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List of rivers of Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main European drainage divides (red lines) separating catchments (green regions)

This article lists the principal rivers ofEurope with their main tributaries.

Scope

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Theborder of Europe and Asia is here defined as from theKara Sea, along theUral Mountains andUral River to theCaspian Sea. While the crest of theCaucasus Mountains is the geographical border with Asia in the south,Georgia, and to a lesser extentArmenia andAzerbaijan, are politically and culturally often associated with Europe; rivers in these countries are therefore included.

The list is at the outset limited to those rivers that are at least 250 km long from the most distant source, have adrainage basin (catchment area, watershed) of at least 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi), or have a mean discharge (volume, flow) of at least 150 m3/s (5,300 cu ft/s). Also included are a number of rivers (currently 47) that do not meet these criteria, but are very well known and/or nearly make the mark. Examples of these are theArno,Ruhr,Saar, andClyde. See the lists of rivers for individual countries linked to at the bottom of the page for smaller rivers.

The rivers are ordered from those flowing to the extreme northeast into the Arctic Ocean, following the coastline anticlockwise all the way to the southeastern coast of the Black Sea. Iceland and the British Islands are included via virtual connections with northern Norway and across theStrait of Dover and theNorth Channel, respectively. Finally, rivers draining into the Caspian Sea are listed from Azerbaijan to the Ural River.

The table can be sorted by each column. The first three columns give a ranking for (maximum) length, area and volume of those rivers flowing into the sea or anendorheic lake down to the cut-off values. No ranking of tributaries is attempted, as the concept is too contentious; for example, hydrologically the middle and upper Volga could be considered a tributary of theKama, in which case it would be the fifth or sixth longest river in Europe. Instead it does not appear in the table at all.

The commercial and geopolitical importance of rivers is not ranked here. As a transportation artery, a river may unite a region commercially and economically, but major rivers, as barriers to travel, may also form political boundaries between states. TheDanube, the second longest river in Europe, is notable for flowing through or past ten countries; the Rhine through or past six. TheVolga, the longest river in Europe, unites a huge region of European Russia; eleven of the twenty largest cities in Russia lie on its banks. The Loire and the Po unite important regions within France and Italy respectively. The most important rivers in Europe includeRhone,Elbe,Oder,Tagus,Thames,Don andDnieper, among others.[further explanation needed]

Caveats

[edit]

The measurements shown are drawn from sources deemed most reliable, but still are often uncertain, especially when other sources disagree wildly. For example, theSiret in Romania and Ukraine is 726 km long with a basin of 44,000 km2 according to theGreat Soviet Encyclopedia, 647 km (44,811 km2) according to a Romanian management plan for the Siret basin[1] and 559 km (47,610 km2) according to the extensive transboundary rivers study by theEconomic Commission for Europe.[2]

Length estimates for rivers depend on a number of variables:

  • River Source – The choice of the source obviously has an impact. Here we attempt to list the most distant source. When that involves a tributary nearer the mouth of the river, the length of the nominal river is listed as well, if it meets the above criteria.
  • River End – Rivers flowing into estuaries have an arbitrary lower end. The channel of such a river through an estuary is usually included in the length when it is exposed at low tide.
  • Path Granularity – The estimate will be larger when the curves of the riverare traced at a smaller scale.
  • Intermediate Bodies of Water – The length of a watercourse through a reservoir or lake is open to interpretation. For this table, when a source for the total length of a river system involving lakes is lacking, the shortest possible course through the lakes is used
  • Path Changes – Over time, a river's length can change through canalization, the creation of reservoirs, and natural changes in the water course.

The catchment areas are more consistent between sources. However, in low relief the watershed is less obvious, while underground connections (especially inkarst systems) further complicate area measurements. Unless excellent sources are available, the areas below 70°N latitude are taken from the HydroBASINS project.[3] TheRiver Networks andRamsar Sites Information Service websites provide convenient interfaces to assess the accuracy of many of the basins. Areas for rivers above 70°N are warned[clarification needed] and found to be less reliable.

The listed multiyear mean discharges are even less reliable than the lengths. Underestimates are most common, as the gauging stations are often far above the mouth, so that only a fraction of the drainage basin is represented. On the other hand, the highest volume of a river may not be at the mouth due to water loss by human usage, diversion (e.g. throughdistributaries), evaporation, or underground drainage.

