians refer to the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire as 800, with the crowning ofFrankish kingCharlemagne considered as the firstHoly Roman Emperor. Others refer to the beginning as thecoronation ofOtto I in 962.
  32. ^Iran is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to theMedian Empire and theAchaemenid Empire. But it is important to stress the difference betweenstate andnation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Iranian state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1501
  33. ^Adoption of theStatute of Westminster 1931. Internationally recognized independence, by nations that aren't members of theCommonwealth of Nations
  34. ^Beginning of the reign of thefirst Japanese emperor proven to have existed historically
  35. ^Montenegrins date their national identity to the founding ofPrince-Bishopric of Montenegro in 1516. However, the Montenegrin state became an extinct state at the time of the Podgorica Assembly, which led to the annexation and extinction of the Kingdom of Montenegro by the Kingdom of Serbia. The current Montenegrin state emerged in 2006 after separating from Serbia.
  36. ^Adoption of theStatute of Westminster 1931
  37. ^The region was conquered by Portuguese forces under the command ofAfonso de Albuquerque in 1507, and remained under Portuguese control until they were expelled by theYa'rubids.
  38. ^TheFirst Philippine Republic was anunrecognized state and became anextinct state after being terminated by theUnited States. Modern state of Philippines dates from 1946. However, Filipinos celebrate their independence date on June 12 (the date of establishment of the First Philippine Republic) in order to avoid celebrating their national date on the same day that their former colonizers (the USA) celebrate their national date (July 4).
  39. ^Independence recognized via theTreaty of Manila (1946).
  40. ^Russia dates its national identity back to theKievan Rus, medieval state that was extinguished when it was conquered by the Mongols of theGolden Horde. A new Russian state arose and existed continuously and without loss of sovereignty from 1480 until 1922, when of its own accord it ceased to be a sovereign state and became a subnational unit of theSoviet Union. With thedissolution of the Soviet Union, thenation again had a sovereignstate, with the current Russian sovereign state dating back to 1991. The Russian Federation is regarded as the successor state to the former Soviet Union, inheriting its seat as a UN member state, after a letter by presidentBoris Yeltsin was received by the secretary-generalJavier Pérez de Cuéllar.
  41. ^Saudi Arabia dates its national identity from the establishment of theEmirate of Diriya (First Saudi State), however this state later became extinct, as did theEmirate of Nejd (the Second Saudi State). The current and Third Saudi State came into being in 1903 when it separated from theEmirate of Jabal Shammar. Through wars of conquest it conquered other states and made areal union withHejaz before adopting the current name Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932
  42. ^Serbia consider itself as the successor state ofYugoslavia. The current Serbian state emerged in 1878, after independence de jure from theOttoman Empire. Other Serbian states existed before this date, but ceased to exist due to the conquest of other states. It is important not to confuse the concept ofstate with that of thenation, as a nation the Serbian people have existed since the Middle Ages, and just like other ethnic groups (such as the Greeks, Jews, Egyptians, etc.) it went through periods of its history in which it was aStateless nation
  43. ^Adoption of theStatute of Westminster 1931
  44. ^During the Visigoth kingdom of Toledo, the names of the Visigoth kingdom (Regnum Gothorum) and Spain (Hispaniae or Spaniae) were used more and more frequently as synonymous terms, beginning to have not only a geographical meaning, but also a political one (especially since the year 624, whenSwinthila finally defeated the Byzantines and the Visigoths dominated the entire Iberian Peninsula). Historiographers of the time such asIsidore of Seville,Julian of Toledo,John of Biclaro, as well as from abroad, the FranksGregory of Tours,Fredegar, orPope Leo II, referred to the Visigoth kingdom or its kings, as Hispania or kings of Hispania.On the other hand, there was an adoption by the Visigoths of the Hispano-Roman culture, with a progressive intention to merge the Gothic and Hispano-Roman societies into a common one, politically (kingdom administered from the capital ofToledo, and in accordance with Roman ecclesiastical power through theCouncils of Toledo), religiously (Reccared I converted fromArianism toChalcedonian Christianity in 589), common legislation (Code of Leovigild, and laterVisigothic Code), militarily (army composed of Hispano-Romans and Visigoths), with a monetary unit (Visigothic royal currency from 580 to 710), and linguistically (Visigoths spokeLatin), taking advantage of the pre-existing cohesion left by the Hispania of the Roman Empire.[125]Spain is a unitary state that emerged from thepolitical union by incorporating union of different states throughout history. Using the modern criteria of theUnited Nations, which considers the date of admission of other states that emerged from political unions (such asTanzania,Malaysia andYemen) as the date of the oldest predecessor state to be admitted, it will soon be seen that the oldest state that merged to form modern Spain is theKingdom of León, one of the states inpersonal union that integrated theCrown of Castile, with such state dating its origins directly from theKingdom of Asturias. Spain was until 1715 a composite monarchy, i.e. several small states inpersonal union, only passing through apolitical union in 1715 with theNueva Planta decrees
  45. ^During Napoleon's invasion of Spain, Spain was a governorship of France. In fear of invasion, the King of Portugal went toRio de Janeiro, inBrazil.
