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List of oldest radio stations

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It is generally recognised that the firstradio transmission was made from a temporary station set up byGuglielmo Marconi in 1895. This followed on from pioneering work in the field by a number of people includingAlessandro Volta,André-Marie Ampère,Georg Ohm andJames Clerk Maxwell.[1]

The several potential contenders for the title of "oldest radio station" are listed below, organized by sign-on date.These are not restricted toradio broadcasting, i.e., the transmissions were not necessarily intended to reach a wide audience.

Stations

[edit]
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(December 2017)

AM on mediumwave and longwave

[edit]
Experimental and early radio stations (AM onmediumwave andlongwave)
Station
call-sign
(original)
Station
call-sign
(current)
City/locationOn airTransmission frequency
(AM radio /FM radio)
Broadcast class
Roberto Landell de Mouran/aSão Paulo (betweenPaulista Avenue and Alto de Santana)[2]1893
Guglielmo Marconin/aBroadcast across his garden inPontecchio, Italy.[1][3]1895Experimental
Although Australia's first officially recognised broadcast was made in 1906, some sources claim that there were transmissions in Australia in 1897, either conducted solely by ProfessorWilliam Henry Bragg of theUniversity of Adelaide[4][5] or by Prof. Bragg in conjunction with G.W. Selby of Melbourne.[1][List entry too long]n/a1897Experimental. Disputed in some sources.
Guglielmo Marconi, first trans-Atlantic transmission.n/afromPoldhu, Cornwall toSignal Hill,St. John's, Newfoundland.[1][3]December 1901Experimental
(First official Morse Code transmission in Australia)n/afromQueenscliff, Victoria toDevonport, Tasmania1906Experimental
(Reginald Fessenden experimental alternator station)BO[6]Brant Rock,Massachusetts, United States21 December 1906 (Audio tests from various locations from as early as 1900)AM 50 kHz (approximately)? W
Lee de Forest (laboratory in theParker Building)[?]New York City, New York, United States1907AM ? kHz (approximately)? W
(Beloit College Professor Dr. Charles Aaron Culver)[WBCR, WBNB, WEBW]Beloit, Wisconsin, United States1907[7]AM ? kHz (approximately) now airs on 90.3FM.? W
FN/SJN/6XF/6XE/KQW/"San Jose"KCBSSan Jose, California/San Francisco, California1909, 1921 (officially granted experimental license as KQW, become commercial in 1921, and KCBS in 1949)AM 740 kHz (Originally used 15 watts modulated withCarbon microphone)Class-B
XWACINWMontreal, Quebec, CanadaAugust 1914 – 1 December 1919 – May 1922 – 29 January 2010AM 940 kHz (Not original frequency). Considered by many Canadians to be "First scheduled broadcast station;" prior call sign CFCF stood forCanada'sFirst,Canada'sFinest.Class-A (Clear channel); XWA Experimental and W/T School station licence starting end of 1914,[8] regular broadcasting test emissions starting 1 December 1919 with XWA being replaced in May 1922 by private commercial broadcasting licence CFCF;[9] AM station CINW ceased operations on 29 January 2010.
2YUWRUCUnion College,Schenectady, New York1915[10]Various FrequenciesAM, switched in 1975 to 90.9FM, & moved in 1983 to 89.7FMOriginal: Technical & Training School License, Current: Class-A
2XIWGYSchenectady, New York20 February 1922AM 810 kHzClass-A
9ZP, 9CLSKGFXPierre, South DakotaThe station's roots date back to 1912 when Dana McNeil, was first licensed as 9ZP. In 1916, he was licensed as 9CLS. According to the FCC's card file for the station, the broadcast license for KGFX was first issued on 15 August 1927, with the licensee listed as Dana McNeil, The station was originally at 1180 kHz, moving to 580 kHz in 1928. In 1932, it moved to 630 kHz, where it remained until 1967.As of 2018 KGFX 1060AM continues to broadcast local content at 10 kW power in Pierre, SD. With an FM translator broadcasting at 107.1[List entry too long]Various frequencies,
2XGNew York City1916UnknownUnknown
(see also Lee de Forest [above].)
8XK,8ZZKDKAPittsburgh, Pennsylvania1916AM 1020 kHz75 watts (1916), Class-A (1920–present). Began simulcasting on shortwave in 1923 as 8XS.
Irish rebel stationnoneGeneral Post Office,Sackville Street,Dublin, Ireland24 April 1916Morse code only (Despite this claimed[where?] by some[who?] to be "world's first broadcast" as transmission not aimed at specific target)converted ship transmitter
9XMWHAUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison,Madison, Wisconsin4 December 1916 (regular Morse code weather broadcasts; first voice broadcast in February 1919; regular programming January 1921)AM 970 kHzClass-B
First direct communication Australia to the United Kingdomn/aAWA;Ernest Fisk;Sydney1918AM 21 kHz[11]
7AC/7XCKJRSeattle, WA, USA1919AM 833 kHz/619 kHz, then various frequencies; currently AM 950 kHz & FM 102.9 MHz[12]
Rádio Clube de Pernambucosame name as wellRecife, Pernambuco,1919AM 720 kHzMade the first radiophonic broadcast in Brazil, but the first radio officially acknowledged wasRádio Sociedade do Rio de Janeiro (actually,Rádio MEC). Also, it is one of the oldest stations in the world.[List entry too long]
First Australian experiment in the broadcast of musicn/aAWA;Ernest Fisk;Sydney8 August 1919AM[11]
Doubleday-Hill radio department station[13][14]KQV[15]Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania19 November 1919[13][14][16]Currently AM 1410 kHzCurrently Class D
(Experimental Czech tests)Petřínská rozhledna (Petřín Lookout Tower),Prague,Czechoslovakia28 October 1919 (Experimental),
20 May 1920
AM ??? kHz?? kW
2MT (Marconi experimental station with a regular news service)Writtle,Chelmsford, Essex, England23 February 1920AM 107 kHz15 kW
LOR Radio ArgentinaLORBuenos Aires, Argentina27 August 1920