Rivers of Europe

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Arctic OceanAtlantic OceanNorth SeaWhite SeaBaltic SeaMediterranean SeaBlack SeaCaspian Sea
Europe's largest rivers ( over 100 km long, > 10,000 km2 watershed, or > 150 m3/s mean discharge)
º
Rank(offleuves)River or river systemLength
(km)		Basin
(km2)		Flow
(m³/s)		Mouth
Countries
[note 1]		NotesRefs
LengthAreaFlow
9482-Kara ← Bolshoy Kara28913400?Kara Sea nearUst-KaraRUS[note 2][4]
8686-Korotaikha [de;it;ru] ← Syadej-Yu31012700?Pechora Sea[note 3][5]
663Pechora18093220004380Pechora Sea nearNaryan-Mar[6][7]
---Sula3531040092Pechora[8]
---Shapkina [de;ru] ←Lekeyyu [ru]5066570582[9]
---Tsilma37421500228[10]
---Pizhma389547055[11]
---Izhma53131000317Pechora near Ust-Izhma[12][13]
---Laya [de;no;ru]332953050Pechora[14]
---Usa565936001310Pechora nearUsinsk[15]
---Kolva54618100165Usa near Usinsk[16]
---Adzva33410600110Usa[17]
---Kosyu [de;nl;ru]25914800122[18]
---Bolshaya Rogovaya [de;no;ru]3117290?[19]
---Shchugor3009660252Pechora[20]
---Ilych41116000177[21]
10598-Voronya ←Lake Lovozero ←Kurga [ru]2519940114Barents Sea[note 4][22]
845861Tuloma ←Lake Notozero ←Lutto32021140241Barents Sea nearMurmanskRUSFIN[note 5][23][2]
736286Paatsjoki ←Lake Inari ←Ivalo36018403157Barents Sea nearKirkenesNORRUSFIN[24][25]
707273Tana/Deatnu ←Karasjohka36616386197Barents Sea nearTana BruNORFIN[note 6][2]
--74Jökulsá á Fjöllum2067750183Arctic OceanISL[26]
--32Ölfusá ←Hvítá1856100423Atlantic Ocean nearSelfossISL[26][25]
--39Þjórsá2307530370Atlantic Ocean
--65Kúðafljót1152400250[26]
--71Jökulsá á Dal1503700205[note 7]
---Altaelva2408693101Norwegian Sea inAlta MunicipalityNOR
--78Målselva ← Rostaelva1456144171Norwegian Sea inMålselv Municipality
--70Vefsna1614122207Norwegian Sea inVefsn Municipality
--53Namsen2296298285Norwegian Sea inNamsos Municipality
---Gaula (Trøndelag)153366197Norwegian Sea inTrondheim Municipality
---Orkla (river)179305367Norwegian Sea inOrkland Municipality
--90Otra2453740150North Sea inKristiansand MunicipalityNOR
999359Skien ←Norsjø ← Saua ←Heddalsvatnet ←Tinne - etc. system27310815263Skagerrak inPorsgrunn Municipality
76--Numedalslågen3565554111Skagerrak inLarvik Municipality
896649Drammenselva ←Tyrifjorden ← Storelva-Ådalselva-Sperillen ←Begna ←Otrøelva31017113314Skagerrak inDrammen Municipality
383715Glomma/Glåma61942441709Skagerrak inFredrikstad Municipality[2][25]
---Vorma ←Mjøsa ←Gudbrandsdalslågen35817412330Glomma atÅrnes inNes Municipality
293424Göta älv ←Vänern ←Klarälven system75650229554Kattegat inGothenburgSWENOR[27][25]
---Klarälven ← Trysilelva ← Femundelva ← Rogen46011820165Vänern nearKarlstad[note 8]
---Ätran243334253Kattegat inFalkenbergSWE
---Lagan232645282Kattegat nearLaholm
101214Elbe ←Vltava ←Teplá Vltava1329148268860Wadden Sea nearCuxhavenGERCZE[note 9][28][2]
---Elbe1094[note 10]
---Havel ←Spree56024096103Elbe nearHavelbergGER[note 11][29]
---Havel334
---Spree3821011035Havel in Berlin-Spandau
---Saale41324167117Elbe inBarby
---White Elster257515426Saale nearHalle (Saale)GERCZE
---Mulde ←Zwickauer Mulde290740075Elbe inDessauGER[note 12]
---Ohře / Eger316558838Elbe inLitoměřiceCZEGER
---Vltava - Teplá Vltava43128101154Elbe inMělníkCZE[note 13]
303544Weser ←Werra75146259365Wadden Sea nearBremerhavenGER[note 14][30][31]
---Aller ←Leine34615721120Weser nearVerden[note 15][30]
---Aller260211?
---Leine278651762Aller nearSchwarmstedt
---Fulda220694767Weser inHannoversch Münden
---Werra300549750
6964-Ems3711780289Wadden Sea nearDelfzijlGERNED[note 16][31][2]
---Zwarte Water ←Vecht/Vechte201574150IJsselmeer nearGenemuidenNEDGER[note 17][32]
--41IJssel ←Oude IJssel1884533380IJsselmeer nearKampen[note 18][33][34]
11116Rhine12331852632315North Sea atHook of HollandNEDGERFRA
AUTLIE  SWI		[note 19]
---Waal82?1500Rhine delta inGorinchemNED[note 20]
---Lek62429Rhine delta atKinderdijk
---Lippe ←Alme268488246Rhine inWeselGER[note 21][32]
---Ruhr ←Neger ←Renau227448582Rhine inDuisburg[note 22]
---Moselle ←Moselotte54928153320Rhine inKoblenzGERLUXFRA[note 23][35][2]
---Saar235743178Moselle nearKonzGERFRA[35]
---Sauer173425941Moselle inWasserbilligLUXGERBEL
---Lahn ←Ohm ←Felda251592551Rhine inLahnsteinGER[note 24][32]
---Main ←Regnitz system58327208211Rhine inMainz[note 25][36]
---Main525[note 26]
---Regnitz ←Pegnitz ←Fichtenohe191752157Main inBamberg[note 27]
---Neckar ←Eschach38013934136Rhine inMannheim[37]
---Ill217476054Rhine nearStrasbourgFRA[38]
---Aare28817684559Rhine inKoblenz  SWI[39]
---Limmat ←Lake Zürich ←Linth1402417101Aare inBrugg
---Reuss1643443140
204046Meuse/Maas95034364357North Sea nearHellevoetsluisNEDBELFRA[note 28][40][2]
---Ourthe181362455Meuse inLiègeBEL
---Sambre193285629Meuse inNamurBELFRA
7356-Scheldt36021683129North Sea nearFlushingNEDBELFRA[note 29][41][42][31]
---Leie/Lys202430528Scheldt inGhentBELFRA[41]
7377-Thames ←Churn3601429266North Sea nearSouthend-on-SeaUK[note 30][43]
---Great Ouse230817239North Sea inKing's Lynn[44]
9296-Trent29810435100Humber Estuary nearScunthorpe[note 31][45]
-94-Ouse ←Ure20810704145[note 32][46]
---Tyne ← North Tyne118293645North Sea atSouth Shields
---Tweed156498890North Sea inBerwick-upon-Tweed[47][48]
--67Tay1936019220North Sea nearDundee[note 33][49]
---Spey173294466North Sea nearElgin[50]
182012Mezen96678000890White Sea (Mezen Bay) nearMezenRUS[51][25]
---Pyoza36315100123Mezen[52][53]
---Vashka60520500184[54]
7860-Kuloy ← Sotka3501900017White Sea near Dolgoshchelye[note 8][55]
754Northern Dvina ←Vychegda18033570523330Dvina Bay inSeverodvinsk[note 34][56][25]
---Northern Dvina ←Sukhona ←Lake Kubenskoye ←Kubena1685[note 35]
---Pinega77942600430Northern Dvina inUst-Pinega[57]
----Yula250529049Pinega[58]
---Yemtsa ←Mekhrenga2991410070Northern Dvina near Bolshaya Gora[note 36][59]
---Vaga ←Ustya73644800384Northern Dvina nearBereznik[note 37][60]
---Vaga575[61]
---Ustya4771750092Vaga[62]
---Kokshenga251567036Ustya[63]
---Vychegda11301210001160Northern Dvina inKotlas[64]
---Viled321561043Vychegda nearKoryazhma[65]
---Yarenga281514049Vychegda[66]
---Vym49925600260Vychegda nearUst-Vym[67]
---Yolva [de]255344031Vym[68][69]
---Sysola48717200105Vychegda inSyktyvkar[70][71]
---Lokchim [de;ru]272660052Vychegda[72]
---Vishera247878079[73]
---Nem [de;ru]260423037[74]
---LowerYug ←Luza60935600290Northern Dvina inVeliky Ustyug[note 38][75]
---Yug574[76][77]
---Luza18300132Yug[78]
---Sukhona ←Lake Kubenskoye ←Kubena94150300438Northern Dvina in Veliky Ustyug[note 39][79]
332828Onega ←Lake Lacha ←Svid ←Lake Vozhe ←Vozhega68056900492Onega Bay atOnega town[note 40][80][81]
---Onega416[82]
---Voloshka260710072Onega[83]
554558Lower Vyg ←Lake Vygozero ←Segezha [de;ru]-system43627100267White Sea nearBelomorsk[note 41][84][85]
---Vyg ←Umba [ru]315[note 42][86]
---Segezha [de;ru] ←Lake Segozero ←Vuoloma [de;ru] ←Talviesdegi [ru]329914074Lake Vygozero nearSegezha[note 43][87]
594455Kem ←Čirka-Kem [de;ru]42227700279White Sea nearKem[note 44][88]
---Kem ←Kuyto Lakes ←Pista/Pistojoki [de;fi;ru]399RUSFIN[note 45][89]
824956Kovda ←Lake Topozero ←Karango [ru]32526100276Kandalaksha Gulf[note 46][90][91]
-8583Niva3612830164Kandalaksha Gulf nearKandalakshaRUS[note 47][92]
104--Varzuga254984079White Sea[93]
587481Ponoy42615500167[94][95]
9675-Motala ström ←Vättern ←Huskvarnaån system28515481100Baltic Sea inNorrköpingSWE[27]
915482Norrström ←Mälaren ←Kolbäcksån system30722650166Baltic Sea inStockholm
434347Dalälven ←Österdalälven54228954353Bothnian Sea nearGävleSWENOR[96][25]
---Västerdalälven ← Fulan3158642124Dalälven inDjuråsSWE[96]
525966Ljusnan44319828226Bothnian Sea inSöderhamn
6484-Ljungan39912851135Bothnian Sea nearSundsvall
574830Indalsälven43026726448[96][25]
484229Ångerman46331864481Bothnian Sea nearKramfors
---Faxälven3999037152Ångerman nearSollefteå[96]
---Fjällsjöälven2638432139Ångerman nearNäsåker
474733Umeälven46726815435Bothnian Sea inUmeå[96][25]
---Vindelälven45312654188Umeälven near Umeå[96]
538986Skellefteälven44011731157Bothnian Bay inSkellefteå
639289Piteälven40211285156Bothnian Bay inPiteå
495026Luleälven46125240500Bothnian Bay inLuleå[96][25]
---Lesser Lule2389678180Luleälven nearVuollerim[96]
496352Kalixälven46118130289Bothnian Bay inKalix
403834Torne ←Torneträsk ←Abiskojokk ← Válfojohka56540157430Bothnian Bay inTornioSWEFINNOR[note 48][96][2]
---Muonio ←Könkämäeno ←Kilpisjärvi35014430162Torne nearPajala[note 49][96]
---Lainioälven ← Rostoeatnu ←Rostojávri ← Ohmátjohka290600270Torne nearJunosuandoSWENOR[note 50]
423325Kemijoki55251127553Bothnian Bay inKemiFIN[2][25]
---Ounasjoki30013968140Kemijoki inRovaniemi[97]
---Kitinen27811214?Kemijoki nearPelkosenniemi
867876Iijoki31014191174Bothnian Bay inIi[note 51]
605360Oulujoki ←Oulujärvi ← Hyrynsalmi system42022841262Bothnian Bay inOulu[note 52][2]
-4663Kokemäenjoki15027046238Bothnian Sea inPori[note 53]
413954Kymi ←Lake Päijänne ←←←Koivujärvi sources55437159282Gulf of Finland inKotka[note 54]
1575Neva ←Lake Ladoga ←Volkhov-system10102810002490Gulf of Finland inSaint PetersburgRUS[note 55][98][25]
---Neva74
---Vuoksi ←Saimaa ←Pielisjoki-system80668501584Lake Ladoga atSolovyovo and atPriozerskRUSFIN[note 56][99][2]
---Pielisjoki ←Pielinen ←Lieksanjoki ←←Murdoyoki [ru]39020000240LakeSaimaa inJoensuuFINRUS[note 57]
---Svir ←Lake Onega ←Vodla-system67888200790Lake Ladoga nearLodeynoye PoleRUS[note 58][100]
---Oyat266522052Svir near Lodeynoye Pole[101]
---Shuya19410100130Lake Onega nearPetrozavodsk[102]
---Suna280767066Lake Onega nearKondopoga[103]
---Vodla ←Lake Vodlozero ←Ileksa ←Olova [ru]35813700130Lake Onega nearPudozh[note 59][104]
---Syas260733053Lake Ladoga inSyasstroy[105]
---Volkhov ←Lake Ilmen ←Msta-system84480200580Lake Ladoga nearVolkhov[note 60][106]
---Msta ←Lake Mstino ←Tsna62023300202Lake Ilmen nearVelikiy Novgorod[note 61][107]
---Pola267742063Lake Ilmen nearStaraya Russa[108]