  46. ^Sudan dates its national identity to theKingdom of Kerma,Kingdom of Kush and other ancient kingdoms that existed in its territory, i.eNubia (mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts). However, as an independent sovereign state, the current Sudanese state dates back to 1956.
  47. ^AlbeitDanish-dominated as the seat of power was thede facto capital,Copenhagen.
  48. ^By uniting with Egypt to form theUnited Arab Republic into a political union, theSecond Syrian Republic ceased to exist as a sovereign state and became anextinct state, with Syria becoming a subnational unit of the United Arab Republic. The current Syrian state emerged as a newstate when it broke up politically in 1961. However, Syrians celebrate April 17 as their independence day, as it was on April 17, 1946 that thenation ceased to be a colony of France.
  49. ^The Republic of Turkey is the successor state of theOttoman Empire. Despite being known in English as theTurkish War of Independence, Turks call it in their languageKurtuluş Savaşı (lit. Liberation War). "War of Independence" in Turkish is "bağımsızlık savaşı". The country's national date is the Republic Day (Cumhuriyet Bayramı), which commemorates the change of government regime from a monarchy to a republic.
  50. ^Ukraine dates its national identity back to theKievan Rus, however this state became anextinct state when it was conquered by the Mongols of theGolden Horde. Another state with historical importance for Ukrainians in their national identity is the medievalKingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which however also became an extinct state. In the 17th century the Ukrainian nation established another Ukrainian state, theCossack Hetmanate, however this state became extinct upon being conquered by theRussian Empire. Between 1917 and 1919, two new Ukrainian states was established, being unified in 1919 but again lost its sovereignty by becoming a subnational unit of theSoviet Union. The current Ukrainian sovereign state dates from 1991, emerging after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
  51. ^TheUnited Kingdom is a unitary state that emerged from thepolitical union by incorporating union of different states throughout history.Northern Ireland has been part of this political union since 1922, when the rest ofIreland separated from the United Kingdom. Ireland had united with Great Britain in 1800 to form theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. TheKingdom of Great Britain itself emerged from the political union between theKingdom of England (which had already conquered and annexed thePrincipality of Wales centuries before) and theKingdom of Scotland. Using the modern criteria of theUnited Nations, which considers the date of admission of other states that emerged from political unions (such asTanzania,Malaysia andYemen) as the date of the oldest predecessor state to be admitted, it will soon be seen that of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom (today subnational units and not sovereign countries) the oldest isScotland (unified in 843), which dates its origin to theDál Riata, which conquered the existing small Pictish states in future Scotland to form the Kingdom of Scotland, which existed until 1707 when it merged with England (originated in 927, when the various Anglo-Saxon kings swore their allegiance toÆthelstan ofWessex (r. 924–939), unifying most of modern England under a single king

References

[edit]
  1. ^David Armitage,The Declaration of Independence in World Context,Organization of American Historians,Magazine of History, Volume 18, Issue 3, Pp. 61–66 (2004)
  2. ^Manning, Patrick (1990).Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. London: Cambridge University Press.
  3. ^Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.
  4. ^Martin Klein, "Slave Descent and Social Status in Sahara and Sudan", inReconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories, ed. Benedetta Rossi (Liverpool:Liverpool University Press, 2009), 29.
  5. ^"Humanities › History & Culture Independence from Spain in Latin America".ThoughtCo. Dotdash. Retrieved25 November 2017.