Continued daily commercial broadcast up to 1997

AM 857 kHz[17]5 Watts initially, 500 Watts by 1921
6ADZKNXLos Angeles, CaliforniaSummer 1920, granted broadcasting station license 1921AM 1070 kHzClass-A
8MKWWJDetroit, Michigan20 August 1920AM 950 kHzClass-B
KDKAsame as original.Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania27 October 1920 (Aired as 8ZZ that night)AM 1020 kHzClass-A (Clear channel)
9AHToronto, Canada18 April 1921 (as 9AH); 18 April 1922 (as CKCE) - closed September 1924450 metresLicensed to Canadian Independent Telephone Company of Toronto (CITCO), initially as experimental license for wireless telephony.[18]
9YKWEWSt. Louis,Missouri21 April 1921 (as 9YK); 23 March 1922 (as WEW)AM 770 kHzClass-D
WRRKTCKDallas, Texas4 August 1921 (broadcasts date back to 1920)AM 1310 kHz
WBZSame as original.Boston, Massachusetts19 September 1921AM 1030 kHzClass-A (Clear channel)
XEH-AMSame as original.San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León9 October 1921AM 1420 kHzClass-B
KYWsame as originalChicago, Illinois (1921)[19]
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1934)[20]
Cleveland, Ohio (1956)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1965)[21]
11 November 1921AM 560 kHz, 570 kHz, 1020 kHz (Chicago)
AM 1020 kHz (Philadelphia)
AM 1100 kHz (Cleveland))
AM 1060 kHz (Philadelphia)
Class-A (Clear channel)
Experimental broadcasts by Professor Robert Jack[22] of Otago University4XDDunedin, New Zealand17 November 1921experimentalNew Zealand's first regular broadcasts of voice and music[23]
2CM Charles Maclurcan; Sydney1921AM 214 kHzAustralia's first experimental station[11]
Radio Journal de la Tour Eiffel
(Eiffel Tower Newsreel)
France InterParis, France1921"Long wave"
115 kHz (2600 m)
N/A
WCATRapid City, South Dakota1922AM 618 kHz (1922–?)
AM 1200 kHz 1928–1941
AM 1230 kHz 1941–1952
9-BC, 9-XR, 9-BY, WOCWOCDavenport, Iowa19221420 kHz (1942–present)Class-B
WLBKUOMSaint Paul, Minnesota13 January 1922AM 770 kHzClass-D
WHNWEPNRidgewood, New YorkFebruary 1922,[24] some sources cite 18 March 1922AM 833 kHzClass-A
KLZsame as originalDenver, Colorado10 March 1922[25]AM 560 kHZwww.KLZradio.com, Colorado's First Station, Class-B
WSBSame as originalAtlanta, Georgia15 March 1922[26]Originally on 360 meters (AM 833 kHz), moved across the dial and eventually assigned to AM 750 kHz following theNARBA treatiesClass-A (Clear channel)
WIPWTELPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania17 March 1922AM 610 kHzClass-B
WLWWLWCincinnati, Ohio23 March 1922AM 700 kHzClass-A (Clear channel)
WWLsame as originalNew Orleans, Louisiana31 March 1922AM 870 kHzClass A
WGUWSCRChicago, Illinois13 April 1922Originally AM 833 kHz, became WMAQ at 750 kHz on 2 October 1922, moved to 670 kHz on 2 July 1923Class-A
KHJKHJLos Angeles, California13 April 1922AM 720 kHz, founded by C.R. Kierulff & Co., sold to Times-Mirror Company in late 1922Class-A
KFIKFILos Angeles, California16 April 1922AM 640 kHz, founded by Earle C. AnthonyClass-A
4XDWBTCharlotte, North Carolina18 December 1920, License granted 10 April 1922AM 1110 kHzClass-A
CKOCCKOCHamilton, Ontario1 May 1922410 metres (1922–1925)