---Lovat53021900105RUSBLR[109]
---Shelon248971044Lake Ilmen nearShimskRUS[110]
6783-Luga ←Oredezh3831336493Gulf of Finland inUst-Luga[note 62][111]
---Luga353[112]
352937Narva ←Lake Peipus ←Velikaya64756229400Gulf of Finland nearNarvaESTRUS[2]
---Narva77
---Plyussa281696350Narva near NarvaRUS[113]
---Velikaya43025153134Lake Peipus nearPskov[114]
---Emajõgi ←Võrtsjärv ←Väike Emajõgi2181003970Lake PeipusEST[note 63][115]
---Pärnu144688764Gulf of Riga inPärnu[116]
51--Gauja452916171Gulf of Riga nearRigaLATEST[2]
141819Daugava/Western Dvina102085613640LATBLRRUS[25]
---Aiviekste ←Pededze254913557Daugava nearPļaviņasLATEST[note 64][117]
---Mezha259952561Daugava near DoroshkinoRUS
8665-Lielupe ←Mēmele/Nemunėlis31017504106Gulf of Riga nearJūrmalaLATLIT[2]
7987-Venta3461184398Baltic Sea inVentspilsLATLIT[2]
221720Neman91492523634Baltic Sea nearŠilutėLITRUSBLR[2]
---Šešupė298619434Neman nearNemanLITRUSPOL
---Nevėžis209594733Neman nearRaudondvarisLIT
---Neris/Viliya51025254182Neman inKaunasLITBLR
---Šventoji246680456Neris inJonavaLIT
---Shchara325672431NemanBLR
8079-Pregolya ←Lava/Łyna3361411790Baltic Sea nearKaliningradRUSPOL[note 65][118]
---Pregolya ←Angrapa ←Gołdapa310[note 66][119]
---Łyna/Alna/Lava264702040Pregolya inZnamensk[note 67][120][121]
12910Vistula ←Bugonarew ←Western Bug12111926321080Baltic Sea nearGdańskPOLBLRUKR[note 68][122][2][25]
---Vistula1047POL[note 69]
---Bugonarew ←Western Bug81074714328Vistula inNowy Dwór MazowieckiPOLBLRUKR[note 70]
---Wkra249532220Bugonarew near Nowy Dwór MazowieckiPOL[123]
---Narew44628645146Bugonarew nearSerock[note 71][124]
---Western Bug77238676158POLBLRUKR[125]
---Pilica319913846Vistula nearWarkaPOL[126]
---Wieprz3031025643Vistula inDęblin[127]
---San44316769126Vistula nearSandomierzPOLUKR[128]
---Dunajec247680285Vistula inOpatowiecPOLSVK[129][2]
131322Oder ←Warta1045118791574Baltic Sea inŚwinoujścieGERPOL[note 72][130][2]
---Oder854574GERPOLCZE[note 73][2][25]
---Warta80855538195Oder inKostrzyn nad OdrąPOL[130]
---Noteć3881715976Warta inSantok[131]
---Lusatian Neisse255440331Oder inNeißemündeGERPOLCZE[132]
---Bóbr272594339Oder inKrosno OdrzańskiePOLCZE[133]
---Clyde176304583North Channel nearGlasgowUK[134]
---Lower Bann ←Lough Neagh ←Ulster Blackwater186577592North Channel inColeraineUKIRL[31]
1018869Shannon25811773208Shannon Estuary nearLimerickIRL[note 74]
--86The Three Sisters1929207157Celtic Sea nearWaterford[note 75][135][31]
---Mersey ←Tame160431266Irish Sea nearLiverpoolUK[note 76][136]
---Wye215413680Severn Estuary nearChepstow[137]
7791-Severn35411420120Bristol Channel nearWeston-super-Mare[138]
---Somme245654837English Channel nearAbbevilleFRA[31][41]
262123Seine ←Marne87575374560English Channel inLe Havre[note 77][139]
---Seine777[note 78]
---Eure229601726Seine inPont-de-l'Arche[140]
---Oise ←Aisne ←Aire45416783110Seine inConflans-Sainte-Honorine[note 79]
---Oise341FRABEL[141]
---Aisne356793965Oise inCompiègneFRA[142]
---Marne51412783110Seine inIvry-sur-Seine[143]
---Yonne2921083693Seine inMontereau-Fault-Yonne[144]
---Aube249459541Seine nearRomilly-sur-Seine[145]
-95-Vilaine2181045972Bay of Biscay inPénestin[146]
171413Loire1006117356889Bay of Biscay inSaint-Nazaire[147][148]
---Maine ←Sarthe ←Loir33822240127Loire nearAngers[note 80][149]
---Mayenne202584450Maine near Angers[150]
---Sarthe3141625082[151]
---Loir317829432Sarthe near Angers[152]
---Vienne36321161210Loire inCandes-Saint-Martin[153]
---Creuse2641027985Vienne nearChâtellerault[154]
---Indre279342819Loire near Candes-Saint-Martin[155]
---Cher3681371896Loire inVillandry[156]
---Allier42114350144Loire nearNevers[157]
6899-Charente381985549Bay of Biscay nearRochefort[158]
465241Dordogne48323957380Gironde estuary nearBordeaux[159]
---Isle255755863Dordogne inLibourne[160]
---Vézère211371558Dordogne nearLe Bugue[161]
393017Garonne ←Tarn61055846650Gironde estuary near Bordeaux[note 81][162]
---Garonne575FRAESP[note 82]
---Lot48511538155Garonne nearAiguillonFRA[163]
---Tarn38015586233Garonne nearCastelsarrasin[164]
---Aveyron291517657Tarn nearMontauban[165]
---Ariège163413576Garonne inToulouse[166]
896745Adour30816912360Bay of Biscay inBayonne[167][25]
---Gaves réunis ←Gave de Pau193546482Adour nearPeyrehorade[168]
717048Minho ←Sil36116651340Atlantic Ocean nearCaminhaPORESP[note 83][2]
---Minho309
---Sil2267969100Minho nearOurenseESP
251617Douro89797290650Atlantic Ocean inPortoPORESP[2][25]
---Tormes247705442Douro nearBemposta [de;pt] /VillarinoESP
---Esla27516018182Douro nearMuelas del Pan
---Pisuerga2761566582Douro nearValladolid
---Mondego2346656108Atlantic Ocean inFigueira da FozPOR
162426Tagus100770756500Atlantic Ocean nearLisbonPORESP[note 84][169][2][25]
---Jarama1941153232Tagus inAranjuezESP
---Sado180618640Atlantic Ocean inSetúbalPOR
2125-Guadiana (←Cigüela) ←Záncara9226702779Gulf of Cadiz nearAyamontePORESP[note 85][170][2]
---Guadiana ←Guadiana Alto [es].852[note 86]
312783Guadalquivir ←Guadiana Menor ←Guardal [es;fr]72257053164Gulf of Cadiz inSanlúcar de BarramedaESP[note 87][171]
---Genil35882579.3Guadalquivir inPalma del Río
8271-Segura3251659926Mediterranean Sea inGuardamar del SeguraESP
4557-Júcar4982143049Balearic Sea inCullera
98--Turia280667414Balearic Sea inValencia
231921Ebro91084763577Balearic Sea nearTortosa[25]
---Segre26522719100Ebro inMequinenza
---Cinca170972082Segre near Mequinenza
---Jalón ←Jiloca224965821Ebro nearTorres de Berrellén
---Aragón195852941Ebro nearTudela
---Llobregat170494821Balearic Sea nearBarcelona
---Aude224532744Gulf of Lion nearNarbonneFRA[172]
19157Rhône ←Saône ←Doubs957981311900Gulf of Lion inPort-Saint-Louis-du-RhôneFRA  SWI[note 88][173][25]
---Rhône812[174][25]
---Durance32314342180Rhône inAvignonFRA[175]
---Isère28611890333Rhône nearValence[176]
---Saône48029321473Rhône inLyon[177]
---Doubs4537874176Saône inVerdun-sur-le-DoubsFRA  SWI[178]
---Ain1903765123Rhône nearPont-de-ChéruyFRA[179]
---Arno2418852110Ligurian Sea nearPisaITA[note 89]
626962Tiber40516668239Tyrrhenian Sea inOstia
---Nera1164163168Tiber nearOrte
---Garigliano ←Liri1584059120Tyrrhenian Sea nearMinturno
---Volturno175578482Tyrrhenian Sea inCastel Volturno
---Reno212561595Adriatic Sea nearComacchio
32229Po ←Tanaro702737461460Adriatic Sea nearPorto Tolle[note 90][25]
---Po6521460[180][25]
---Mincio ←Lake Garda ←Sarca203297760Po nearMantua
---Oglio ←Lake Iseo ← Oglio2806598130
---Adda ←Lake Como ← Adda3137842187Po inCremona
---Ticino ←Lake Maggiore ← Ticino2488061348Po inPaviaITA  SWI
---Tanaro ←Negrone2858182116Po nearAlessandriaITA[note 91]
---Dora Baltea168392196Po inCrescentino
--68Tartaro-Canalbianco-Po di Levante1472885218Adriatic Sea nearPorto Viro
557664Adige ←Eisack ←Rienz ←Ahr43614543235Adriatic Sea nearChioggia[note 92][181]
---Adige ← Etsch ← Karlinbach42114543[note 93]
---Brenta174481193
---Piave2314420137Adriatic Sea nearVenice
---Tagliamento170293992Adriatic Sea nearLignano
--77Isonzo/Soča1383327173Adriatic Sea nearMonfalconeITASVN[2]
-9743Neretva24010380378Adriatic Sea nearPločeCROBIH[2][25]
---Trebišnjica1874926114Neretva inNeumBIH[note 94]
666116Bojana/Buna ←Drin38418620672Adriatic Sea nearUlcinjALBMNEKOS
MKD		[note 95][182]
---Drin ←Black Drin ←Sateska34314351352Buna nearLezhëALBMKD[note 96][2]
---White Drin136500566Drin inKukësALBKOS
---Morača1002820156Lake Skadar (Bojana) nearŽabljak CrnojevićaMNE[183]
---Shkumbin181292262Adriatic Sea nearLushnjëALB[182]
97--Seman ←Devoll281612496Adriatic Sea nearFier
100-72Aoös/Vjosë2726777204Adriatic Sea nearVlorëALBGRE[2]
---Achelous2205662137Ionian Sea nearAstakosGRE
---Pineios (Thessaly)216930181Aegean Sea nearLarissa
93--Haliacmon297866480Aegean Sea nearThessaloniki
655179Vardar/Axios ←Treska39324503170GREMKD[note 97][2]
---Vardar/Axios388
6168-Struma/Strymon4151680176Thracian Sea inAmphipolisGREBUL
---Nestos/Mesta243586445Thracian Sea nearThasos
443140Maritsa/Meriç/Evros51553475383Thracian Sea nearAlexandroupoliGRETURBUL
---Ergene2811101628Maritsa nearİpsalaTUR[note 98][2][184][185]
---Tundzha380858332Maritsa inEdirneTURBUL
---Arda290562377Maritsa near EdirneGREBUL
---Veleka1479959.4Black Sea nearSinemoretsBULTUR
104--Kamchiya ←Luda Kamchiya254537326Black Sea nearVarnaBUL[186]
222Danube28578014636450Black Sea nearSulinaROMUKRMDA
BULSRBCRO
HUNSVKAUT
GER		[note 99][2][25]
---Prut95327820105Danube atGiurgiuleștiMDAROMUKR[note 100][187][2]
---Jijia275575714Prut nearHușiROMUKR
---Siret55945857240Danube inGalați[note 101][2]
---Buzău325553729Siret near GalațiROM
---Bistrița283701866Siret nearBacău
---Ialomița4171111640Danube nearHârșova
---Argeș3501265273Danube inOltenița
---Dâmbovița245283726Argeș nearBudești[note 102][188]
---Yantra285789747Danube nearSvishtovBUL
---Osam314286616Danube nearNikopol
---Olt61524130174Danube nearTurnu MăgureleROM
---Iskar368851154Danube nearGigenBUL
---Jiu3391015786Danube nearBechetROM
---Great Morava ←West Morava ←Ibar55037709232Danube nearSmederevoSRB[note 103][2]
---South Morava29515550100Great Morava nearKruševacSRBKOS
---West Morava30815710120SRB
---Ibar276791460West Morava inKraljevoSRBKOSMNE
---Timiš/Tamis3591049547Danube inPančevoSRBROM
---Sava ←Sava Dolinka945946131609Danube inBelgradeSRBBIHCRO
SVN		[note 104][2][189][190]
---Drina ←Tara48619650370Sava nearBijeljinaBIHSRBMNE[note 105][191][190]
---Lim220679796Drina nearVišegrad[192]
---Bosna27110490174Sava inBosanski ŠamacBIH[2][191]
---Vrbas2356501132Sava inSrbac[191]
---Una2149657220Sava inJasenovacBIHCRO[note 106][2][190]
---Kupa/Kolpa29710194201Sava inSisakCROSVN[2]
---Tisza ←Someș1111154073863Danube nearTitelSRBHUNROM[note 107][2]
---Tisza966SRBHUNROM
UKR		[note 108]
---Bega256625013Tisza near TitelSRBROM
---Mureș/Maros78930190190Tisza inSzegedHUNROM[note 109][2]
---Târnava ←Târnava Mare249623615Mureș nearTeiușROM
---Körös ←Crișul Alb36527123100Tisza nearCsongrádHUNROM