  6. ^"Simón Bolívar: The Liberator".latinamericanstudies.org. Dr. Antonio Rafael de la Cova. Retrieved25 November 2017.
  7. ^abCertain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua); Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), I.C.J., Judgment on compensation, 2 February 2018.https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/150/150-20180202-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf
  8. ^ab"Costa Rica & Nicaragua Settle Border Dispute in Court".Political Geography Now. 3 February 2018. Retrieved4 February 2018.
  9. ^Country Profile: CubaArchived 2014-04-10 at theWayback Machine, September 2006, U.S. Library of Congress – Federal Research Division.
  10. ^"19 de abril de 1810".Venezuela Tuya.Archived from the original on 2019-04-18. Retrieved2014-11-17.
  11. ^"Armenia - The Artaxiads".www.britannica.com.Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved2024-04-14.
  12. ^"Cambodia - Khmer Empire, Angkor, Temples".www.britannica.com.Archived from the original on 2024-04-04. Retrieved2024-04-11.
  13. ^Gavlak, Dale (12 June 2011)."Jordan's King Abdullah vows to allow elected cabinets".BBC News.Archived from the original on 13 June 2011.
  14. ^abcdefghijTheRepublics of the Soviet Union were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of theConstitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and wasde facto a single federal state.
  15. ^abcMalaysia Act 1963
  16. ^United Nations Member States
  17. ^abFederation of Malaya Independence Act 1957
  18. ^abcdAgreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state
  19. ^abAgreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state/proclamation of singapore
  20. ^abcSingapore Act 1966
  21. ^abAgreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore
  22. ^"Myanmar - Pyu State, Ancient Cities, Irrigation | The kingdom of Pagan (849–c. 1300)".www.britannica.com.Archived from the original on 2024-04-04. Retrieved2024-04-04.
  23. ^ab"Country Profile: Philippines"(PDF). Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress. March 2006. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on October 10, 2012. said: "The Philippines attained independence from Spain on 12 June 1898, and from the United States on 4 July 1946.". Other sources (e.g.The CIA FactbookArchived 2021-01-10 at theWayback Machine ) say that the Philippine Islands were ceded to the US by Spain in 1898 following theSpanish–American War.
  24. ^"Philippines".The World Factbook. CIA. Archived fromthe original on July 26, 2009.
  25. ^Republic of the Philippines[permanent dead link], Philippine Government website.
  26. ^abBautista, Lowell B. (3 September 2009)."The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the Philippine Treaty Limits"(PDF).Aegean Review of the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law.1: 3.doi:10.1007/s12180-009-0003-5.ISSN 1864-9610.S2CID 153653227. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 11 October 2010.The sovereignty of a State is co-extensive with its territorial limits.
  27. ^ab"UN approves PH territorial claim to Benham Rise". 28 April 2012.Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved28 April 2012.
  28. ^Bautista 2009: "Although by today's standards the 1898 annexation of the Philippines by the U.S. was unlawful, it does not follow that the U.S. claims of sovereignty are unfounded. Under the doctrine of intertemporal law, 'a juridical fact must be appreciated in light of the law contemporary with it, and not the law in force at the time when a dispute in regard to it arises or falls to be settled.' Thus, the legality of any act should be determined in accordance with the law of the time the act was committed, and not by reference to law as it might have become at a later date.'"
  29. ^"Qatar completes border demarcation with Saudi Arabia".Doha News. 4 November 2021. Retrieved9 November 2021.
  30. ^Deeley, Furness, and Schofield (2001)The International Boundaries of East Timor p. 8
  31. ^Tuchscherer, Michel (2000-07-01)."Chronologie du Yémen (1506-1635)".Arabian Humanities. Revue internationale d'archéologie et de sciences sociales sur la péninsule Arabique/International Journal of Archaeology and Social Sciences in the Arabian Peninsula (in French).8 (8).doi:10.4000/cy.11.ISSN 1248-0568.
  32. ^ab"Hrvatska povijest". Archived fromthe original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved6 July 2017.
  33. ^ab"Grboslovlje u Hrvata >> Krunisani". Archived fromthe original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved6 July 2017.
  34. ^ab"Hrvatski Vladari / Croatian rulers – Geni".Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved6 July 2017.