AM 880 kHz (1925–1930)
AM 1120 kHz (1930–1931)
AM 630 kHz (1931–1933)
AM 1120 kHz (1933–1941)
AM 1150 kHz (1941—present)

Class B
KZNKSLSalt Lake City, Utah and vicinity6 May 1922AM 1160 kHz(1941–present)Class A (Clear channel)
2LO2LOLondon, United Kingdom11 May 19221 hour daily tests on 350 metres (857 kHz) AM. Full service opened: 14 November 1922
2ZY2ZYManchester, United Kingdom17 May 1922Test TXs: 350 metres (857 kHz) AM. Full service opened 15 November 1922: 375 meters
CFCAnoneToronto, Canada22 June 1922 — 1 September 1933Began testing on 450 metres on 10 April 1922, licensed for 400 metres beginning 22 June 2022. Moved to 770 kHz in 1928.
KFBLKRKOEverett, Washington, USA26 August 1922[27]AM 1380  kHz (1958–present)Class B (Regional)
CKACsame as originalMontreal, Quebec/Montreal, Québec, Canada12 September 1922AM 730 kHzClass-A
DN4XDDunedin, New Zealand4 October 1922originally AM 1431 kHz, now AM 1305 kHz and FM 99.8 MHz
9BTCFRC-FMKingston, Ontario, Canada7 October 1922450 metres (666 kHz) (ca.1923–1925),
AM 1120 kHz (1925–1930),
AM 930 kHz (1930–1933),
AM 915 kHz (c. 1933),
AM 1510 kHz (1933–1941),
AM 1490 kHz (1941–1990)
concurrently FM 91.9 MHz (1954–1990)
(now FM 101.9 MHz)
Class-A
5IT5ITBirmingham, United Kingdom15 November 1922Not known
WNAXsame as originalYankton, South Dakota25 November 1922AM 570 kHz
WKAQsame as originalSan Juan, Puerto Rico3 December 1922AM 580 kHzClass-B
Radio CeylonSri Lanka Broadcasting CorporationColombo, Sri Lanka1923 (experimental), 1925 (official launch) – present"Long wave" 375 kHz1500 W[28]
WKBV
William Knox BrookVille
Same as isRichmond, Indiana
Whitewater Broadcasting
1923AM 1000 kHz 24/7Class B
CKUACKUA Radio NetworkEdmonton, Alberta
(broadcast province-wide)
1923Originated as CFCK in 1923. Began airing University of Alberta lectures in 1925. Purchased by the university in 1927, becoming educational station CKUA on November 21. 500-watt (Original)
AM 580 kHz (Edmonton)
Various FM frequencies province-wide with first FM licence granted in 1947. FM only since 2013 when AM signal discontinued.
B
Radio Chilena (Chile Radio Company)CB66Santiago, ChileOctober 1922 (experimental), 26 March 1923 (official launch) – 2005AM 660 kHz
PKX (Malabar Radio)n/aBandung,Dutch East Indies (nowIndonesia)5 May 1923Long wave
RadiojournalČeský rozhlas RadiožurnálPrague-Kbely,Czechoslovakia18 May 1923"Long wave"
292 kHz (1025 m)[verification needed]
[29][30]
CYB "El Buen Tono"XEB-AM (Instituto Mexicano de la Radio)Mexico City, Mexico23 September 1923[31]AM 1220 kHzN/A
Finland's first private public broadcasting station.3NB3NB,TampereTampere,Tavastia1 November 1923AM kHz[32]
Australia's firstofficial station.2SB; 2BL as from 1 March 1924ABC Radio SydneySydney23 November 1923. One of sixSealed Set system stations;AM 855 kHz[33][34]
XROn/aShanghai, ChinaNovember 1923AM 1500 kHz50 Watts (1923). First radio station in China.[35]
2FC2RN, Radio NationalSydney12 December 1923. One of sixSealed Set system stations;AM 273 kHz[33][34]
Radio IbéricaN/AMadrid, Spain22 December 1923.;AM 729 kHzN/A
19 September 1924Radio BelgradeBelgrade, Serbia19 September 1924.;AM 684 kHzN/A
3AR3RN, Radio NationalMelbourne,Victoria, Australia26 January 1924. One of sixSealed Set system stations;AM 625 kHz[36][34]
WESWLSChicago, IllinoisOwned bySears Roebuck, WLS would come to stand for the World's Largest Store. Sears ran broadcasts from WMAQ studios as WBBX in March 1924. WES tests were conducted 9 to 11 April 1924. WLS would begin on 12 April and became one of 25 original 50,000 watt "Clear Channel" system stations;Originally AM 870 kHz, AM 890 kHzClass-A