---Sajó / Slaná ←Hornád3141287070Tisza inTiszaújvárosHUNSVK[note 110]
---Hernád / Hornád286541431Sajó nearMiskolc
---Bodrog ←Latorica25513579115Tisza inTokajHUNSVKUKR[note 111][2]
---Szamos / Someș41516046132Tisza nearVásárosnaményHUNROM
---Drava/Drau ←Isel ←Schwarzach [de;it]72840154577Danube nearOsijekCROHUNSVN
AUT		[note 112][193]
---Mur45314108166Drava nearLegrad[193][194][190]
---Sió ←Lake Balaton ←Zala system3301489039Danube nearSzekszárdHUN[note 113]
---Hron298544154Danube nearEsztergomSVK
---Váh39819484194Danube inKomárno[2]
---Rába/Raab3111040180Danube nearGyőrHUNAUT[194][2]
---Leitha ←Schwarza25821388.2Danube nearMosonmagyaróvár[note 114][194]
---Morava ←Thaya ←Austrian Thaya40226734110Danube inBratislava-DevinAUTSVKCZE[note 115][194][2]
---Morava352
---Thaya ←Austrian Thaya3111341944Morava nearHohenauAUTCZE[note 116][194]
---Enns2546084200Danube inEnnsAUT
---Traun1534277150Danube inLinz
---Inn ← Aua da Fedoz52226053735Danube inPassauGERAUT  SWI[195][2]
---Salzach ←Krimmler Ache2326829252Inn inHaimingGERAUT[36]
---Isar ←Leutascher Ache2958962175Danube nearDeggendorf[note 117]
---Lech2644125115Danube nearDonauwörth[36][2]
---Iller ←Breitach ← Turabach170214770Danube inUlm[note 118][36]
---Cogâlnic24353886.5Black Sea nearTatarbunaryUKRMDA[2]
92350Dniester/Nistru136273158313Black Sea nearBilhorod-Dnistrovskyi[196][2]
---Răut28677615.7Dniester nearDubăsariMDA
---Zbruch24733657Dniester nearKhotynUKR
272685Southern Bug80663569160Dnieper-Bug Estuary nearMykolaiv[note 119][197]
---Inhul35497738.8Southern Bug in Mykolayiv[198]
---Syniukha ←Hnylyi Tikych ←Hirskyi Tikych2831664029Southern Bug inPervomaisk[199][200]
438Dnieper22015098241700Dnieper-Bug Estuary nearKhersonUKRBLRRUS[2][25]
---Inhulets549144870.3?Dnieper nearKropyvnytskyiUKR[201]
---Samara ←Vovcha4212273420Dnieper nearDnipro[note 120]
---Samara32020[202]
----Vovcha323130355.3Samara nearPavlohrad[203]
---Oril3461009313Dnieper near Dnipro
---Vorskla4521451136Dnieper nearVerkhn'odniprovs'kUKRRUS[204]
---Psel7172278255Dnieper inKremenchuk[205]
---Khorol30840393.6PselUKR[206]
---Sula ←Uday4471921829Dnieper near Kremenchuk[note 121][207][208]
---Sula363[207]
---Uday32769959.4Sula nearLubny[208]
---Ros3461258127Dnieper nearKaniv[209]
---Desna113088490360Dnieper inKyivUKRRUS[210]
---Snov253826524Desna[211]
---Seym74827895100Desna inSosnytsia[212]
---Teteriv3851521318Dnieper nearChernobylUKR[213]
---Pripyat ←Horyn1052119911460UKRBLR[note 122][2]
---Pripyat761[214][2]
---Uzh256812925Pripyat near ChernobylUKR[215]
---Ptsich421951648Pripyat nearMazyrBLR[216]
---Ubort292550423Pripyat nearPyetrykawBLRUKR[217]
---Horyn6592706590Pripyat nearDavyd-Haradok[218]
---Southern Sluch4511367545Horyn nearZviahelUKR[219]
---Styr49412999Pripyat nearPinskBLRUKR[220]
---Sozh64842199207Dnieper inLoyewBLRUKRRUS[221]
---Iput4371078983Sozh nearGomelBLRRUS[222]
---Besed261553728Sozh[223]
---Ostyor274338221Sozh nearKrychaw[224]
---Berezina61324895145Dnieper nearRechytsaBLR[225]
---Svislach327519030Berezina nearAsipovichy
---Drut295495230Dnieper inRahachow[226]
101--Mius258705912Sea of Azov nearTaganrogRUSUKR[2]
5411Don ←Voronezh ← Polnoy Voronezh1923437308890Sea of Azov nearAzovRUS[note 123][227][25]
---Don1870
---Manych ←Kalaus ← Bolshoy Yankul8634997716Don nearRostov-on-Don[note 124][228]
---Yegorlyk4481497238Manych nearSalsk[229]
---Sal7982093215Don inSemikarakorsk[230]
---Donets105398720159UKRRUS[231][2]
---Kalitva [de;ru]30810543?Donets inBelaya KalitvaRUS[232]
---Aidar264739015Donets nearShchastiaUKRRUS[233]
---Oskil/Oskol4721481844Donets nearIzium[234][2]
---Chir3171058013DonRUS[235]
---Ilovlya35893779.8[236]
---Medveditsa ← Malaya Medveditsa7483491469Don nearSerafimovitch[237]
---Tersa [de;ru] ←Yelan [ru]32688075.6Medveditsa[note 125][238]
---Khopyor ←Serdoba [ru]101161052150Don near Bukanovskaya[note 126][239]
---Buzuluk314946513Khopyor[240]
---Savala285758520Khopyor nearNovokhopyorsk[241]
---Vorona ←Chembar5111322942Khopyor nearBorisoglebsk[note 127][242]
---Bityug379881818Don nearPavlovsk[243]
---Voronezh ← Polnoy Voronezh5202128671Don nearVoronezh[note 128][244]
---Bystraya Sosna2961301274Don nearYelets[245]
85--Yeya31391912.5Sea of Azov nearYeysk
95--Chelbas [es;ru]28849112.4Sea of Azov nearPrimorsko-Akhtarsk
243234Kuban90652399430Sea of Azov nearTemryuk[note 129][246][25]
---Pshish ← Bolshoy Pshish270192725Kuban nearRyazanskaya[note 130][247]
---Belaya2656054?Kuban[248]
---Laba ←Bolshaya Laba3471266496Kuban inUst-Labinsk
---Kodori1052087144Black Sea nearAdzyubzhaGEO
--79Enguri2134052170Black Sea inAnaklia[note 131][246]
818136Rioni32713511424Black Sea nearPoti[note 132][246][25]
545556Chorokhi/Çoruh43822011278Black Sea nearBatumiGEOTUR[246][2]
81030Kur/Kura/Mtkvari1364188378448Caspian Sea nearNeftçalaAZEGEOTUR[note 133][249][2]
---Aras/Araks1072102000141Kura nearSabirabadAZEIRNARM
TUR		[note 134]
---Alazani39111717110Mingachevir reservoirAZEGEO[250][251][2]
---Iori320489715Mingachevir reservoir nearBurunqovaq[note 135][251][2]
---Samur213677775Caspian Sea nearDerbentAZERUS
718075Sulak ←Andi Koysu ← Tushetis Alazani36114085176Caspian Sea nearMakhachkalaRUSGEO[note 136][252][2]
373651Terek62342927305Caspian Sea nearKizlyar[253][2]
---Sunzha2781215385Terek nearGudermesRUS[254]
---Malka2101016398Terek nearProkhladny[255]
2841-Kuma8023350011Caspian Sea nearLagan[256]
111Volga ←Oka ←Upa ← Uperta379014325068087Caspian Sea nearAstrakhan[note 137][257][258][25]
---Volga ←Kuybyshev Reservoir ←Kama3771[note 138][257][260]
---Volga3530[257]
---Akhtuba537?153Volga Delta near Astrakhan[note 139][261]
---Yeruslan2786196?Volgograd Reservoir nearKamyshin[note 140][262]
---Tereshka273986418Volga nearSaratov[263]
---Bolshoy Irgiz ← Bolshaya Glushitsa6792401023Volga nearVolsk[note 141][264]
---Maly Irgiz ← Chernava26239166.4Volga[note 142][265]
---Chapayevka/Mocha29851262.5Volga nearNovokuybyshevsk[266]
---Samara5944645446Volga inSamara[267]
---Bolshoy Kinel4361492934Samara inKinel[note 143][268]
---Tok [de] - Bitkul312589713Samara nearBuzuluk[note 144][269]
---Sok3631145533Volga near Samara[270]
---Kondurcha29443279.4Sok[271]
---Bolshoy Cheremshan3361180635Kuybyshev Reservoir nearDimitrovgrad[note 145][272]
---Kama19675233243800Kuybyshev Reservoir south ofKazan[note 146][260]
---Sheshma ← Lesnaya Sheshma268619611Kama near Starosheshminsk[note 147][273]
---Vyatka ← Belaya1318128713890Kama nearNizhnekamsk[note 148][274]
---Kilmez ←Ut [ru]2951716085Vyatka near Ust-Kilmez[note 149][275]
---Pizhma3051498190Vyatka nearSovetsk[276]
---Moloma ← Palomka4351239948Vyatka nearKotelnich[note 150][277]
---Cheptsa ← Loza52620230130Vyatka inKirovo-Chepetsk[note 151][278]
---Letka260363321Vyatka[279]
---Kobra [de]324782455Vyatka near Nagorsk[280]
---Ik5711793446Kama nearMenzelinsk[281]
---Izh259846934Kama[282]
---Belaya1430141609858Kama nearNeftekamsk[283]
---Bystry Tanyp345770045Belaya[284]
---Dyoma ← Tyatep5561302235Belaya inUfa[note 152][285]
---Ufa ←Ay93152747388[note 153][286]
---Ufa918[287]
---Yuryuzan404785055Ufa nearKaraidel[288]
---Ay5491482584Ufa nearKrasnoufimsk[289]
---Sim ←Inzer [de;ru]31311629110Belaya[note 154][290]
---Chusovaya59246812222Kama Reservoir nearPerm[note 155][291]
---Sylva49322188139Chusovaya near Perm[292]
---Usva266612531Chusovaya inChusovoy[293]
---Kosva ← Typyl298732290Kama Reservoir near Perermskoye[note 156][294]
---Inva257630429Kama Reservoir near Maykor[note 157][295]
---Yayva304653088Kama Reservoir nearBerezniki[note 157][296]
---Vishera ←Kolva49431286457Kama nearSolikamsk[note 158][297][298]
---Vishera415[297]
---Kolva46013311200Vishera atCherdyn, Perm Krai[note 159][299]
---Yazva ←Glukhaya Vilva272585570Vishera near Cherdyn[note 160][300]
---Kosa267985140Kama near Ust-Kosa[301]
---Veslyana266725368Kama near Ust-Veslyana[302]
---Sviyaga ← Malaya Sviyaga3791694457Kuybyshev Reservoir west ofKazan[note 161][303]
---Bolshaya Kokshaga297648140Volga nearKokshaysk[304]
---Vetluga ←Vokhma [de;ru]90139438255Volga nearKozmodemyansk[note 162][305]
---Usta253601928Vetluga nearVoskresenskoye[306]
---Sura ←Kadada [ru;de;it]86767240260Volga inVasilsursk[note 163][307]
---Pyana ← Cheka453799125Sura nearSergach[note 164][308]
---Alatyr3041117143Sura atAlatyr[note 165][309]
---Kerzhenets290620720Volga nearLyskovo[310]
---Oka ←Upa ← Uperta15592443081258Volga inNizhny Novgorod[note 166][258][311]
---Oka1504[258]
---Klyazma68642421147Oka inGorbatov[312]
---Nerl284676626Klyazma nearBogolyubovo[313]
---Tyosha31177814Oka nearMurom[314]
---Moksha ← Azyas6605037995Oka nearYelatma[note 167][315]
---Tsna ← Osinovka4572143746Moksha nearSasovo[note 168][316]
---Pronya3361018050Oka nearSpassk-Ryazansky[317]
---Moskva ←Ruza48717618150Oka inKolomna[note 169][318]
---Protva282460225Oka nearSerpukhov[319]
---Ugra ←Demina [ru]4361569990Oka nearKaluga[note 170][320]
---Upa ←Uperta [ru]356952940Oka nearSuvorov[note 171][311]
---Unzha ←Kema [ru]53129156158Volga nearYuryevets[note 172][321]
---Neya253628646Unzha nearMakaryev[322]
---Kostroma3541983885Gorky Reservoir inKostroma[note 157][323]
---Sheksna ←Lake Beloye ←Kema44121419172Rybinsk Reservoir nearRybinsk[note 173][324]
---Suda ←Nozhema [ru]26113469134Rybinsk Reservoir nearCherepovets[note 174][325]
---Mologa45630074172Rybinsk Reservoir nearRybinsk[note 175][326]
---Chagodoshcha ←Lid [ru]286933358Mologa nearUstyuzhna[note 176][327]
---Medveditsa259638441Volga nearSknyatino[328]
3690-Maly Uzen638116008Kamysh-Samarskiye LakesKAZRUS[note 177][2]
3473-Bolshoy Uzen6501579511
3837Ural2428210581400Caspian Sea inAtyrau[329][2]
---Chagan26475307.7Ural inOral[330]
---Utva29069523.8UralKAZ
---Ilek6234187540Ural near IlekRUSKAZ[331]
---Bolshaya Khobda [de] - Karakhobda3631466614Ilek[note 178][332]
---Sakmara79831040144Ural inOrenburgRUS[333]
---Bolshoy Ik341765161Sakmara nearSaraktash[334]
---Or3321853321Ural nearOrsk[335]