  35. ^ab"TOPLI DOM JADRANA – PRIMORSKA HRVATSKA – Visite Croatia – Stema Guide".Visite Croatia - Stema Guide. 22 December 2016. Archived fromthe original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved6 July 2017.
  36. ^ab"Croatia – World Leaders Index".Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved6 July 2017.
  37. ^abUnder the Channel, traffic soon to roll .Baltimore Sun. 1 May 1994.
  38. ^"Peloponnesian League | Athenian, Spartan, Confederacy | Britannica".www.britannica.com.Archived from the original on 2019-04-21. Retrieved2024-04-03.
  39. ^"Delian League".www.britannica.com.Archived from the original on 2023-12-10. Retrieved2024-04-03.
  40. ^"League of Corinth".www.britannica.com.Archived from the original on 2020-10-17. Retrieved2024-04-03.
  41. ^"King's Collections : Exhibitions & Conferences : The London Protocol of 3 February 1830".kingscollections.org.Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved2024-04-03.
  42. ^"Liechtenstein prince wins powers".BBC News. 2003-03-16.Archived from the original on 2015-12-15. Retrieved2015-10-26.
  43. ^Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a.): enciklopedinis žinynas (in Lithuanian). Vytautas Spečiūnas (compiler). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. 2004. pp. 15–78.ISBN 5-420-01535-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  44. ^Butkevičienė, Birutė; Vytautas Gricius (July 2003)."Mindaugas – Lietuvos karalius".Mokslas Ir Gyvenimas (in Lithuanian).7 (547).ISSN 0134-3084. Archived fromthe original on 23 May 2007. Retrieved17 September 2006.
  45. ^abRettman, Andrew (6 February 2013)."Kosovo: EU meeting is 'de facto recognition' by Serbia".EUobserver. Brussels.Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved17 February 2015.
  46. ^abManuel Alvarez-Valdés y Valdés (1991).La Extranjería en la Historia Del Derecho Español (in Spanish). Universidad de Oviedo. p. 151.ISBN 978-84-7468-737-8.
  47. ^Ross, D. (2002).Chronology of Scottish History. Glasgow: Geddes & Grosset. p. 56.ISBN 978-1-85534-380-1
  48. ^Hearn, J. (2002).Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104.ISBN 978-1-902930-16-9
  49. ^Davies (1994) p. 100[citation not found]
  50. ^Davies (1994) p. 128[citation not found]
  51. ^"Background Note: United Kingdom".bbc.co.uk Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom.Archived from the original on 2018-12-20. Retrieved2011-08-06.
  52. ^Allan I. Macinnes (2007).Union and empire: the making of the United Kingdom in 1707. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-85079-7.
  53. ^David Armitage; Michael J. Braddick (2002).The British Atlantic world, 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 20.ISBN 978-0-333-96340-1.
  54. ^Finlayson, Christopher (2021).He Kupu Taurangi: Treaty settlements and the future of Aotearoa New Zealand. Huia Publishers. p. 14.ISBN 978-1-77550-615-7.OCLC 1238026659.
  55. ^"U.S. Relations With Vanuatu".U.S. Department of State. 9 March 2016.Archived from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved23 May 2019.
  56. ^Wolff, Stefan (2004).Disputed Territories: The Transnational Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict Settlement. Berghahn Books. pp. 30–31.ISBN 978-1-57181-657-3.Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved2023-03-23.
  57. ^Wippman, David (1998). "Practical and Legal Constraints on Internal Power Sharing". In Wippman, David (ed.).International Law and Ethnic Conflict. Cornell University Press. p. 220.ISBN 978-0-8014-3433-4.Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved2023-03-23.
  58. ^Bahcheli, Tozun; Noel, Sid (2005). "Power Sharing for Cyprus (Again)? European Union Accession and the Prospects for Reunification". In Noel, Sid (ed.).Relations of Ruling: Class and Gender in Postindustrial Societies. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 215.ISBN 978-0-7735-2948-9.
  59. ^Kumkova, Katya (29 January 2013)."Russia and Kazakhstan: What's Behind the Baikonur Spat?".EurasiaNet.org.Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2015-10-28.
  60. ^Christopher A Whatley (2001).Bought and Sold for English Gold: The Union of 1707 (Tuckwell Press, 2001)
  61. ^An Outline of the People's Republic of Albania. 8 Nëntori. 1978. p. 47.