6WF720 ABC PerthPerth,Western Australia4 June 1924. One of sixSealed Set system stations;AM 240 kHz[37][34]
N/ARadio BloemendaalBloemendaal,Netherlands
15 June 1924originally AM 1500 kHz (200m)
later AM 1223 kHz (245 m)
currently AM 1116 kHz (269 m)
various
VOWR/8WMC800 AMSt. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada24 July 1924800 AMVOWR - Wikipedia
URI (Unione Radiofonica Italiana), 1-RORai Radio 1Rome, Italy
6 October 1924AM 705 (425m)  kHz
KFUOSame as originalSt. Louis, Missouri14 December 1924AM 850 kHzClass-B
KOAsame as originalDenver, Colorado, United States
15 December 1924 One of 25 original 50,000 watt "Clear Channel" system stationsAM850 kHz
StatsradiofonienDR P1Copenhagen, Denmark1 April 1925 (experimental), license granted April 1926, Regular broadcast from April 1926"Long wave"N/A
WCSHWZANPortland, Maine1925"Long wave"
N/ARadio PolandWarsaw, Poland1 February 1925 (experimental), Regular broadcast from 18 April 1926"Medium wave"N/A
N/ARadio RomaniaBucharest, RomaniaSummer 1925 – 1927 (experimental), license granted March 1928, Regular broadcast from 1 November 1928"Long wave"N/A
2BE. Australia's first commercial station. Burgin Electric Company.n/aSydney7 November 1924 to 6 November 1929AM 870 kHz. (Wavelength later taken by2GB.)[38]B Class, commercial[34]
WEBKWOODGrand Rapids, Michigan, United States16 September 1924AM 1130 kHz, presently on 1300 kHz,Class-B
3LO774 ABC MelbourneMelbourne,Victoria, Australia13 October 1924. One of sixSealed Set system stations;AM 175 kHz[36][34]
5MAn/aAdelaide,South AustraliaApril 1924 to early 1925. One of sixSealed Set system stations.Does not appear to have actually broadcastseeArthur William Jarrett
2UE. Australia's third commercial station, and the oldest commercial station still operating.2UESydney26 January 1925AM 1025 kHzB Class, commercial.[34] Was originally going to broadcast as 2EU, but the callsign was reversed prior to the licence being issued on 7 November 1924.
JOAKsame as isTokyo, Japan22 March 1925AM 594 kHz
Bataviase Radio VerenigingRRI Jakarta stations (part ofRRI)Batavia, Dutch East Indies (nowJakarta, Indonesia)16 June 1925
CHRCCHRCQuebec City, Quebec/Quebec City, Quebec, Canada1 April 1926AM 800 kHzClass-B. Final broadcast in 2012.
Lietuvos RadijasLRT RadijasKaunas, Lithuania26 June 1926AM 1961 kHz
XOH, later COHBPBS Harbin News RadioHarbin, China1 October 1926AM 1071 kHz (1926)
AM 674 kHz (1928, as COHB)
AM 1055 kHz (1945, as XMHR)
AM 837 kHz (1949 to present)
100 Watts, 1928 1 kW. First radio station founded by Chinese.[39]
CFCOsame as isChatham, Ontario/Chatham-Kent, Ontario, CanadaSeptember 1927AM 630 kHzClass-B
JODKHLKASeoul, South Korea1927AM 711 kHz
GOW, ZBWRTHKHong Kong30 June 1928 (GOW, now RTHK 3)
1XEbecameWGI February 1922 (and WARC March 1925)Medford, Massachusetts1916 sporadically, then 1919–1920 till April 1925? – later on 833 kHz
2XNCity College of New York, New York City1913; 1920
2ZKNew Rochelle, New York1916
NSF/HDO, later ANDO and AVRONPOHuizen (transmitter),Hilversum (studio),Netherlands21 July 1923, from 1930 part of Dutch Public RadioAM 279 kHz, 1927 also 1004 kHz, today FM network500 W, 1927 5 kW
2RN (Irish Free State radio)RTÉ (Irish national radio & television)[40]General Post Office (O'Connell Street),Dublin, Ireland1 January 1926AM 380 kHz, and fromCork AM612 kHz,
NDO, 50% time KRO, 50% NCRVNPOHuizen (transmitter),Hilversum (studio),Netherlands1927, from 1930 part of Dutch Public radioAM 160 kHz, 1935 transmitter moved to Kootwijk, 1938 also Jaarsveld 722 kHz, today FM network and 747/1251 kHzHuizen 15 kW, Kootwijk day 15 kW, evening 120 kW, Jaarsveld 20 kW
2TM2TMTamworth, Australia27 February 19351287 kHz