Rivers of Europe by length

[edit]
TheVolga, the longest river in Europe, inOktyabrsk,Russia.
TheDanube, Europe's second-longest river, inBudapest,Hungary.

The longest rivers in Europe with their approximate lengths (incomplete list):[336][337]

  1. Volga - 3,690 km (2,290 mi)
  2. Danube - 2,860 km (1,780 mi)
  3. Ural - 2,428 km (1,509 mi)
  4. Dnieper - 2,290 km (1,420 mi)
  5. Don - 1,950 km (1,210 mi)
  6. Pechora - 1,809 km (1,124 mi)
  7. Kama - 1,805 km (1,122 mi) (the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge)
  8. Oka - 1,500 km (930 mi) (the longest right tributary of Volga)
  9. Belaya - 1,430 km (890 mi) (tributary of Kama)
  10. Dniester - 1,352 km (840 mi)
  11. Rhine - 1,236 km (768 mi)
  12. Desna - 1,130 km (700 mi) (major left tributary of Dnieper)
  13. Elbe - 1,091 km (678 mi)
  14. Donets - 1,053 km (654 mi) (major right tributary of Don River)
  15. Vistula - 1,047 km (651 mi)
  16. Tagus - 1,038 km (645 mi)
  17. Daugava - 1,020 km (630 mi)
  18. Loire - 1,012 km (629 mi)
  19. Tisza - 966 km (600 mi) (1,358 km (844 mi) before 1880)[338] (tributary of the Danube)
  20. Ebro - 960 km (600 mi)
  21. Prut - 953 km (592 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  22. Neman - 937 km (582 mi)
  23. Sava - 933 km (580 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  24. Meuse - 925 km (575 mi)
  25. Kuban - 906 km (563 mi)
  26. Douro - 897 km (557 mi)
  27. Mezen - 857 km (533 mi)[339]
  28. Oder - 854 km (531 mi)
  29. Guadiana - 829 km (515 mi)
  30. Rhône - 815 km (506 mi)
  31. Southern Bug - 806 km (501 mi)
  32. Kuma - 802 km (498 mi)
  33. Warta - 795 km (494 mi) (major tributary of Oder)
  34. Seine - 776 km (482 mi)
  35. Mureș - 761 km (473 mi)
  36. Northern Dvina - 744 km (462 mi)
  37. Vychegda - 744 km (462 mi) (major left tributary of Northern Dvina)
  38. Drava - 710[193] km (440 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  39. Po - 682 km (424 mi)
  40. Guadalquivir - 657 km (408 mi)
  41. Bolshoy Uzen - 650 km (400 mi)
  42. Siret - 647 km (402 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  43. Maly Uzen - 638 km (396 mi) (tributary of Bolshoy Uzen)
  44. Terek - 623 km (387 mi)
  45. Olt - 615 km (382 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  46. Vashka - 605 km (376 mi) (major tributary of Mezen)
  47. Glomma - 604 km (375 mi) (Norway's longest and most voluminous river)
  48. Garonne - 602 km (374 mi)
  49. Usa - 565 km (351 mi) (major tributary of Pechora)
  50. Kemijoki - 550 km (340 mi)
  51. Great Morava - 550 km (340 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  52. Moselle 546 km (339 mi) (longest lefttributary of Rhine)
  53. Main 525 km (326 mi) (longest righttributary of Rhine)
  54. Torne - 522 km (324 mi)
  55. Dalälven - 520 km (320 mi)
  56. Inn 518 km (322 mi)(tributary of the Danube)
  57. Maritsa - 515 km (320 mi)
  58. Marne - 514 km (319 mi) (major tributary of Seine)
  59. Neris - 510 km (320 mi)
  60. Júcar - 509 km (316 mi)
  61. Dordogne - 483 km (300 mi)
  62. Saône - 480 km (300 mi) (major tributary of Rhône)
  63. Ume - 470 km (290 mi)
  64. Mur - 464 km (288 mi) (tributary of Drava)
  65. Ångerman - 460 km (290 mi)
  66. Klarälven - 460 km (290 mi) (major tributary of the Göta älv)
  67. Lule - 460 km (290 mi)
  68. Doubs - 453 km (281 mi)
  69. Gauja - 452 km (281 mi)
  70. Weser - 452 km (281 mi)
  71. Kalix - 450 km (280 mi)
  72. Vindel River - 445 km (277 mi) (major tributary of the Ume River)
  73. Ljusnan - 430 km (270 mi)
  74. Indalsälven - 430 km (270 mi)
  75. Vltava - 430 km (270 mi) (major tributary of the Elbe)
  76. Ponoy - 426 km (265 mi)
  77. Ialomița - 417 km (259 mi)
  78. Onega- 416 km (258 mi)
  79. Someș - 415 km (258 mi) (tributary of Tisza)
  80. Struma - 415 km (258 mi)
  81. Adige - 410 km (250 mi)
  82. Skellefte - 410 km (250 mi)
  83. Tiber - 406 km (252 mi)
  84. Vah - 406 km (252 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  85. Pite - 400 km (250 mi)
  86. Faxälven - 399 km (248 mi) (major tributary of the Ångerman)
  87. Vardar - 388 km (241 mi)
  88. Shannon - 386 km (240 mi)
  89. Charente - 381 km (237 mi)
  90. Iskar - 368 km (229 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  91. Tundzha - 365 km (227 mi) (major tributary ofMaritsa)
  92. Ems - 362 km (225 mi)
  93. Tana - 361 km (224 mi)
  94. Scheldt - 360 km (220 mi)
  95. Timiș - 359 km (223 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  96. Genil - 358 km (222 mi)
  97. Severn - 354 km (220 mi)
  98. Morava - 353 km (219 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  99. Luga - 353 km (219 mi)
  100. Argeș - 350 km (220 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  101. Ljungan - 350 km (220 mi)
  102. Minho - 350 km (220 mi)
  103. Venta - 346 km (215 mi)
  104. Thames - 346 km (215 mi)
  105. Drina - 346 km (215 mi) (major tributary of Sava, Danube)
  106. Jiu - 339 km (211 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  107. Drin - 335 km (208 mi)
  108. Segura - 325 km (202 mi)
  109. Osam - 314 km (195 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  110. Trent - 297 km (185 mi)
  111. Haliakmon - 297 km (185 mi)
  112. Arda - 290 km (180 mi) (tributary of Maritsa)
  113. Yantra - 285 km (177 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
  114. Bosna - 271 km (168 mi) (major tributary of Sava, Danube)
  115. Kamchiya - 254 km (158 mi)
  116. Wye - 250 km (160 mi)
  117. Mesta - 243 km (151 mi)

Rivers of Europe by discharge

[edit]
Largest primary rivers of Europe by discharge:
RiverAverage discharge (m3/s) at mouth
01Volga
8,380
02Danube
6,452
03Pechora
4,800
04N. Dvina
3,400
05Rhine
2,900
06Neva
2,770
07Rhône
1,900
08Dnieper
1,670
09Po
1,540
10Vistula
1,100
11Don
985
12Loire
940
13Mezen
886
14Elbe
861
15Glomma
720
16Douro
700
17Neman
690
18Daugava
678
19Garonne
676
20Buna
672
21Göta
585
22Ebro
577
23Odera
574
24Seine
563
25Kemi
556
26Lule
520
27Onega
505
28Ångerman
500
29Tagus
500

This is an incomplete list of the largest rivers of Europe by discharge:

  1. Volga - 8,087 m3/s (285,600 cu ft/s)
  2. Danube - 6,450 m3/s (228,000 cu ft/s)
  3. Pechora - 4,380 m3/s (155,000 cu ft/s)
  4. Kama - 3,800 m3/s (130,000 cu ft/s) (the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge)
  5. Northern Dvina - 3,330 m3/s (118,000 cu ft/s)
  6. Neva - 2,490 m3/s (88,000 cu ft/s)
  7. Rhine - 2,315 m3/s (81,800 cu ft/s) (Aare - 560 m3/s (20,000 cu ft/s) as major tributary of the Rhine, even larger than Rhine's contribution of 440 m3/s (16,000 cu ft/s) at their confluence inKoblenz;Waal - 1,500 m3/s (53,000 cu ft/s) as its maindistributary)
  8. Rhône - 1,900 m3/s (67,000 cu ft/s)
  9. Dnieper - 1,700 m3/s (60,000 cu ft/s)
  10. Sava - 1,609 m3/s (56,800 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
  11. Po - 1,460 m3/s (52,000 cu ft/s) (largest river in Italy)
  12. Usa - 1,310 m3/s (46,000 cu ft/s) (major tributary of Pechora)
  13. Oka - 1,258 m3/s (44,400 cu ft/s) (the longest right tributary of the Volga)
  14. Vychegda - 1,160 m3/s (41,000 cu ft/s) (major left tributary of Northern Dvina)
  15. Vistula - 1,080 m3/s (38,000 cu ft/s)
  16. Don - 890 m3/s (31,000 cu ft/s)
  17. Mezen - 890 m3/s (31,000 cu ft/s)
  18. Vyatka - 890 m3/s (31,000 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Kama, Volga)
  19. Loire - 889 m3/s (31,400 cu ft/s)
  20. Tisza - 863 m3/s (30,500 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
  21. Elbe - 860 m3/s (30,000 cu ft/s)
  22. Belaya - 858 m3/s (30,300 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Kama, Volga)
  23. Svir - 790 m3/s (28,000 cu ft/s) (tributary ofNeva, throughLake Onega)
  24. Inn - 735 m3/s (26,000 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
  25. Douro - 720 m3/s (25,000 cu ft/s) (Most voluminous river in Iberian Peninsula)
  26. Glomma - 709 m3/s (25,000 cu ft/s) (Norway's longest and most voluminous river)
  27. Neman - 678 m3/s (23,900 cu ft/s)
  28. Göta älv - 575 m3/s (20,300 cu ft/s)
  29. Lule älv - 505 m3/s (17,800 cu ft/s)
  30. Ångermanälven - 500 m3/s (18,000 cu ft/s)
  31. Indalsälven - 445 m3/s (15,700 cu ft/s)
  32. Umeälven - 443 m3/s (15,600 cu ft/s)
  33. Kuban River - 430 m3/s (15,000 cu ft/s)
  34. Maritsa - 383 m3/s (13,500 cu ft/s)
  35. Meuse - 357 m3/s (12,600 cu ft/s)
  36. Dniester - 313 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s)
  37. Neretva - 240 m3/s (8,500 cu ft/s)
  38. Una - 240 m3/s (8,500 cu ft/s) (tributary of Sava, which is a tributary of the Danube)
  39. Great Morava - 232 m3/s (8,200 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
  40. Vardar - 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s)
  41. Bosna - 163 m3/s (5,800 cu ft/s) (tributary of Sava, which is a tributary of the Danube)
  42. Vrbas - 132 m3/s (4,700 cu ft/s) (tributary of Sava, which is a tributary of the Danube)
  43. Drina - 124 m3/s (4,400 cu ft/s) (tributary of Sava, which is a tributary of the Danube)
  44. Arda - 77 m3/s (2,700 cu ft/s) (tributary of Maritsa)
  45. Struma - 76 m3/s (2,700 cu ft/s)
  46. Iskar - 54 m3/s (1,900 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
  47. Yantra - 47 m3/s (1,700 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
  48. Mesta - 45 m3/s (1,600 cu ft/s)
  49. Tundzha - 32 m3/s (1,100 cu ft/s) (tributary of Maritsa)
  50. Kamchiya - 26 m3/s (920 cu ft/s)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Countries through which the river flows. Like the tributaries, these are ordered from mouth to source. The river's basin may cover more countries than listed here.
  2. ^The 32 km Bolhshaya Kara is the longer of the two source rivers of the 257 km Kara proper
  3. ^The 111 km Syadey-Yu is the longest source river of the 199 km Korotaikha.
  4. ^Voronya (155 km) drains Lake Lovozero, which is fed by the Kurga (81 km) 15 km across. The systems starting withMaryok [ru]-Afanasiya [ru] (62 km, with a 30 km crossing) andTsaga [ru] (45 km, with a 48 km crossing) are nearly the same length.
  5. ^The Lutto (Lotta in Russian; 190 km) flows into Lake Onozero, which, after a 66 km minimal crossing, is drained by Tuloma (64 km).
  6. ^Karashoka (166 km) and Inarijoki (153 km) join to form the 200 km long Tana River.
  7. ^Discharge reduced to 95 m3/s since the building of a reservoir
  8. ^abA single river with different names along its stretch.
  9. ^The Vltava (431 km) joins the Elbe 833 km above its mouth in the North Sea. The length and catchment area of the river include the estuary until Cuxhaven, where the estuary is 15 km wide, but the nautical channel only 400 m.
  10. ^The length and catchment area of the Elbe includes the estuary until Cuxhaven, where the estuary is 15 km wide, but the nautical channel only 400 m.
  11. ^The Spree (382 km) joins the Havel (334 km) 178 km before that reaches the Elbe.
  12. ^The "Vereinigte Mulde" (124 km) originates from the confluence of the Zwickauer Mulde (166 km) andFreiberger Mulde (124 km).
  13. ^The Vltava proper (377 km) is formed by the confluence of the Studená (Cold) Vltava (8.3 km) and the Warm Vltava (54.3 km)
  14. ^The 451 km Weser originates at the confluence of the 300 km Werra and the 220 kmFulda. The Weser and Werra originally had the same name (Wesera). The length and basin area include theInnere Außenweser, a channel through the estuary that is exposed at low tide.
  15. ^The Leine (281 km) joins the Aller (260 km) 52 km before that reaches the Weser.
  16. ^The length and catchment area include the river channel through theDollard and Ems estuary, both mostly dry at low tide, up toEemshaven.
  17. ^With Zwarte Meer and Ramsgeul, which lead to theKetelmeer, the length would be 214 km and the basin 5,867 km2
  18. ^The Oude IJssel (82 km, same length when starting from the largerBocholter Aa or smaller Issel source rivers) flows into the 125-km IJssel 19 km below the IJssel's origin from the Nederrijn. The 106 km lower IJssel drains in theKetelmeer, which is connected to the North Sea via the IJsselmeer and Wadden Sea. The upper IJssel was formed between the 600 and 900 CE as a distributary of the Rhine and provides 75% of the volume.
  19. ^Basin area excludes the Meuse basin, which could be considered a tributary of the Rhine. The discharge is that for the Rhine just across the border in the Netherlands before it breaks up in its distributaries. The total discharge to the North Sea is considerably higher.
  20. ^Distributary branch of the Rhine
  21. ^The Alme (59 km) flows into the 220 km long Lippe 11 km below Lippe's source.
  22. ^The Neger (20.5 km from both its Renau and Namenlose tributaries) flows into the Ruhr (219.3 km) 202.5 km before it runs into the Rhine.
  23. ^48 km Moselotte flows into the 544 km Moselle 43 km below Moselle's source.
  24. ^The 63.1 km long Ohm, measured from the source of the Felda tributary, joins the 245.6 km long Lahn 58.7 km below the source of the Lahn
  25. ^Regnitz (191.1 km from its most distant source) flows into the Main, 133.2 km below its most distant source, and 391.8 km before its mouth.
  26. ^The White Main (51.7 km) and the longer but smaller Red Main (71.8 km) are the headwaters of the Main (473.2 km). This course has the highest volume at each following junction.
  27. ^The Pegnitz, for the first 15 km known as Fichtenhohe, joins after 127.3 km with theRednitz, itself 123.7 km long from its most distant source, to form the Regnitz. After a further 63.7 km the Regnitz flows into the Main.
  28. ^Until 1904, when theBergse Maas was created, the Meuse was a tributary of the Rhine. Because of further canalization in 1970 the Meuse could be considered a tributary of the Rhine again. The catchment area and length include the Haringvliet and Hollands Diep estuaries, which are riverine at low tide.
  29. ^The length of the Scheldt traditionally includes theWesterschelde estuary, which is riverine at low tide[1]. The catchment area includes the complete delta (i.e. including theOosterschelde), while the discharge is for that near Antwerp. Without the Westerschelde the length would be about 295 km. The source of the Leie may be a few km further upstream than the source of the Scheldt itself.
  30. ^The traditional length of the Thames is 346 km measured from Thames Head to the very end of theThames estuary atFoulness Point, past theMedway. The traditional catchment area of 12,935 km2 however is for a region aboveGravesend and the Medway catchment area is not considered part of the Thames watershed. As a compromise, the given catchment area and length ends at the Medway (338 from Thames Head). The 25 km Churn joins the newborn Thames 3 km below its source to make the total length 360 km.
  31. ^The catchment area and length exclude the Humber estuary and the River Don basin (1857 km2), which in 1628 was artificially diverted to Rivers Aire (and eventually Ouse) via the Dutch River, but in 1802 was reconnected to the Trent via the Stainforth and Keadby Canal. Discharge is 89.5 m3/s for 80% of the catchment area.
  32. ^The catchment area and length exclude the Humber estuary, but the catchment area includes the River Don basin (1857 km2) (see River Trent).
  33. ^Catchment area and discharge include that of River Earn but exclude the Firth of Tay. It's unclear if the Firth is included in the length.
  34. ^The 1130 km long Vychegda joins the Northern Dvina 673 km from its mouth in the White Sea.
  35. ^The Northern Dvina (744 km) originates at the confluence of the Sukhona (558 km) and the Yug (574 km). The Sukhona starts at the small lake Kubenskoye (a ≈15 km course), which is fed by the 368 km Kubena.
  36. ^The 231 km long Mekhrenga joins the 188 km Yemtsa, 68 km before it reaches the Dvina.
  37. ^The 477 km Ustya joins the 575 km Vaga 259 km before the Vaga flows into the Dvina.
  38. ^The 574 km long Luza joins the Yug 35 km before the Yug merges with the Sukhona to form the Northern Dvina.
  39. ^The name of this river changes from Kubena (368 km) to Sukhona (558 km) after the relatively small Lake Kubenskoye (a ≈15 km crossing).
  40. ^Vozhega (140 km) runs into Lake Vozhe (<30 km straight crossing inflow to outflow), which is drained by the Svid (64 km), which flows into Lake Lacha (33 km long), where 416 km Onega originates.
  41. ^The Segezha, 329 km from its most distant source, flows into Lake Vygozero 18 km away from where the Lower Vyg (88 km) drains it.
  42. ^The 33 km long Umba flows in the 135 km Upper Vyg, 112 km before that flows into Lake Vegozero. This 80 km long lake is drained by the 88 km long Lower Vyg.
  43. ^Talgiesdegi (48 km) joins Voloma (138 km) 113 km before that flows into Lake Segozero (mean flow 20 m3/s). This lake, crossed in a straight line in 35 km, is drained by the Segezha (59 km), which flows into Lake Vygozero (mean flow 74 m3/s).
  44. ^Kem (18 km) and Čirka (16 km) form the headwaters of 220 km Čirka-Kem, which, confusingly, joins another much larger river named Kem 7 km below its origin from Kuyto Lake and 184 km before it streams into the White Sea.
  45. ^Pistojoki (Pista in Russian; 110 km) feeds the ca. 98 km Kuyto Lakes chain, which, on the other side, is drained by the Kem (191 km).
  46. ^River Kovda, flowing through many large lakes, has a given length of 233 km.[90] Kovda drains Lake Topozero from the northwest; at the very southeast of the lake, 76 and 79 km via a straight course, the small rivers Karango (16 km) and Kondoya (13 km) run in the lake and form the most distant sources of the river Kovda.
  47. ^Niva drainsLake Imandra, the longest distance over the complex network of lakes and rivers above it is unclear, though it is over 200 km.
  48. ^Abiskojokk (40 km) feeds lake Torneträsk, which is drained after a 55 km crossing by the Torne (470 km).
  49. ^Lake Kilpisjärvi is drained, about 30 km from its headwater's most distant source, by Könkämäeno. The Gobmeatnu tributary, which joins just below the lake, perhaps has a slightly more distant source. Könkämäeno (90 km) andLätäseno (60 km) join to form Muonio (230 km).
  50. ^The southeastern end of the lake Rostojávri, some 26 km from its most distant source is drained by the 266 km long Rostoeatnu- Lainio river.
  51. ^Peranganjoki [ceb] →Alajoki [sv] (together well over 80 km) → LakeKiantajärvi (50 km crossing) →Emäjoki [fi;sv] →Iijärvi →Kiehimänjoki (these three 103 km together) → Oulujärvi (75 km course) → Oulujoki (107 km). The entire system above the lake Oulujärvi is also referred to as Hyrynsalmi.
  52. ^The length of this system is a rough estimate. The Peranganjoki-Alajoki system (>> 80 km) feeds Kiantajärvi. After a 50 km course, this lake is drained by the 105 km long Emäjoki-Kiehimäjnoki watercourse, which feeds Oulujärvi. The entire system above this lake is also referred to as Hyrynsalmi. After a 75 km course through Oulujärvi, Oulujoki (107 km) takes the water to the Bothnian Bay.
  53. ^Kokemäenjoki drainsKulovesi, the last of a large chain of lakes. The system starting withKeurusselkä, viaKuorevesi,Ruovesi, Palovesi,Näsijärvi,Tammerkoski,Pyhäjärvi, andNokianvirta toKulovesi is the central course, but its total length is tricky to define.
  54. ^The 204 km Kymi river drains Lake Päijänne, which 120 km further north near Jyväskylä is fed from a network of lakes further north. The sources that feed the lakeKoivujärvi are the most distant for Kymi. From there, the shortest route over the so calledRautalampi route [fi] (including lakesPielavesi,Nilakka,Iisvesi,Kiesimä,Konnevesi,Kynsivesi, andKuusvesi) and viaSaraavesi andLeppävesi to Päijänne is 230 km.
  55. ^The 844 km Volkhov system flows into Lake Ladoga ≈92 km (shortest course) from where the Neva (74 km) drains it.
  56. ^The 806 km long Pielisjoki system flows into the northeastern end of lakeSaimaa. A ≈260 km course through this complex lake leads to the 156 km Vuoksi exit.
  57. ^Murdoyoki [ru] (41 km) →Roukkulanjärvi [fi;ru] (27 km) →Omelianjoki [ru] (7 km) →Torosozero [ru]-Leksozero (44 km) →Sula River [ru] (21 km) → Sula lake (7 km) → Lieksanjoki (132 km) → Pielinen Lake (44 km) → Pielisjoki (67 km) → Saimaa. The watershed area is a rough guess.
  58. ^The 358 km-long Vodla system feeds into Lake Onega. After a 96 km crossing, 224 km-long Svir drains this lake into Lake Ladoga.
  59. ^Olova (42 km) joins Ileksa (155 km) 135 km before that flows into Lake Vodlozero. After a 32 km direct crossing, this lake is drained by the Vodla (149 km).
  60. ^The Volkov river (224 km) drains Lake Ilmen from the delta of the 620-km Msta-Tsna system.
  61. ^Tsna (160 km) flows into Lake Mstino, which after 15 km is drained by 445 km Msta.
  62. ^The 192 km Oredezh joins the Luga 191 km upstream from the sea
  63. ^Väike Emajõgi (82 km) feeds the lake Võrtsjärv. After a 35 km crossing, Võrtsjärv is drained by Suur Emajõgi (101 km)
  64. ^The Pededze (159 km) flows into the Alviekste 22 km below Alviekste's source inLake Lubāns and 95 km before it drains into the Daugava.
  65. ^The 264 km long Lyna/Lava joins the Pregolya 72 km before it reaches the sea
  66. ^The Angrapa (ca 170 km) is the longest source river of the Pregolya (123 km). The 89 km Gołdapa joins the Angrapa ca 100 km before the formation of Pregolya.
  67. ^HydroBasins data support the 264 km estimate by the Polish source over the 289 km estimate by the Russian source.
  68. ^The 772 km long Western Bug merges with the Narew and after a further 38 km flows into the Vistula 401 km above that river's discharge in the Baltic Sea. Though shorter, the Vistula has twice as high a volume at the meeting point.
  69. ^The commonly quoted 194,424 km2 catchment area probably includes coastal waters.
  70. ^The 772 km Bug joins the Narew 38 km before its confluence with the Vistula. The 38 km joined stretch used to be and locally still is known as Bugo-Narew.
  71. ^Hydrologically and historically, the Narew is a tributary of the Bug, but by a decree of the Polish regime in 1962 the roles were reversed.
  72. ^The 808 km Warta joins the 854 km Oder 237 km above the Oder's mouth.
  73. ^Canalization reduced the length of the Oder from ca 1040 km to the current 854 km.
  74. ^A 102 km long estuary is excluded from the length and catchment area; this estuary has a basin of 15,700-16,800 km2.
  75. ^The Three Sisters are the riversSuir (184 km),Barrow (192 km) andNore (140 km). Nore flows into Barrow, which 20 km later joins the Suir to form the estuary named Waterford Harbour
  76. ^Length and catchment area include the Mersey estuary, which constricts to 1 km width before entering the Irish Sea. River Mersey originates at the confluence of the 30 mile (ca 48 km) long River Tame andRiver Goyt