  62. ^Ceka, N. (2013).The Illyrians to the Albanians. Migjeni. p. 25.ISBN 978-9928-4074-6-7. Retrieved2022-04-01.
  63. ^The Regency of Algiers ceased to exist and became an extinct or abolished state when France conquered Algeria. The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is a new state that emerged after separating from the French Republic
  64. ^Shillington, Kevin (2005).Encyclopedia of African history. CRC Press. p. 60.ISBN 1-57958-453-5.Archived from the original on 2023-01-12. Retrieved2020-05-21.
  65. ^"The Site of Ain Hanech Revisited: New Investigations at this Lower Pleistocene Site in Northern Algeria"(PDF).Gi.ulpgc.es. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-05-10. Retrieved2017-06-24.
  66. ^Blaustein, Albert P.; Sigler, Jay A.; Beede, Benjamin R. (1977).Independence documents of the world. Brill Archive. p. 11.ISBN 0-379-00794-0.
  67. ^Whittlesey, Derwent (June 1934). "Andorra's Autonomy".The Journal of Modern History.6 (2):147–155.doi:10.1086/236113.S2CID 145133794.
  68. ^Archambault, G.H. (Nov 16, 1944)."Andorra Occupied by French Police; De Gaulle Acts Under Historic Authority to Keep Order in Pyrenees Republic".The New York Times. p. 5.Archived from the original on February 19, 2014. RetrievedApril 25, 2009.
  69. ^"1975: Divided Angola gets independence".BBC On This Day. 1975-11-11.Archived from the original on 2009-02-22. Retrieved2009-07-04.
  70. ^"Background Note: Antigua and Barbuda".state.gov. US Department of State.Archived from the original on 2017-01-22. Retrieved2009-07-04.
  71. ^"Congress of Tucumán".Encyclopædia Britannica.Archived from the original on 2009-07-01. Retrieved2009-07-04.
  72. ^Howe, G. Melvyn; Dowsett, Charles James Frank; Mints, Aleksey Aleksandrovich; Suny, Ronald Grigor (23 April 2019)."Armenia: Independence".Britannica.com.Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved23 June 2022.
  73. ^"Federation".australia.gov.au. Australian Government.Archived from the original on 2019-03-12. Retrieved2019-06-06.
  74. ^Kurian, George Thomas (1987).The Encyclopedia of the Third World. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Facts on File. p. 115.ISBN 0-8160-1118-4.
  75. ^Willem van Schendel (12 February 2009).A History of Bangladesh. Cambridge University Press. p. 11.ISBN 978-0-511-99741-9.
  76. ^"U.S. Relations With Belize".state.gov. US Department of State. December 22, 2016.Archived from the original on June 11, 2018. RetrievedMay 23, 2019.
  77. ^Rose, Leo E. (1977).The Politics of Bhutan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 24.ISBN 0-8014-0909-8.[T]here can be no doubt that since at least the tenth century no external power has controlled Bhutan, although there have been periods when various of its neighbors have been able to exert a strong cultural and/or political influence there.
  78. ^Bisht, Ramesh Chandra (2008).International Encyclopaedia of Himalayas. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 12.ISBN 978-81-8324-265-3.
  79. ^"Botswana".Encyclopedia.com.Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved2009-07-18.
  80. ^"Brazil".Encyclopedia.com.Archived from the original on 2009-04-17. Retrieved2009-07-18.
  81. ^"Bulgaria".Encyclopedia.com.Archived from the original on 2009-07-11. Retrieved2009-07-19.
  82. ^Guadelli, Jean-Luc; Kovacheva, Mary Kovatcheva or most frequently; Krumov, Ivaylo; Miteva, Viviana; Taneva, Stanimira; Dimitrova, Irena; Guadelli, Aleta (2010)."An ancient continuous human presence in the Balkans and the beginnings of human settlement in western Eurasia: A Lower Pleistocene example of the Lower Palaeolithic levels in Kozarnika cave (North-western Bulgaria)".Quaternary International.223–224: 94.Bibcode:2010QuInt.223...94S.doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.02.023.Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved2020-05-28 – via www.academia.edu.
  83. ^"Burkina Faso".Encyclopedia.com.Archived from the original on 2010-05-21. Retrieved2009-07-18.
  84. ^Tucker, Spencer (1999).Vietnam. Routledge. pp. 196–197.ISBN 1-85728-922-6.