FM or shortwave

[edit]
Experimental or early radio stations (FM andshortwave)
Station
call-sign
(original)
Station
call-sign
(current)
City/locationOn airTransmission frequency
(AM radio /FM radio)
Broadcast class
PCGGN/AThe Hague, Netherlands6 November 1919 – 11 November 1924Narrow-band FM, 570 mN/A
WWV US GovernmentTime ServiceWWVFort Collins, Colorado"6 months before KDKA" (May 1920)2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHzHF (Shortwave)
XS (1921–1929),
W8XK (1929–1939),
WPIT (1939–1940)[41]
Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaNovember 1920 – December 1939
Owned and operated byWestinghouse Electric Corporation. Used to relay KDKA signal to AM rebroadcasters in other cities.[42] Broadcast programming fromKDKA, and also broadcastThe Northern Messenger to the Arctic. Merged with WBOS (1940) and became a VOA transmitter (1942).
15,210 kHz, 11,880 kHz, 6,140 kHz[43]40 kW (1937)[44]
PCJJRadio Netherlands WorldwidePhilips Laboratories atEindhoven,Netherlands, moved toHilversum in 1933.The first shortwave station in Europe. 25 June 1926 (test transmissions began), and the first shortwave station in the world with its own dedicated programming rather than being a simulcast of an AM/MW or LW station such asKDKA. Regular broadcast from 30 May 1927 to May 1940 when the station went dark due to the German occupation of Holland; resumed after liberation October 1945 – 1946 when Philips and other shortwave radio stations taken over by Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Sister station PHI broadcast in Dutch to the Dutch East and West Indies from 1928 to 1930 and 1934 to 1949.30.2 metres shortwave
G2NM[45]Caterham, Surrey, England11 September 1927.23 and 33 metres1 kW
VE9GWCRCXBowmanville, OntarioApril 1930 – 1938 – used to relayCRCT (later CBL) to northern Ontario, northern Manitoba and the Canadian Arctic6.095 MHz (primarily), 11.810 MHz, 24.380 MHz25 watt (initially), 200 watts (1031), 500 watts (1932)
HVJVatican RadioVatican City12 February 193110 kW (originally)
HCJBHCJBQuito, Ecuador25 December 193150.26 metres, later 6050 kHz, 9745 kHz, 11775 kHz and 15155 kHz.200 watts (initially), 1,000 watt (1937), 10,000 watt (1940), 100,000 (1967), 500,000 (1981)
W8XHBuffalo, New York18 March 1934 – July 1939. Replaced in 1944 with an FM station, now known asWTSS.51.4 & 41.0 MHzApex (ultra-shortwave)
W1XOJPaxton, Massachusetts/Boston, Massachusetts1937Unknown
W1XPW, briefly W65HWHCNHartford, Connecticut1939102.9 FM
W2XMNAlpine, New Jersey1939 – 194642.8 MHz, later 44.1 MHz
W2XDA (Schenectady)/W2XOY (New Scotland), later WGFMWRVESchenectady, New York1939, 20 November 1940 as W2XOY[46]Originally on FM 48.5 MHz, now FM 99.5Unknown
W47NVN/ANashville, Tennessee1941 to 1951Unknown