  77. ^The 516 km long Marne flows into the larger Seine 361 km before it drains in the English Channel.
  78. ^Seine's catchment area (75,374 km2)[139] excludes theCrique de Rouen estuary; this would add another ≈2800 km2, including theRisle river basin
  79. ^The Aire (125 km) flows into the larger Aisne (356 km) 121 km below its source. The Aisne joins the smaller Oise about 94 km before it drains in the Seine.
  80. ^The Loir (317.4 km) flows in the Sarthe (314 km). 9.2 km later the Sarthe joins the Mayenne to form the short Maine river, which flows into the Loire after just 11.5 km.
  81. ^The 380 km Tarn flows into the Garonne about 230 km before it meets the ocean. As both its volume and catchment area are larger, the Tarn is hydrologically the upper part of the Garonne river.
  82. ^Starting from the Ruda-Garona, the longest headwater of the Garonne. Length (54 km in Spain, 521 km in France) and catchment area exclude theGironde estuary.
  83. ^The 226 km Sil flows into the Minho about 135 km above the Minho reaches the ocean.
  84. ^The commonly given 80,000+ km2 for the drainage area includes the 7740 km2 basin of the Sorraia, here treated as a primary river.
  85. ^The 167 km Záncara joins the 155 km Cigüela (or Gigüela) and the 76 km Guadiana Alto in a trifurcation some 755 km before the Guadiana reaches the ocean. On some maps, the following 77 km are still called Cigüela. See the Spanish Guadiana article on the confusion in this river system.
  86. ^The Guadiana Alto/Viejo source river is 76 km long.
  87. ^Hydrologically the Guardiana Menor and its longest source river the Guardal (a.k.a. Barbata) form the true upper course of the Guadalquivir, which has a nominal length of 657 km. Barbata/Guardal - Guardiana Menor (206 km) meets the nominal Guadalquivir 138 km below its source.
  88. ^The 453 km long Doubs joins the upper Saône to form the 171 km long Grand Saône, which flows into the Rhône 333 km above its mouth in the Mediterranean.
  89. ^The furthest headstream of the Arno could be considered the 19th-century, 62 kmCanale Maestro della Chiana [fr;it] that drains part ofValdichiana into the Arno about 30 km below its source for a total length of over 270 km. 306 km2 has been subtracted from the HydroBasins area for the endorheicLake Trasimeno.
  90. ^The Tanaro (285 km including its Negrone source river) joins the Po 234 km below its source. A competing longest stretch is 691 km starting from theMaira. (seePo (river) for references and discussion)
  91. ^The 9 km Negrino is the longer source stream of the 276 km Tanaro.
  92. ^Hydrologically, this is one river with the upper courses of the Rienz, Eisack and Adige/Etsch as tributaries, as it forms the longest course and has the largest discharge at each junction. The ca 130 km long Ahr->Rienz->Eisack originating under theDreiherrnspitze joins the 409 km long Adige/Etch 103 km below the latter's nominal source.
  93. ^The 17 km long Karlinbach, originating under theWeißkugel, flows into theReschensee, about 5 km below the official source under the Reschen Pass of the 409 km long Adige/Etsch.
  94. ^The Trebišnjica enters theHutovo Blato marshland in Bosnia through a complex underground karst system. From here a portion of its waters continues the 9 km longKrupa to join the Neretva. Other portions appear as outlets on the coast, e.g. inNeum in Bosnia, inSlano and most significantly nearDubrovnik in Croatia as the 30 m shortOmbla river into theRijeka Dubrovačkaria.
  95. ^The Drin (343 km from its most distant source) drains partly in the Adriatic, but the main channel, called Drinasa, joins the 44 km Bojana 3 km after that emerges fromLake Skadar.
  96. ^The Sateska (38 km) flows into the Black Drin (149 km) less than 4 km after Black Drin's emergence fromLake Ohrid. Black Drin meets White Drin 145 km later to form the Drin proper (160 km). The drainage area (but not the length) includes the 1394 km2 Lake Prespa basin, which drains underground through very porous karst mountains into Lake Ohrid.
  97. ^The 132 km long Treska flows into the Vardar about 261 km above its mouth in the Aegean Sea.
  98. ^The often-mentioned 17,323 km2 drainage area is much too large, as the total area drained by the Meriç (including Ergene) in Turkey is only 14,560 km2.
  99. ^Including the 46 kmBreg headstream
  100. ^The most distant source for the Prut may be via the 167 kmCheremosh tributary.
  101. ^Siret length estimates range from 559 km to 726 km. The shorter length is supported by HydroBasins data.
  102. ^The 237 km-long Dâmbovița forms at the confluence of 8 km Valea Vladului and 6.5 km Valea Otic .
  103. ^Hydrologically, this is a single river, as it follows at both junctions the river with the greatest length, drainage area and average discharge. The Great Morava (185 km) is formed by the merger of the West and South Morava. The 276 km Ibar joins the West Morava 89 km before it becomes the Great Morava.
  104. ^Drainage area is hard to estimate due to the connectivity of the karst system. The most detailed level of HydroBasins data gives a lower drainage area (87197 km2) as it excludes local basins connected as such.
  105. ^The 140 km Tara is the larger and longer of the two source rivers of the 346 km Drina. The most detailed level of HydroBasins data gives a lower drainage area (18820 km2) as it excludes local basins connected underground via the karst system.
  106. ^Drainage area is hard to estimate due to the connectivity of the karst system. The most detailed level of HydroBasins data gives a lower drainage area (8076 km2) as it excludes local basins connected underground as such.
  107. ^The 415 km Someș joins the Tisza 696 km before its mouth in the Danube.[2] The average discharge is that measured at Szeged, which is higher than at places downstream.
  108. ^The Tisza used to be 1,419 km long, but through canalization between 1846 and 1880 was reduced to its current length of 966 km. The average discharge is for that at Szeged, where it is higher than at places downstream.
  109. ^Average discharge as measured at Arad, where it is higher than at places downstream.
  110. ^The 286 km Hornád river joins the 229 km Sajó 32 km before the latter streams into the Tisza.
  111. ^Latorica (188 km) andOndava (147 km) join to form the Bodrog (67 km)
  112. ^At the junction 47 km from its nominal source, the upper Drau is in every hydrological aspect a tributary of the Isel. The longer Isel, 65 km from the Schwarzach source under theRötspitze, continues straight, is on average almost 3x larger in volume, and drains twice as large a basin. Below the junction the Drau/Drava is 663 km long.
  113. ^Zala (139 km) is the longest and primary inflow of Lake Balaton. 70 km across, Balaton is drained by the 121 km Sió, a water course created in the 3rd century CE.
  114. ^The 78 km Schwarza is the longest source river of the 180 km Leitha.
  115. ^The 311 km Thaya flows into the Morava 91 km before it joins the Danube
  116. ^The Austrian a.k.a. German Thaya (76 km) joins the Moravian Thaya (68 km) to form Thaya proper (235 km). The catchment area of 12,772 km2 given in the source[194] accidentally excludes theKyjovka tributary.
  117. ^Leutascher Ache (30 km) joins the Isar (291.5 km) 26.1 km below its source.
  118. ^The Breitach (24.3 km from Turabach source) joins with the Trettach (15.6 km) to form the Iller (146 km).
  119. ^The Southern Bug is 857 km long when including itsliman; the given drainage area does include the Inhul, which empties in this liman.
  120. ^Vovcha (323 km) joins the Samara 222 km below its source and 98 km before their discharge in the Dnieper.
  121. ^327 km Uday flows into the Sula (363 km) about 120 km above Sula merges into the Dnieper.
  122. ^The 659 km Horyn joins the Pripyat 395 km above its confluence with the Dnieper
  123. ^The 520 km Voronezh (starting from the Polnoy Voronezh source) flows into the Don 1403 above its mouth in the Sea of Azov
  124. ^Kalaus (436 km) is the upstream section of Manych (nominally 420 km); Kalaus used to split up into the (West) Manych and East Kanych, but the east branch has been dammed off. The 78 km long Yankul joins the Kalaus 365 km before it changes its name to Manych.
  125. ^The 218 km long Yelan joins the 249 km Tersa 108 km before Tersa flows into the Medveditsa
  126. ^The Serdoba (160 km) joins the Khopyor (979 km) 128 km after Khopyor's source
  127. ^The Chembar (119 km including the upper Chembar) joins the Vorona (454 km) 392 km before the Vorona flows into the Khopyor.
  128. ^The 178 km Polnoy Voronezh joins the 164 km Lesnoy Voronezh to form the 342 km Voronezh proper
  129. ^Length includes the Ullukam source river, which at its confluence with Uchkulan forms the Kuban.
  130. ^The 22 km Bolshoy Pshish is the longer source river of the 258 km Pshish proper
  131. ^The discharge below the reservoir is reduced to 40 m3/s
  132. ^Discharge is that for the north and south arm of the delta combined.
  133. ^Many other sources, e.g.[2], give a 1515 km length, but this is not supported by the HydroBasins data.
  134. ^Many other sources, e.g.[3], give a 1264 km length, but this is not supported by the HydroBasins data. The combined length of the Araks-lower Kura system is nearly as long as the Kura itself.
  135. ^The discharge is for the middle part of the river; at the mouth it is only 9.8 m3/s due to agricultural use and divergence of water towards theTbilisi reservoir. Before the completion of the Mingachevir reservoir it was a tributary of the Alazani.
  136. ^In Georgia, the Pirikiti Alazani (44 km) and Tushetis Alazani (48 km) form the Andi Koysu, which 144 km later joins the Avar Koysu (178 km) to form the 169 km long Sulak River.
  137. ^The Oka River, 1559 km starting from the Uperta source river, joins the Volga 1299 km below its source and 2231 km before its discharge in the Caspian Sea.
  138. ^The 1967 km Kama (1805 km river and 162 km fairway through a full Kuybyshev Reservoir) joins the Volga 1804 km above the mouth. The Kama has a nearly identical mean discharge and length as the Volga (it may have been significantly longer before the reservoirs were created),[259] while unlike the Volga it doesn't change direction at the meeting point, so that hydrologically the Volga could be considered a tributary of the Kama.
  139. ^Akhtuba is a distributary of Volga that flows parallel to it, joining at multiple places.
  140. ^Before the filling of the Volgograd Reservoir in 1961, the Yeruslan was at least 400 km long and had a catchment area of more than 12,000 km2.
  141. ^Bolshaya Glushitsa (65 km) joins Bolshoy Irgiz (675 km) 61 km below its source
  142. ^Chernava (75 km) joins Maly Irgiz (235 km) 48km below its source.
  143. ^Includes the 14 km Su-Elga source stream
  144. ^Bitkul (34 km) joins Tok (306 km) 28 km below its source.
  145. ^Before the filling of the Kuybyshev Reservoir in 1957, the Cheremshan was at least 440 km long and had a catchment area of more than 15,300 km2.
  146. ^The catchment area and length include the Kama-derived part of the Kuybyshev Reservoir. At full capacity, the reservoir extends to the junction with the Vyatka, shortening Kama as a river to 1805 km. Before the creation of the four large reservoirs in its course, the Kama was 2030 km long up to the junction with the Volga.[259]
  147. ^56 km Lesnaya Sheshma joins 259 km Sheshma proper 47 km below Sheshma's source
  148. ^The 96 km Belaya source river joins the 1314 km Vyatka 92 km below Vyatka's source.
  149. ^107 km Ut joins the 270 km Kilmez 188 km before Kilmez flows into Vyatka
  150. ^Palomka (44 km) joins the Moloma (419 km) 28 km below Moloma's source
  151. ^127 km Loza joins the 501 km Cheptsa 102 km below Cheptsa's source
  152. ^The 91 km Tyatep joins the 535 km Dyoma 70 km below Dyoma's source.
  153. ^The 549 km long Ay joins the Ufa 382 km before that flows in to the Belaya.
  154. ^The 307 km Inzer joins the 239 km Sim just 6 km before that flows into the Belaya. Before their junction, Sim's discharge is >48 m3/s and Inzer's is 51 to 67 m3/s, but the 6 km joined stretch is named Sim.
  155. ^Includes the catchment area of the Sylva tributary. Since the building of the Kama Hydroelectric Station both rivers now feed into an arm of theKama Reservoir.
  156. ^Typyl (68 km) joins Kosva (238 km), 53 km below the source of the Kosva.
  157. ^abcDrainage area but not the length includes the reservoir arm derived from the river.
  158. ^Kolva (460 km) joins the Vishera (415 km) just 34 km before the Vishera streams into the Kama.
  159. ^Discharge unknown; calculated from the fraction of the Vishera basin comprised by the Kolva basin.
  160. ^The 234 km Glukhaya Vilva joins the 176 km Yazva 38 km before that flows into the Vishera.
  161. ^The 41 km Malaya Sviyaga joins the 375 km Sviyaga 37 km after the latter's source.
  162. ^The 219 km Vokhma joins the 889 km Vetluga, 207 km below Veluga's source
  163. ^The Kadada (153 km from its Tahtala source) joins the 841 km Sura 137 km below the source of the Sura itself.
  164. ^The 70 km Cheka joins the 436 km Pyana 53 km below its source.
  165. ^The 168 km Cheka joins the 296 km Alatyr 160 km below the source of the Alatyr itself.
  166. ^The 63 km long Uperta joins the 345 km Upa 52 km below its source. Upa then flows into the 1504 km-long Oka 1203 km before the Oka joins the Volga.
  167. ^Azyas (40 km) joins Moksha (656 km) 36 km below Moksha's source
  168. ^Osinovka (37 km) joins Tsna (451 km) 31 km below Tsna's source.
  169. ^The 145 km Ruza joins the 473 km long Moskva 342 km before the Moskva flows into the Oka. Before canalization, the Moskva itself was 502 km long
  170. ^The 64 km Demina joins the 399 km Ugra 27 km below its source.
  171. ^The 63 km Uperta joins the 345 km Upa 293 km before that joins the Oka.
  172. ^The 426 km long Unzha originates at the confluence of the 105 km long Kema and 89 km long Lyndonga rivers.
  173. ^The Sheksna was about 700 km long and had a catchment area of ca 39,000 km2 before the creation of the Rybinsk Reservoir in 1947.
  174. ^The 184 km long Suda originates from the confluence of the Noshema (77 km) and the Koloshma (68 km)
  175. ^The Mologa was about 700 km long and had a catchment area of over 37,000 km2 before the creation of the Rybinsk Reservoir in 1947.
  176. ^The 146 km long Lid joins the 242 km Chagodoshcha 140 km before it flows into the Mologa.
  177. ^The average discharge is measured at stations in the upper part of the river.
  178. ^Discharge unknown; calculated from the fraction of the Ilek basin comprised by the Khobda basin.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Planul de management al spațiului hidrografic Siret, Administrația Națională Apele Române
  2. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblUnited Nations. Economic Commission for Europe,Our Waters: Joining Hands Across Borders : First Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters[permanent dead link], United Nations Publications, 2007] and"ECE Second Assessment"(PDF). Economic Commission for Europe. (note: large pdf file)
  3. ^HydroBASINS at the HydroSHEDs website
  4. ^"Kara". SWRR.
  5. ^"Korotaikha". SWRR.
  6. ^"Pechora". SWRR.
  7. ^"Pechora At Oksino". R-ArcticNet.
  8. ^"Sula (Pechora)". SWRR.
  9. ^"Shapkina". SWRR.
  10. ^"Tsilma". SWRR.
  11. ^"Pizhma (Komi Republic)". SWRR.
  12. ^"Izhma". SWRR.
  13. ^"Izhma At Izhma". R-ArcticNet.
  14. ^"Laya". SWRR.
  15. ^"Usa (Komi Republic)". SWRR.
  16. ^"Kolva (Usa)". SWRR.
  17. ^"Adzva". SWRR.
  18. ^"Kosyu". SWRR.
  19. ^"Bolshaya Rogovaya". SWRR.
  20. ^"Shchugor". SWRR.
  21. ^"Ilych". SWRR.
  22. ^"Voronya".,"Lake Lovozero". and"Kurga". SWRR.
  23. ^"Tuloma". SWRR.
  24. ^"Patso-Yoky At GES Rayakosky". R-ArcticNet.
  25. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadNilsson, Reidy, Dynesius and Revenga (2005)."Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River Systems"(PDF).Science.308 (5720):405–408.Bibcode:2005Sci...308..405N.doi:10.1126/science.1107887.PMID 15831757.S2CID 34820022. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved2017-11-21.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Provides the "Virgin mean annual discharge[, which] refers to the most water-rich river channel section, in most cases close to the estuary, before any significant direct human manipulation" for a number of primary rivers.