  85. ^"Statute of Westminster: Canada's Declaration of Independence".The Canadian Encyclopedia.Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. RetrievedApril 19, 2009. and the last province to join the Canadian Confederation beingNewfoundland and Labrador
  86. ^Colin G. Calloway (2006).The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America. Oxford U.P. p. 8.ISBN 978-0-19-804119-1.
  87. ^"Background Note: Cape Verde".state.gov. US Department of State. June 2008.Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved26 July 2009.
  88. ^"Stone Age wells found in Cyprus".BBC News. 25 June 2009.Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved25 July 2019.
  89. ^McKitterick, Rosamond, ed. (1995).The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume II c.700–c.900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 205.ISBN 0-521-36292 X.
  90. ^Langer, William L., ed. (1972).An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 9.ISBN 0-395-13592-3.
  91. ^"Estonian Declaration of Independence, 24 February 1918".President of the Republic of Estonia. Archived fromthe original on May 22, 2009. Retrieved2009-07-19.
  92. ^abA. Berhe. (2003).Revisiting resistance in Italian-occupied Ethiopia: the Patriots' Movement (1936–1941) and the redefinition of post-war Ethiopia. African dynamics,ISSN 1568-1777; vol. 2. Brill, Leiden,ISBN 90-04-12624-4.
  93. ^Kristiinankaupungin Susiluola ((archived))
  94. ^Nielsen, Trine Kellberg; Riede, Felix (2018). "On Research History and Neanderthal Occupation at its Northern Margins".European Journal of Archaeology.21 (4):506–527.doi:10.1017/eaa.2018.12.ISSN 1461-9571.
  95. ^Becker, Marc (2011)."History of U.S. Interventions in Latin America". Marc Becker.Archived from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved9 February 2016.
  96. ^Price and Brown, 1985, Bettinger, 1991
  97. ^Karlsson, Gunnar (2016).Landnám Íslands. Reykjavík: Háskólaútgáfan. p. 26.ISBN 9789935231130.
  98. ^Bose, Sugata;Jalal, Ayesha (2004).Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 41.ISBN 978-0-203-71253-5.
  99. ^Chauhan, Partha R. (2010)."The Indian Subcontinent and 'Out of Africa 1'". In Fleagle, John G.; Shea, John J.; Grine, Frederick E.; Baden, Andrea L.; Leakey, Richard E. (eds.).Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 145–164.ISBN 978-90-481-9036-2.
  100. ^Petraglia, Michael D.; Allchin, Bridget (2007).The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 5–6.ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1.
  101. ^Petraglia, Michael D. (2010)."The Early Paleolithic of the Indian Subcontinent: Hominin Colonization, Dispersals and Occupation History". In Fleagle, John G.; Shea, John J.; Grine, Frederick E.; Baden, Andrea L.; Leakey, Richard E. (eds.).Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 165–179.ISBN 978-90-481-9036-2.
  102. ^Campbell Robertson; Stephen Farrell (31 December 2008),"Green Zone, Heart of U.S. Occupation, Reverts to Iraqi Control",The New York Times,archived from the original on 20 October 2017, retrieved10 February 2017
  103. ^Genealogies fromBodleian Library, MS Rawlinson B 502 and theBook of Leinster
  104. ^"National Geographic Italia – Erano padani i primi abitanti d'Italia". Archived fromthe original on June 26, 2019.
  105. ^Hoshino Iseki Museum, Tochigi Pref.
  106. ^"Wonders of the African World".PBS.Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved16 April 2010.
  107. ^abEckert, Carter J.; Lee, Ki-Baik (1990).Korea, old and new: a history. Korea Institute Series. Published for the Korea Institute, Harvard University by Ilchokak. p. 2.ISBN 978-0-9627713-0-9.
  108. ^abChristopher J. Norton, "The Current State of Korean Paleoanthropology", (2000),Journal of Human Evolution, 38: 803–825.
  109. ^"November 18, 1918 – Proclamation of Latvia's independence".LETA. Archived fromthe original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved2009-07-19.
  110. ^"Colonization".The African-American Mosaic. Library of Congress. July 5, 2005.Archived from the original on 2011-02-26. Retrieved2009-04-25.Liberia ... was neither a sovereign power nor a bona fide colony of any sovereign nation. ... the United States refused to claim sovereignty over Liberia.