Networks

[edit]
Early radio networks
NameFull nameLocationOn airNotes
British Broadcasting CompanyUnited Kingdom1922–1926Private commercial company made up of 26 stations by 1926. Nationalised to become theBritish Broadcasting Corporation (BBC Radio) in 1927.
CNR RadioCanadian National Railway Radio DepartmentCanada1923–1933First national radio network in North America.[47] Developed by theCanadian National Railway to provide en route entertainment for train passengers but also available to anyone within signal range. Consisted of 27 stations (3 owned and operated and up to 24 "phantom stations" – time leased on affiliated radio stations.
WEAF chainBroadcasting Company of AmericaNortheast and Midwest United States1923–1926Regional network ofAT&T-owned radio stations withNew York City radio stationWEAF as its hub. Grew to 27 stations (WEAF and 26 affiliates) stretching from Boston toKansas City by the end of 1925 under the nameBroadcasting Company of America, Sold toRCA in 1926 and merged with RCA'sWJZ chain to form theNational Broadcasting Company (NBC)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdMimi Colligan,Golden Days of Radio, Australia Post, 1991
  2. ^"Memórias de um Jornalista – Atualidades do mundo da Saúde" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived fromthe original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved25 January 2019.
  3. ^ab"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909".
  4. ^"TIME LINE – ESTABLISHMENT OF WIRELESS INSTITUTE OF AUSTRALIA"
  5. ^Bernard Harte,When Radio Was The Cat's Whiskers, 2002, privately published Dural, NSW
  6. ^"United States: Brant Rock, Mass.",List of Wireless-Telegraph Stations of the World (1 August 1907 edition), page 24.
  7. ^"Radio Station | WBCR 90.3 FM Beloit College Radio | United States".WBCR. Retrieved17 March 2022.
  8. ^"Report of the Department of the Naval Service for the Fiscal Year ending March 31, 1915"
  9. ^Armstrong, R. (2015), "Broadcasting Policy in Canada", 2nd Edition, University of Toronto Press, p. 23; "LE RADIO – Programme du 25 juin", La Presse newspaper, Saturday 24 June 1922
  10. ^"Union College", Education's Own Stations by S. E. Frost, Jr., PhD, 1937, pages 437–441.
  11. ^abcCarty, Bruce,On the Air – Australian Radio History, privately published Gosford NSW, page 25
  12. ^"The 100th Anniversary of KJR Seattle, 1919 to 2019". 24 December 2019.
  13. ^ab"Telephone Downtown Soon", "The Radio Amateur" by C. E. Urban,Pittsburgh Gazette Times, 26 October 1919, Sixth section, page 13.
  14. ^ab"Wireless Phone Installed by Local Firm", "The Radio Amateur" by C. E. Urban,Pittsburgh Gazette Times, 25 January 1920, Fifth section, page 9.
  15. ^"New Stations: Commercial Land Stations",Radio Service Bulletin, 1 November 1921, page 2.
  16. ^"Radiophone Concert Schedule", "The Radio Amateur" by C. E. Urban,Pittsburgh Gazette Times, 15 February 1920, Second section, page 4. "Messrs. Williams and Devinney" were Burton P. Williams and Robert C. Devinney.
  17. ^Revista Telegráfica, May 1923, Page 134