  26. ^abc"Icelandic Statistics". National Land Survey of Iceland. Archived fromthe original on 2016-09-13. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  27. ^ab"Län och huvudavrinnings- områden i Sverige"(PDF). Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2018-09-28. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  28. ^Jacobus Hofstede."Elbe Estuary"(PDF). Eurosion.
  29. ^Michael Bergemann (2015)."Gesamtliste der Fließgewässer im Elbeeinzugsgebiet"(PDF). Behörde für Umwelt und Energie. (802 kb PDF)
  30. ^abFlusssystem der Weser (German wikipedia article with many official sources)[circular reference]
  31. ^abcdef"Riverine Inputs and Direct Discharges to Convention Waters"., OSPAR Contracting Parties’ RID 2011 Data Report. Long-Term Average discharge (in 1000m3/day) and some catchment area data are in Annex 5, pp 68-76 (PDF file)
  32. ^abcBasin area fromNordrhein-Westfalen FlussgebietsverzeichnisArchived 2013-12-28 at theWayback Machine (MS Excel; 2,3 MB)
  33. ^Hydrological trends IJsselmeer (in Dutch)
  34. ^Beheersgebied Oude IjsselArchived 2022-05-24 at theWayback Machine (in Dutch)
  35. ^abSee the references in the German wikipedia articlede:Flusssystem der Mosel[circular reference]
  36. ^abcd"Bach- und Flussgebiete in Bayern". Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt.
  37. ^See the references in the German wikipedia articlede:Flusssystem des Neckar[circular reference]
  38. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Ill (A---0030)".
  39. ^"Hydrological Atlas of Switzerland - Characteristics of Basins". 1992.
  40. ^H.E.J. Berger, A.L. Mugie,Hydrologische systeembeschrijving Maas, Den Haag 1994
  41. ^abc"International Scheldt river basin district"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2023-06-29. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  42. ^References innl:Stroomgebied van de Schelde[circular reference]
  43. ^Bailey, David (15 May 2012)."Could the River Thames be longer than the River Severn?".BBC News.
  44. ^Discharge extrapolated fromEly Ouse at Denver Complex gauging station.
  45. ^Trent at North Muskham gaugin station
  46. ^Discharge extrapolated fromAire at Beal Weir,Ouse at Skelton,Derwent at Stamford Bridge, andWharfe at Tadcaster gauge stations
  47. ^"Tweed Forum Catchment Facts". Archived fromthe original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  48. ^Discharge extrapolated fromTweed at Norham andWhiteadder Water at Hutton Castle gauging stations.
  49. ^Discharge extrapolated fromTay at Ballathie,Earn at Forteviot Bridge, andAlmond at Almondbank gauging stations.
  50. ^Spey at Boat o Brig gauging station
  51. ^"Mezen". SWRR.
  52. ^"Pyoza". SWRR.
  53. ^"Peza At Igumnovo". R-ArcticNet. (at 80% of drainage area)
  54. ^"Vashka". SWRR.
  55. ^"Kuloy (White Sea)". SWRR.
  56. ^"Northern Dvina". SWRR.
  57. ^"Pinega". SWRR.
  58. ^"Yula". SWRR.
  59. ^"Yemtsa". SWRR.
  60. ^"Vaga". and"Ustya". SWRR.
  61. ^"Vaga". SWRR.
  62. ^"Ustya". SWRR.
  63. ^"Kokshenga". SWRR.
  64. ^"Vychegda". SWRR.
  65. ^"Viled". SWRR.
  66. ^"Yarenga". SWRR.
  67. ^"Vym". SWRR.
  68. ^"Yolva". SWRR.
  69. ^"Yelva At Meshura". R-ArcticNet.
  70. ^"Sysola". SWRR.
  71. ^"Susola At Pervomaisky". R-ArcticNet.
  72. ^"Lokchim". SWRR.
  73. ^"Vishera (Komi Republic)". SWRR.
  74. ^"Nem". SWRR.
  75. ^"Yug". and"Luza". SWRR.
  76. ^"Yug". SWRR.
  77. ^"Yug At Gavrino". R-ArcticNet.
  78. ^"Luza". SWRR.
  79. ^"Sukhona". SWRR.
  80. ^"Onega".,"Svid". and"Vozhega". SWRR.
  81. ^"Onega At Porog". R-ArcticNet.
  82. ^"Onega". SWRR.
  83. ^"Voloshka". SWRR.
  84. ^"Lower Vyg".
  85. ^"Nyzhny Vig (Soroka) At Vigostrov". R-ArcticNet.
  86. ^"Lower Vyg". and"Upper Vyg". SWRR.
  87. ^"Segezha". and"Voloma". SWRR.
  88. ^"Kem". and"Čirka-Kem". SWRR.
  89. ^"Kem". and"Pista". SWRR.
  90. ^ab"Kovda". SWRR.
  91. ^"Valasreka". SWRR.
  92. ^"Niva". SWRR.
  93. ^"Varzuga". SWRR.
  94. ^"Ponoy". SWRR.
  95. ^"Ponoy At Ponoy". R-ArcticNet.
  96. ^abcdefghij"Statistik om älvar". Archived fromthe original on 2007-03-11.
  97. ^"Hydropower Hotspots in the Baltic Sea Catchment Area"(PDF). Coalition Clean Baltic. March 2006. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2019-08-07. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  98. ^"Neva". SWRR.
  99. ^"Vuoksi". SWRR.
  100. ^"Svir".
  101. ^"Oyat". SWRR.
  102. ^"Shuya (Karelia)". SWRR.
  103. ^"Suna". SWRR.
  104. ^"Vodla".,"Ileksa". SWRR. and"Олова". SWRR.
  105. ^"Syas". SWRR.
  106. ^"Volkhov". SWRR.
  107. ^"Msta". and"Tsna". SWRR.
  108. ^"Pola". SWRR.
  109. ^"Lovat". SWRR.
  110. ^"Shelon". SWRR.
  111. ^"Luga". and"Oredezh". SWRR.
  112. ^"Luga". SWRR.
  113. ^"Plyussa". SWRR.
  114. ^"Velikaya". SWRR.
  115. ^"Эмайыги".GSE.
  116. ^"River Pärnu, Estonia"(PDF). Partnership for European Environmental Research. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-02-25. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  117. ^Alviekste basin (in Latvian)
  118. ^"Pregolya". and"Lava". SWRR.
  119. ^"Pregolya". and"Angrapa". SWRR.
  120. ^"Łyna". Rzeki Polski.
  121. ^"Laba". SWRR.
  122. ^"Vistula". Rzeki Polski.
  123. ^"Wkra". Rzeki Polski.
  124. ^"Narew". Rzeki Polski.
  125. ^"Western Bug". Rzeki Polski.
  126. ^"Pilica". Rzeki Polski.
  127. ^"Wieprz". Rzeki Polski. &mean flow of Wieprz
  128. ^"San". Rzeki Polski.
  129. ^"Dunajec". Rzeki Polski.
  130. ^abPiotr Kowalczak (2006)."Flood Risk Management in the Odra Basin"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  131. ^"Noteć". Rzeki Polski.
  132. ^"Transnational Pilot River Basin: Lusatian Neisse"(PDF).
  133. ^"Bóbr". Rzeki Polski.
  134. ^Discharge extrapolated fromClyde at Daldowie,Kelvin at Killermont,White Cart Water at Hawkhead, andBlack Cart Water at Milliken Park gauge stations
  135. ^South Eastern River Basin District Management System Physical DescriptionArchived 2016-03-03 at theWayback Machine
  136. ^"The Mersey Gateway Project - Hydrodynamics and Estuarine Processes"(PDF).
  137. ^"Wye". UK Environmental Change Network. Archived fromthe original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  138. ^Discharge extrapolated fromSevern at Haw Bridge,Leadon at Wedderburn Bridge, andFrome at Ebley Mill gauge stations
  139. ^abSandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Seine (----0010)".
  140. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Eure (H4--0200)".
  141. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Oise (H---0100)".
  142. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - L'Aisne (H1--0200)". andSandre."Fiche cours d'eau - L'Aire (H11-0400)".
  143. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Marne (F---0100)".
  144. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Yonne (F3--0200)".
  145. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Aube (F1--0200)".
  146. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Vilaine (J---0060)".
  147. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Loire (----0000)".
  148. ^"La Loire à Saint-Nazaire". Archived fromthe original on 2021-12-26. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  149. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Maine (M4--0190)".
  150. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Mayenne (M---0090)".
  151. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Sarthe (M---0060)".
  152. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Loir (M1--0160)".
  153. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Vienne (L---0060)".
  154. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Creuse (L---0070)".
  155. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Indre (K7--0260)".
  156. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Cher (K---0090)".
  157. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Allier (K---0080)".
  158. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Charente (R---0000)".
  159. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Dordogne (P---0000)".
  160. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Isle (P---0150)".
  161. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Vézère (P---0100)".
  162. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Garonne (O---0000)".
  163. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Lot (O---0150)".
  164. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Tarn (O---0100)".
  165. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Aveyron (O5--0250)".
  166. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Ariège (O1--0250)".
  167. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Adour (Q---0000)".
  168. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Gave de Pau (Q---0100)".
  169. ^"Tagus Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived fromthe original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  170. ^"Ríos y Arroyos importantes". Confederacion Hidrografica del Guadiana.
  171. ^Delgado, F., Raya, E. y Nania, L. (2015):Determinación del cauce principal de un río mediante herramientas SIG y análisis multicriterio: aplicación al río Guadalquivir. En Simposio del Agua en Andalucía (SIAGA). Málaga.
  172. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Aude (Y1--0200)".
  173. ^"Rhône Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived fromthe original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  174. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Rhône (V---0000)".
  175. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Durance (X---0000)".
  176. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Isère (W---0000)".
  177. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Saône (U---0000)".
  178. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Doubs (U2--0200)".
  179. ^Sandre."Fiche cours d'eau - Ain (V2--0200)".
  180. ^"Po Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived fromthe original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  181. ^"Zustand der Südtiroler Fließgewässer"(PDF). Südtiroler Landesverwaltung.
  182. ^ab"The coastline of Albania : morphology, evolution and coastal management issues"(PDF).ciesm.org. p. 8.
  183. ^Georgi Zhelezov,Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions: Southeastern Europe, Springer, 2015
  184. ^"Maritsa Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived fromthe original on 2018-05-28. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  185. ^"Ergene river basin protection plan"(PDF). Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs.
  186. ^Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria. Springer Science & Business Media. 2007.ISBN 9781402044175.
  187. ^"Prut".IEU.
  188. ^"Ecological state assessment of the Upper Dambovita River basin"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved2017-11-24.
  189. ^Danube Basin station Sremska Mitrovica
  190. ^abcd"Danube Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived fromthe original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  191. ^abc"Sava River Basin Flood Study: HEC-HMS Technical Documentation Report"(PDF). 2017. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  192. ^"Serbian part of the Sava river basin"(PDF).
  193. ^abcJoint Drava River Corridor Analysis ReportArchived 2016-06-10 at theWayback Machine, 27 November 2014
  194. ^abcdef"Das Flächenverzeichnis - die Ordnung unserer Gewässer". Bundesministerium für Land - und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft.
  195. ^"Der Inn und sein Einzugsgebiet"(PDF).
  196. ^"Dniester".IEU.
  197. ^"Southern Bug".IEU.
  198. ^"Inhul".IEU.
  199. ^"Synyukha".IEU.
  200. ^"Synyukha".GSE.
  201. ^"Inhulets".GSE.
  202. ^"Samara".GSE.
  203. ^"Vovcha".GSE.
  204. ^"Vorskla".IEU.
  205. ^"Psel".IEU.
  206. ^"Khorol".IEU.
  207. ^ab"Sula".IEU. &"Сула (река, приток Днепра)".GSE.
  208. ^ab"Udai".IEU. &"Удай)".GSE.
  209. ^"Ros".IEU.
  210. ^"Desna".IEU.
  211. ^"Snov".GSE.
  212. ^"Seim".IEU.
  213. ^"Teteriv".IEU.
  214. ^"Pripyat".GSE.
  215. ^"Uzh".IEU.
  216. ^"Ptsich".GSE.
  217. ^"Ubort".GSE.
  218. ^"Horyn".IEU.
  219. ^"Southern Sluch".IEU. Archived fromthe original on 2019-09-28. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  220. ^"Styr".GSE.
  221. ^"Sozh".GSE.
  222. ^"Iput".GSE.
  223. ^"Besed".GSE.
  224. ^"Ostyor".GSE.
  225. ^"Berezina".GSE.
  226. ^"Drut".GSE.
  227. ^"Don". SWRR.
  228. ^"Manych". and"Kalaus". SWRR.
  229. ^"Yegorlyk". SWRR.
  230. ^"Sal (Russia)". SWRR.
  231. ^"Donets". SWRR.
  232. ^"Kalitva". SWRR.
  233. ^"Aidar". SWRR.
  234. ^"Oskol". SWRR.
  235. ^"Chir". SWRR.
  236. ^"Ilovlya". SWRR.
  237. ^"Medveditsa (Don basin)". SWRR.
  238. ^"Tersa (Medveditsa)". SWRR.
  239. ^"Khopyor". and"Serdoba". SWRR.
  240. ^"Buzuluk (Volgograd Oblast)". SWRR.
  241. ^"Savala". SWRR.
  242. ^"Vorona (Russia)". and"Chembar". SWRR.
  243. ^"Bityug". SWRR.
  244. ^"Voronezh". SWRR.
  245. ^"Bystraya Sosna". SWRR.
  246. ^abcdShalva Jaoshvili."The rivers of the Black Sea"(PDF). European Environment Agency. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2019-08-07. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  247. ^"Pshish". SWRR.
  248. ^"Belaya (Kuban)". SWRR.
  249. ^"Water quality in the Kura-Ara basin". UNDP. 2006. Archived fromthe original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved2017-11-21.
  250. ^"Alazani/Ganikh River Basin"(PDF). Swedish Royal Institute of Technology.
  251. ^abRapid Assessment of the Rioni and Alazani-Iori River Basins of Georgia, 2011
  252. ^"Sulak". SWRR.
  253. ^"Terek". SWRR.
  254. ^"Sunzha". SWRR.
  255. ^"Malka". SWRR.
  256. ^"Kuma (Russia)". SWRR.
  257. ^abc"Volga". SWRR.
    Volgograd gauging station dataArchived 2011-11-12 at theWayback Machine
  258. ^abc"Oka". SWRR.
  259. ^abRivers of Europe, p. 61
  260. ^ab"Kama". SWRR.
  261. ^"Akhtuba (river)". SWRR.
  262. ^"Yeruslan". SWRR.
  263. ^"Tereshka". SWRR.
  264. ^"Bolshoy Irgiz". SWRR.
  265. ^"Maly Irgiz". and"ЧЕРНАВА". SWRR.
  266. ^"Chapayevka". SWRR.
  267. ^"Samara". SWRR.
  268. ^"Bolshoy Kinel". SWRR.
  269. ^"Tok". and"Bitkul". SWRR.
  270. ^"Sok". SWRR.
  271. ^"Kondurcha". SWRR.
  272. ^"Bolshoy Cheremshan". SWRR.
  273. ^"Sheshma". and"Lesnaya Sheshma". SWRR.
  274. ^"Vyatka". SWRR.
  275. ^"Kilmez". and"Ut River". SWRR.
  276. ^"Pizhma (Vyatka basin)". SWRR.
  277. ^"Moloma". SWRR.
  278. ^"Чепца". and"Лоза". SWRR.
  279. ^"Letka". SWRR.
  280. ^"Kobra (Viatka)". SWRR.
  281. ^"Ik". SWRR.
  282. ^"Izh". SWRR.
  283. ^"Belaya". SWRR.
  284. ^"Bystry Tanyp". SWRR.
  285. ^"Dyoma". SWRR.
  286. ^"Ufa". and"Ay River". SWRR.
  287. ^"Ufa". SWRR.
  288. ^"Yuryuzan". SWRR.
  289. ^"Ay". SWRR.
  290. ^"Sim". and"Inzer". SWRR.
  291. ^"Chusovaya". SWRR.
  292. ^"Sylva". SWRR.
  293. ^"Usva". SWRR.
  294. ^"Kosva". and"Typyl". SWRR.
  295. ^"Inva". SWRR.
  296. ^"Yayva". SWRR.
  297. ^ab"Vishera (Perm Krai)". SWRR.
  298. ^"Kolva". SWRR.
  299. ^"Kolva (Perm Krai)". SWRR.
  300. ^"Yazva". and"Glukhaya Vilva". SWRR.
  301. ^"Kosa". SWRR.
  302. ^"Veslyana". SWRR.
  303. ^"Sviyaga". SWRR.
  304. ^"Bolshaya Kokshaga". SWRR.
  305. ^"Vetluga". SWRR.
  306. ^"Usta (Russia)". SWRR.
  307. ^"Sura". and"Kadada". SWRR.
  308. ^"Pyana". and"Cheka". SWRR.
  309. ^"Alatyr". SWRR.
  310. ^"Kerzhenets". SWRR.
  311. ^ab"Upa". SWRR.
  312. ^"Klyazma". SWRR.
  313. ^"Nerl (Klyazma)". SWRR.
  314. ^"Tyosha". SWRR.
  315. ^"Moksha". and"АЗЯСЬ". SWRR.
  316. ^"Tsna (Moksha basin)". and"Osinovka". SWRR.
  317. ^"Pronya (Russia)". SWRR.
  318. ^"Moskva". and"Ruza". SWRR.
  319. ^"Protva". SWRR.
  320. ^"Ugra (Oka)". and"Demina". SWRR.
  321. ^"Unzha". SWRR.
  322. ^"Neya". SWRR.
  323. ^"Kostroma". SWRR.
  324. ^"Sheksna". SWRR.
  325. ^"Suda". and"Nozhema". SWRR.
  326. ^"Mologa". SWRR.
  327. ^"Chagodoshcha". and"Lid". SWRR.
  328. ^"Medveditsa (Volga basin)". SWRR.
  329. ^"Ural". SWRR.
  330. ^"Chagan". SWRR.
  331. ^"Ilek". SWRR.
  332. ^"Bolshaya Khobda". SWRR.
  333. ^"Sakmara". SWRR.
  334. ^"Bolshoy Ik". SWRR.
  335. ^"Or". SWRR.
  336. ^"European Rivers". worldatlas.com. 29 April 2021.
  337. ^"River Systems of the World". Archived fromthe original on 2009-09-19.
  338. ^danube.panda.org/wwf/web/search/details.jsp?pid=139
  339. ^Мезень (река). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Archived fromthe original on September 19, 2012.
SWRR = State Water Register of Russia; GSE = Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969–1978 edition; IEU = Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
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