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List of republics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
History of governments with elected representatives

Part ofthe Politics series on
Republicanism
iconPolitics portal

This is alist of republics. Forantiquity (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to modern terminology to qualify theirform of government) the assessment of whether a state organisation is arepublic is based on retrospective analysis by historians and political theorists. For more recent systems of government, worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance (such as theUnited Nations), can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.

List by period

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Antiquity

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StateDates of existence (BCE)Notes
Ancient Carthagec. 7th/6th century –146Greek sources may have misunderstood Carthage’s political system, mistaking its leaders for kings when it was actually governed by a council of nobles (Shophets).[1] The legend of QueenDido likely served to legitimize this non-monarchical system.[2] During the 6th century BC, Carthage experienced political upheaval marked by the revolt of ashophet/general namedMalchus, signaling the city’s transition from monarchy to an oligarchic republic.[3] Inscriptions from this period suggest that aristocratic rule had become firmly established by the late 7th or mid 6th century BC.[4][3]
Mahajanapadas[5]c. 7th/6th century – c. 345Sixteenkingdoms oroligarchicrepublics that existed inancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during thesecond urbanisation period.
Licchavikas[6][7]c. 7th/6th century – c. 468The leading confederate tribe of theVajjika League Mahajanapada; the city ofVesālī was the republic's capital.[6][7]
Vaidehas[6][8]c. 7th/6th century – c. 468One of the confederate tribes of theVajjika League Mahajanapada; the city ofMithilā was the republic's capital.[6][8]
Nāyas[6][9]c. 7th/6th century – c. 468One of the confederate tribes of theVajjika League Mahajanapada; the city ofKuṇḍagāma was the republic's capital.[6][9]
Mallakas[6][10]c. 7th/6th century – c. 468One of the confederate tribes of theVajjika League Mahajanapada; the Mallakas were divided into two republics with the cities ofKusinārā andPāvā as their respective capitals.[6][10]
Sakyas[11]c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Koliyas[12]c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Moriyas[13]c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Bulayas[14]c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th century
Bhaggas[15]c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century
Kālāmas[16]c. 7th/6th century – c. 5th/4th century
Roman Republic509–27
Classical Athens508–322Various Greek city-states underClassical Athenian influence; these loyalties and governments changed frequently (seesynoecisms), and in some instances were even under the influence ofSparta without succumbing tooligarchy.

Middle Ages

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StateDates of existence (CE)System of Goverment
Khersonite State[citation needed]422 BCE – 1299 CEDemocracy
San MarinoRepublic of San Marinosince 301, constitutional since 1600Directorial Republic
Monemvasía State588–1252
Qarmatians899–1067Theocracy
Gotland?–1285Thing (Assembly)
Frisian freedom(Upstalsboom League),c. 12th century–15th centurypeasant republic
Icelandic Commonwealth930–1262
Couto Mistoc. 1000 – 1868
Taifa of Córdoba1031–1070
Republic of Florence1115–1537
Republic of Siena1125–1557
Novgorod Republic1136–1478[17]
Commune of Rome1144–1193
Most Serene Republic of Lucca1160–1805
Haudenosauneec. 13th century–1794
Republic of Massa1225–1336
Republic of Sassari1275–1323
Old Swiss Confederacy1291–1798
Republic of Poljica1322–1806
Republic of Senarica1343–1797
Pskov Republic1348–1510
Dithmarschenc. 1400 – 1559
Republic of Cospaia1440–1826
Golden Ambrosian Republic1447–1450
Most Serene Republic of Venice697–1797merchant republic
Republic of Gaeta839–1140merchant republic
Republic of Amalfi839–1131merchant republic
Bajjāna886–922merchant republic
Republic of Anconac. 1000 – 1532merchant republic
Republic of Pisac. 1000 – 1406, 1494–1509merchant republic
Most Serene Republic of Genoac. 1100 – 1797merchant republic
Republic of Noli1192–1797merchant republic
Republic of Ragusa1358–1808merchant republic


Free imperial cities

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Afree imperial city was a self-ruling city member of theHoly Roman Empire that was represented in theImperial Diet.

Early modernity

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Sister republics

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Asister republic was aclient state ofFrance established by French armies or by local revolutionaries and assisted by theFrench First Republic during theFrench Revolutionary Wars.

Modernity

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19th century

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Africa
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See also:Boer Republics
North America
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South America
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Asia
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Europe
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Oceania
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20th century

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Africa

America

Asia

Europe

Oceania

21st century and later

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List by type

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In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation.[23] For example, theDominican Republic underRafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is theRepublic of Iraq underSaddam Hussein.

Arab republics

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Confederal republics

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Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such asdefense andforeign policy:

Crowned republics

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Acrowned republic, is a form ofconstitutional monarchy where the monarch's role is commonly seen as largely ceremonial and where all the royal prerogatives are prescribed by custom and law in such a way that the monarch has limited discretion over governmental and constitutional issues.

Democratic republics

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Main article:Democratic republic

Democratic republics are usuallysocialist states, although not all of them are necessarily socialist.

Federal republics

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Main article:Federal republic

Federal republics arefederal states in which theadministrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government. Federal republics are not unitary states.

Islamic republics

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Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:

People's republics

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Main article:People's republic

People's republics are said to be governed by the people. The name is most often (but not always) used bycommunist states.

Current people's republics

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Former people's republics

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Socialist republics

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These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.

Unitary republics

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Unitary republics areunitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature. Unitary states are not federations or confederations.

Republics of Russia

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See also:Republics of Russia

Disputed separatist republics

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See also

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References

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  1. ^Miles, Richard (2011).Carthage Must be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Mediterranean Civilization. Penguin. p. 67.ISBN 978-0-14-101809-6.
  2. ^Miles 2011, p. 68.
  3. ^abMacDonald, Eve (2025).Carthage: A new history of an ancient empire. Ebury Publishing. p. 45.ISBN 978-1-5299-1170-1.
  4. ^Hoyos, Dexter (2021).Carthage: A Biography. Routledge. p. 32.ISBN 978-1-138-78820-6.
  5. ^Vikas Nain, "Second Urbanization in the Chronology of Indian History",International Journal of Academic Research and Development3 (2) (March 2018), pp. 538–542 esp. 539.
  6. ^abcdefghSharma 1968, p. 81-84.
  7. ^abSharma 1968, p. 85-135.
  8. ^abSharma 1968, p. 136-158.
  9. ^abSharma 1968, p. 159-168.
  10. ^abSharma 1968, p. 169-181.
  11. ^Sharma 1968, p. 182-206.
  12. ^Sharma 1968, p. 207-217.
  13. ^Sharma 1968, p. 219-224.
  14. ^Sharma 1968, p. 225-227.
  15. ^Sharma 1968, p. 227-231.
  16. ^Sharma 1968, p. 231-236.
  17. ^"Brief history of Novgorod". waytorussia.net. Retrieved26 December 2007.
  18. ^Plantet, Eugène (1889).Correspondance des deys d'Alger avec la Cour de France, 1579-1833(PDF) (in French). Paris: F. Alcan. pp. 90–92.
  19. ^Carrington, Dorothy, "The Corsican Constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755–1769),"The English Historical Review, July 1973, pp 481–503
  20. ^Van de Water, Frederic Franklyn (1974).The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791. The Countryman Press.ISBN 0-914378-02-3.
  21. ^"Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government",Hawaiian Gazette, p. 1, 1 November 1895
  22. ^Henry St. Amant Bradsher,Afghanistan and the Soviet Union, Duke University Press, 1983.
  23. ^Republic,Oxford English Dictionary, SECOND EDITION 1989
  24. ^abcdeWells, H. G. (1 December 2005).A Short History of the World. Cosimo, Inc.ISBN 9781596055858.
  25. ^"The Constitutional Act of Denmark".thedanishparliament.dk. The Danish Parliament (Folketinget). Archived fromthe original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved14 April 2016.
  26. ^Holm, Thue Ahrenkilde; Rohde, Thomas Søgaard (21 November 2019)."DF mener, at Grundloven kun er til for danske statsborgere – men en afdød professor og tre nulevende eksperter er dybt uenige".Berlingske (in Danish). Retrieved29 October 2019.
  27. ^Willoughby, Westel Woodbury; Fairlie, John Archibald; Ogg, Frederic Austin (1918).The American Political Science Review. American Political Science Association.
  28. ^Patmore, Glenn (2009).Choosing the Republic. University of New South Wales Press.ISBN 9781742230153.
  29. ^"Ελλάς (Πολίτευμα)" [Greece (Form of Government)].anemi.lib.uoc.gr (in Greek). Athens: Pyrsos Publishing. 1934. p. 239. Retrieved31 August 2018.Through the Constitution of 1864, constitutional monarchy, or, as it had been described, "crowned democracy", or "democratic monarchy", was consolidated as the form of government in Greece.
  30. ^"Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδος" [Constitution of Greece](PDF).hellenicparliament.gr (in Greek). Athens:Hellenic Parliament. 1952. p. 6. Retrieved31 August 2018.Article 21: The Form of Government of Greece is that of a Crowned Republic. All powers stem from the Nation and are exercised in accordance with the Constitution.
  31. ^Abi-Mershed, Osama (10 May 2010).Apostles of Modernity: Saint-Simonians and the Civilizing Mission in Algeria. Stanford University Press. p. 45.ISBN 978-0-8047-7472-7.
  32. ^"The Formation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889". Archived fromthe original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved19 May 2008.
  33. ^"Mexico".The World Factbook.Central Intelligence Agency. 2007. Retrieved21 December 2007.
  34. ^"Nepal declared republican state – Gorkhapatra Sansthan – State Owned Newspaper".{{cite web}}:|archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ^Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR approved the Law of the RSFSR #2094-I of December 25, 1991"Name Change for the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" // News of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR and Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR. 1992. No. 2. Art. 62
  36. ^Article 1 of the Russian Constitution
  37. ^"United States".The World Factbook.Central Intelligence Agency. 2007. Retrieved21 December 2007.
  38. ^"Korea, North".The World Factbook.Central Intelligence Agency. 2007. Retrieved21 December 2007.
  39. ^"Algeria".The World Factbook.Central Intelligence Agency. 2007. Retrieved21 December 2007.
  40. ^"Laos".The World Factbook.Central Intelligence Agency. 2007. Retrieved21 December 2007.
  41. ^"Bangladesh".The World Factbook.Central Intelligence Agency. 2007. Retrieved21 December 2007.
  42. ^"China".The World Factbook.Central Intelligence Agency. 2007. Retrieved21 December 2007.

Sources

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External links

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  • Media related toRepublics at Wikimedia Commons
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