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The list below describes such skeletal movements as normally are possible in particular joints of the human body. Other animals have different degrees of movement at their respective joints; this is because of differences in positions of muscles and because structures peculiar to the bodies of humans and other species block motions unsuited to their anatomies.

The major muscles involved in retraction include therhomboid major muscle,rhomboid minor muscle andtrapezius muscle,^[2][3] whereas the major muscles involved in protraction include theserratus anterior andpectoralis minor muscles.^[4][5]

The musclestibialis anterior andtibialis posterior invert the foot. Some sources also state that thetriceps surae andextensor hallucis longus invert.^[6]: 123 Inversion occurs at thesubtalar joint andtransverse tarsal joint.^[7]

Eversion of the foot occurs at thesubtalar joint. The muscles involved in this includefibularis longus andfibularis brevis, which are innervated by thesuperficial fibular nerve. Some sources also state that thefibularis tertius everts.^[6]: 108

• 
  Peroneus longus andperoneus brevis (centre left), the primary muscles involved in eversion
• 
  Tibialis anterior and posterior (centre top), the primary muscles involved in inversion

Dorsiflexion of the foot: The muscles involved include those of theAnterior compartment of leg, specificallytibialis anterior muscle,extensor hallucis longus muscle,extensor digitorum longus muscle, andperoneus tertius. The range of motion for dorsiflexion indicated in the literature varies from 12.2^[8] to 18^[9] degrees.^[10]Foot drop is a condition, that occurs when dorsiflexion is difficult for an individual who is walking.

Plantarflexion of the foot: Primary muscles for plantar flexion are situated in thePosterior compartment of leg, namely the superficialGastrocnemius,Soleus andPlantaris (only weak participation), and the deep musclesFlexor hallucis longus,Flexor digitorum longus andTibialis posterior. Muscles in theLateral compartment of leg also weakly participate, namely theFibularis longus andFibularis brevis muscles. Those in the lateral compartment only have weak participation in plantar flexion though. The range of motion for plantar flexion is usually indicated in the literature as 30° to 40°, but sometimes also 50°. The nerves are primarily from thesacral spinal cord roots S1 and S2. Compression of S1 roots may result in weakness in plantarflexion; these nerves run from the lower back to the bottom of the foot.^{[citation needed]}

Pronation at theforearm is a rotational movement at theradioulnar joint, or of thefoot at thesubtalar andtalocalcaneonavicular joints.^[11][12] For the forearm, when standing in theanatomical position, pronation will move the palm of the hand from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position without an associated movement at theshoulder joint). This corresponds to acounterclockwise twist for the right forearm and aclockwise twist for the left (when viewed superiorly). In the forearm, this action is performed bypronator quadratus andpronator teres muscle.Brachioradialis puts the forearm into a midpronated/supinated position from either full pronation or supination. For the foot, pronation will cause the sole of the foot to face more laterally than when standing in the anatomical position.

Pronation of the foot is a compound movement that combinesabduction,eversion, anddorsiflexion. Regarding posture, a pronated foot is one in which the heel bone angles inward and the arch tends to collapse. Pronation is the motion of the inner and outer ball of the foot with the heel bone.^[13] One is said to be "knock-kneed" if one has overly pronated feet. It flattens the arch as the foot strikes the ground in order to absorb shock when the heel hits the ground, and to assist in balance during mid-stance. If habits develop, this action can lead to foot pain as well as knee pain,shin splints,achilles tendinitis, posterior tibial tendinitis,piriformis syndrome, andplantar fasciitis.^{[citation needed]}.

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