  18. ^"CKCE (AM)".History of Canadian Broadcasting. Canadian Communications Foundation. Retrieved9 August 2024.
  19. ^Radio broadcast-Volume 1-Radio Has Gripped Chicago-pages 503–511
  20. ^"New KYW Opens December 3rd (page 4)"(PDF). The Microphone. 24 November 1934. Retrieved14 July 2010.
  21. ^KYW Newsradio Station HistoryArchived 7 January 2007 at theWayback Machine, which details the evolution of the station from Chicago, to Philadelphia, to Cleveland and back to Philadelphia.
  22. ^"Robert Jack (physicist)".
  23. ^"NZHistory".
  24. ^"The History of WHN Radio". Archived fromthe original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved30 July 2008.
  25. ^"United States Pioneer Broadcast Service Stations". Retrieved21 January 2020.
  26. ^"New Stations: Commercial Land Stations",Radio Service Bulletin, April 1, 1922, page 2.
  27. ^"Radio Service Bulletin"(PDF).
  28. ^"Shortwave Central: The Story of Radio Broadcasting in Ceylon". 10 April 2012.
  29. ^"Czech Radio history". Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved27 January 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  30. ^"Czech Radio history".Radio Prague International. Retrieved9 May 2020.
  31. ^About XEB (in Spanish)Archived 10 August 2013 at theWayback Machine
  32. ^"Radiopioneerit tamperelaisella ullakolla". 21 August 2013.
  33. ^abCarty, Bruce,On the Air – Australian Radio History, privately published Gosford NSW, page 27
  34. ^abcdefgR R Walker,The Magic Spark: 50 Years of Radio in Australia, The Hawthorn Press, Melbourne, 1973
  35. ^第一节 无线广播[permanent dead link], shtong.gov.cn
  36. ^abCarty, Bruce,On the Air – Australian Radio History, privately published Gosford NSW, page 47
  37. ^Carty, Bruce,On the Air – Australian Radio History, privately published Gosford NSW, page 74
  38. ^Carty, Bruce,On the Air – Australian Radio History, privately published Gosford NSW, page 28
  39. ^"黑龙江省志 广播电视志". Archived fromthe original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved9 October 2019.
  40. ^"History of RTÉ".RTÉ.ie.
  41. ^"WESTINGHOUSE INTERNATIONAL STATIONS: UNDER NEW CALL LETTERS",The Palestine Post (1933-1950); Jerusalem, Israel [Jerusalem, Israel]22 Sep 1939: 7.
  42. ^"Pioneer Short-Wave Station Historical Marker". Archived fromthe original on 16 November 2011.
  43. ^"QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: Time Schedule and Channels Used by KDKA's ShortWave Transmitter--Call Is W8XK",The New York Times (1923-Current file); New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]17 Aug 1930: 120.
  44. ^"The Canadian Northern Messenger Service".Wavescan (Adventist World Radio). 4 March 2018. Retrieved29 September 2020.
  45. ^Clarricoats, John (1967).World at their fingertips, pub. RSGB, pp. 130–132
  46. ^"Carnival Atmosphere",Broadcasting, 1 December 1940, page 76.
  47. ^CNR Company Fonds[permanent dead link], Provincial Archives of Alberta. Retrieved 22 January 2008
History
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media
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and switching
Multiplexing
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