  111. ^At the end of World War II, the region was abandoned by the Italians. The French and British occupy the region militarily, with the French settling in Fezzan, the British in Tripolitania and the Emirate of Cyrenaica being established as an independent country. King Idris I unified the country on December 24, 1951, uniting the territories into a single federal state, named the United Kingdom of Libya, later becoming the unitary Kingdom of Libya
  112. ^The independent government of the Moroccan Sultan still existed, in nominal form, during the period when the country was a protectorate of European colonial powers. Source: Treaty of Fes
  113. ^Rose, Leo E.; Margaret W. Fisher (1970).The Politics of Nepal. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. xi.ISBN 0-8014-0574-2.Nepal is of special interest, partly because it is an Asian country that was never reduced to colonial status.
  114. ^"Neanderthal fossil discovered in Zeeland province | Radio Netherlands Worldwide". Rnw.nl. 16 June 2009. Archived fromthe original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved25 March 2012.
  115. ^"What changed?".Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved2020-10-10.
  116. ^"New Zealand Parliament – New Zealand sovereignty: 1857, 1907, 1947, or 1987?".New Zealand Parliament Research Papers. Archived fromthe original on April 15, 2012. RetrievedApril 19, 2009.
  117. ^"Breve Reseña Histórica" [Brief History].Asociación Indígena para la Integración y Desarrollo de la Región Autónoma de la Costa Atlántica (in Spanish). n.d. Archived fromthe original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved24 February 2016.
  118. ^"Palaeolithic and Pleistocene of Pakistan". Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield.Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved14 August 2019.
  119. ^Murray, Tim (1999).Time and archaeology. London; New York: Routledge. p. 84.ISBN 978-0-415-11762-3.
  120. ^Painter, James E.; Butland, Gilbert James; Service, Elman R.; Nickson, R. Andrew; Williams, John Hoyt (10 May 2019)."Paraguay".Britannica.com.Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved23 June 2022.
  121. ^"UN approves PH territorial claim to Benham Rise". 28 April 2012.Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved28 April 2012.
  122. ^"400,000-year-old fossil human cranium is oldest ever found in Portugal".phys.org.Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved13 July 2019.
  123. ^"San Marino Historical Origins and Legends". Sanmarinosite.com. Retrieved2014-05-24.
  124. ^Koenig 1971; Payne 1983: Briggs 2009
  125. ^""El concepto de España en la historiografía visigoda y asturiana" (The concept of Spain in Visigothic and Asturian historiography). Alexander Pierre Bronisch, 2006".Archived from the original on 2023-10-31. Retrieved2023-09-18.
  126. ^Hispania-Spania. El nacimiento de España. Conciencia hispana en el reino visigodo de Toledo (Santiago Cantera Montenegro). Hispania-Spania. The birth of Spain. Hispanic consciousness in the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo. (Santiago Cantera Montenegro)
  127. ^Sáez Juárez, Juana (December 2002)."Los primeros pobladores de la Península Ibérica. Cronología y posibles rutas".Página de Historia (in Spanish).Universidad de Valencia.Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved15 September 2018.
  128. ^Baselland, Archäologie."Der Faustkeil von Pratteln".Archäologie Baselland.Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved2019-07-14.
  129. ^Francis Pryor,Britain BC, 2003.
  130. ^"Signs of Earliest Scots Unearthed".BBC News. 9 April 2009.Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved14 July 2019.
  131. ^"Biggar Archaeology News – Early Mesolithic flint assemblage found".biggararchaeology.org.uk. Archived fromthe original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved14 July 2019.
  132. ^"Gathering the Jewels".Early Neanderthal jaw fragment, c. 230,000 years old. Culturenet Cymru. 2008. Archived fromthe original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved14 July 2019.
  133. ^Davies, JA History of Wales, p. 3.[citation not found]
  134. ^Andrews, p. 187.
By region
Exploration
Colonization andImperialism
Decolonization andAnti-imperialism
General
topics
Exploration
Colonization
Colonial empires
in themodern era
Decolonization
andSeparatism
Related concepts
Freedom
Corruption
Competitiveness
History
Rights
Democracy
Other
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation&oldid=1318294926"
Categories:
Hidden categories:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp