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Inpolitical science, apolitical ideology is a certain set ofethicalideals,principles,doctrines, myths orsymbols of asocial movement, institution, class orlarge group that explains how society should work and offers some political and culturalblueprint for a certainsocial order.
A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocatepower and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them.
An ideology's popularity is partly due to the influence ofmoral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the bestform of government (e.g.autocracy ordemocracy) and the besteconomic system (e.g.capitalism orsocialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas.
For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology that supports that economic system. The same term may also refer to multiple ideologies, which is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms.
For example, while the terms have been conflated at times,communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer toSoviet-type regimes andMarxist–Leninist ideologies, whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are most often distinct from Marxism–Leninism.[1]
Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2]
While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on thepolitical spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g.populism as it is commonly defined) and fromsingle issues around which a party may be built (e.g.civil libertarianism andsupport oropposition to European integration), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. Several studies show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7]
The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into several groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to the names of the best-known ideologies in each group.
The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically, and ideologically related to each other.
As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.
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