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List of retroreflectors on the Moon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mirrors for measuring Earth–Moon distance

The locations of lunar retroreflectors left by Apollo (A) and Luna (L) missions.

Retroreflectors are devices which reflect light back to its source. Seven retroreflectors were left at seven sites on theMoon by three crews of theApollo program, two by remote landers of theLunokhod program, one by theCommercial Lunar Payload Services program and one by theChandrayaan program.[1] Lunar reflectors have enabled precise measurement of theEarth–Moon distance since 1969 usinglunar laser ranging.[2]

There have been several additional attempts to land retroreflectors on the lunar surface which were unsuccessful, and several future attempts are planned.

Successfully placed reflectors

[edit]
OperatorMissionNameDateLocationCoordinatesSizeStatusComment
NASAApollo 11LRRR21 July 1969Mare Tranquillitatis0°40′24″N23°28′23″E / 0.6734°N 23.4731°E /0.6734; 23.4731[3]46×46 cm[4]Operational[5]
Soviet UnionLuna 17Lunokhod 117 November 1970Mare Imbrium38°18′55″N35°00′29″W / 38.3152°N 35.0080°W /38.3152; -35.0080[3]44×19 cm[1]OperationalRediscovered in 2010[6][7][8][9]
NASAApollo 14LRRR31 January 1971Fra Mauro formation3°38′39″S17°28′43″W / 3.6442°S 17.4786°W /-3.6442; -17.4786[3]46×46 cmOperational[10]
NASAApollo 15LRRR31 July 1971Hadley–Apennine26°08′00″N3°37′43″E / 26.1334°N 3.6285°E /26.1334; 3.6285[3]105×65 cmOperational[11]
Soviet UnionLuna 21Lunokhod 215 January 1973Le Monnier crater25°49′56″N30°55′20″E / 25.8323°N 30.9221°E /25.8323; 30.9221[3]44×19 cm[1]Operational[12][13]
ISROChandrayaan-3Vikram23 August 2023Statio Shiv Shakti69°22′03″S32°20′53″E / 69.367621°S 32.348126°E /-69.367621; 32.3481265.11 cm diameter[14]Operational[15][16][17][18]
University of MarylandBlue Ghost Mission 1Next Generation Lunar Retroreflectors (NGLR) onBlue Ghost Mission 1March 2, 2025Mare Crisium nearMons Latreille18°34′N61°49′E / 18.56°N 61.81°E /18.56; 61.81[19]17x13x12 cmOperational[20][21][22]

Attempted and planned reflectors

[edit]
OperatorMissionNameDateLocationCoordinatesStatusComment
SpaceIL,IAIBeresheetBeresheet11 April 2019Mare Serenitatis32°35′44″N19°20′59″E / 32.5956°N 19.3496°E /32.5956; 19.3496Crashed[23][24][25]
ISROChandrayaan-2Vikram6 September 201970°52′52″S22°47′02″E / 70.8810°S 22.7840°E /-70.8810; 22.7840Crashed[26][27]
Moon ExpressLunar ScoutMoonLIGHT onMX-1EJuly 2020Malapert Mountain84°54′S12°54′E / 84.9°S 12.9°E /-84.9; 12.9Cancelled[28][29]
AstroboticMission OneLRA onPeregrineMay 2023Lacus MortisAborted,
controlled re-entry		[30]
RoscosmosLuna 25Luna 25August 2023Pontécoulant G crater57°51′54″S61°21′36″E / 57.865°S 61.360°E /-57.865; 61.360Crashed[31][32][33]
Intuitive MachinesIM-1LRA onNova-C IM-1February 2024Malapert (crater)80°08′S1°26′E / 80.13°S 1.44°E /-80.13; 1.44Failed[34][30]
Intuitive MachinesIM-2LRA onNova-C IM-26 March 2025Mons Mouton85°S31°W / 85°S 31°W /-85; -31Failed

Gallery

[edit]
  • Apollo 11 Lunar Laser Ranging Retroreflector
    Apollo 11 Lunar Laser Ranging Retroreflector
  • Apollo 14 retroreflector
    Apollo 14 retroreflector
  • Close-up of Apollo 15 retroreflector
    Close-up ofApollo 15 retroreflector
  • Model of Lunokhod 2. The retroreflector is the hexagonal box with open lid in the front.
    Model ofLunokhod 2. The retroreflector is the hexagonal box with open lid in the front.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcLunar Retroreflectors
  2. ^Slava G. Turyshev:From Quantum to Cosmos: Fundamental Physics Research in Space (2009), p. 300
  3. ^abcdeWagner, R. V.; Speyerer, E. J.; Burns, K. N.; Danton, J.; Robinson, M. S. (1 August 2012)."Revised Coordinates for Apollo Hardware".The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. XXXIX-B4. Copernicus GmbH:517–521.Bibcode:2012ISPAr39B4..517W.doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B4-517-2012.
  4. ^Newman, Michael E. (26 September 2017)."To the Moon and Back … in 2.5 Seconds".NIST. Retrieved27 January 2021.
  5. ^"What Neil & Buzz Left on the Moon: A cutting-edge science experiment left behind in the Sea of Tranquility by Apollo 11 astronauts is still running today". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 20 July 2004. Retrieved1 August 2012.
  6. ^"Lost Soviet Reflecting Device Rediscovered on the Moon".Space.com. 27 April 2010. Retrieved26 January 2021.
  7. ^"LROC Observation M114185541R". Arizona State University. Retrieved8 August 2012.
  8. ^"Lunokhod 1 Revisited | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera".lroc.sese.asu.edu. Retrieved8 October 2019.
  9. ^"USSR – Luna 17".
  10. ^"Apollo 14: The Eighth Mission: The Third Lunar Landing: 31 January–09 February 1971". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived fromthe original on 14 November 2004. Retrieved8 August 2012.
  11. ^Archinal, Brent (13 April 2010)."The Apollo 15 Lunar Laser Ranging Retroreflector – A Fundamental Point on the Moon!". Arizona State University. Archived fromthe original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved1 August 2012.
  12. ^"USSR – Luna 21".
  13. ^"NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details".nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved8 October 2019.
  14. ^"Chandrayaan 3 – LRA".
  15. ^"Chandrayaan-3".ISRO. Retrieved15 August 2023.
  16. ^Dhillon, Amrit (23 August 2023)."India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first".The Guardian. Retrieved23 August 2023.
  17. ^"Laser Instrument on NASA's LRO Successfully 'Pings' Indian Moon Lander". Retrieved30 January 2024.
  18. ^"Instrument on Chandrayaan-3 lander started serving as a location marker near lunar south pole". Retrieved30 January 2024.
  19. ^"Blue Ghost Mission 1 (Firefly)".nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov.NASA. Retrieved2 March 2025.
  20. ^"Blue Ghost Mission 1".Firefly Aerospace. Retrieved5 February 2025.
  21. ^"Next Gen Retroreflectors Launch to the Moon - UMD Physics".umdphysics.umd.edu. Retrieved5 February 2025.
  22. ^"Next Generation Lunar Retroreflector (NGLR)".NASA.
  23. ^Beresheet crash caused by manual command, but reflector device may have survived. Georgina Torbet,Digital Trends. 21 April 2019.
  24. ^Warner, Cheryl (10 April 2019)."Update on First Private Robotic Spacecraft Attempt at Moon Landing".NASA. Retrieved12 April 2019.
  25. ^Israeli spacecraft Beresheet crash site spotted on moon, 15 May 2019
  26. ^"Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro".The Times of India. 8 September 2019. Retrieved8 October 2019.
  27. ^Bartels, Meghan (24 March 2019)."How NASA Scrambled to Add Science Experiments to Israeli, Indian Moon Probes". Retrieved25 March 2019.
  28. ^Internatioinal Lunar Observatory to offer a new astrophysical perspective. Tonasz Nowakowski.Spaceflight Insider. 12 August 2017.
  29. ^UMD, Italy & MoonEx Join to Put New Laser-Reflecting Arrays on MoonArchived 22 March 2018 at theWayback Machine. Lee Tune, University of Maryland. 10 June 2015.
  30. ^abEtherington, Darrell (23 January 2020)."NASA reveals the payloads for the first commercial moon cargo deliveries".TechCrunch. Retrieved2 March 2021.
  31. ^"Luna-25 (Luna-Glob Lander) Payload".www.iki.rssi.ru. Retrieved15 August 2023.
  32. ^"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details".nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved15 August 2023.
  33. ^"Russia's Luna-25 spacecraft crashes into the moon, ending its bid to reach the lunar south pole".Associated Press. 20 August 2023. Retrieved20 August 2023.
  34. ^"Intuitive Machines-1 Orbital Debris Assessment Report (ODAR) Revision 1.1"(PDF).Intuitive Machines.FCC. 22 April 2021. Retrieved24 April 2021.
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