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List of most distant stars

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of themost distant individually seen stars discovered, alist of the most distant stars that are separately known, resolved as individualstars, or asmultiple star systems. It is not a list of sources that should contain stars that are distant but no separate stars within that source are separately known, such as unresolved stars in star clusters, galaxies, galaxy clusters.

Distances to stars may be determined throughparallax measurements, use ofstandard references such ascepheid variables orType Ia supernovas to the object in which the star resides, orredshift measurement.Spectroscopic redshift measurement is preferred, whilephotometric redshift measurement is also used to identify candidate high redshift sources. The symbolz represents redshift

Most distant stars

[edit]
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(February 2024)
List of most distant individually seen stars
StarRedshiftDistance (Mpc)DiscoveryNotes
WHL0137-LS (Earendel)6.2±0.1[1]8,6002022The most distant knownstar as of 2023.[update] Most likely astar cluster.[2]
MACS J0647.7+7015 LS14.8[3]7,8302023
MACS J0647.7+7015 LS2
Abell 2744 LS12.65[4]6,1102022
Godzilla2.38[5]5,7802022The most luminous known star.
Quyllur2.1878[6]5,5402023Firstred supergiant at cosmological distances.
Mothra2.091[7]5,4002023A binary consisting of ayellow supergiant oryellow hypergiant and aBlue supergiant.
MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1 (Icarus)1.49[8]4,4102018The most distant known star prior to the discovery of Earendel.
Warhol0.94[9]3,0002014Transient, extremely luminousO-type star or a LargeWolf-Rayet star[10]
[Clarify why the following are among the most distant.]
AT 2022zmn0.019[11]842022Luminous blue variable.
AT 2022oku0.018[12]792022Luminous blue variable.
AT 2018kle0.012505[13]552018Luminous blue variable.
SDSS J1229+11220.00012717
[clarification needed]		2013Blue supergiant.

List of most distant stars by type

[edit]
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(June 2025)
List of most distant stars by type
TypeStarDistanceDateNotesRef.
Most distant, any typeEarendel
(WHL0137-LS)		z=6.2[NB 1][NB 2]2022This star is gravitationally lensed[14][15][16]
Most distantcepheid variableP42130 Mly (40 Mpc)As of 2024[update]This cepheid is located in galaxyNGC 5468[17][18][19]
  • z representsredshift, a measure ofrecessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
  • mas representsparallax, a measure ofangle and distance can be determined through trigonometry
  • pc representsparsec, a measure ofdistance, the distance that a parallax of an arcsecond corresponds with
  • ly representslightyear, a measure ofdistance, the distance that light travels in a year

List of most distant stars by event type

[edit]
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(June 2025)
List of most distant stellar events
TypeEventDistanceDateNotes
Most distantgamma ray burst (GRB)GRB 090423z=8.2[NB 1]2009At the time of discovery, this was the most distant known object found so far.[20][21][22]
  • z representsredshift, a measure ofrecessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
  • mas representsparallax, a measure ofangle and distance can be determined through trigonometry
  • pc representsparsec, a measure ofdistance, the distance that a parallax of an arcsecond corresponds with
  • ly representslightyear, a measure ofdistance, the distance that light travels in a year

Timeline of most distant star recordholders

[edit]
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(May 2025)

The succession of most distant separately known star


Stars in these lists were found to be the most distant star at the time of determination of their distance. This is frequently not the same as the date of their discovery.[Use consistent units for distances.]

Most distant star titleholders[NB 3]
StarTypeDateDistance then
estimated		NotesRefs.
Earendel
(WHL0137-LS)		2022–z=6.2[NB 1][NB 2]This star is gravitationally lensed[14][15][16]
Icarus
(MACS J1149+2223 LS1)		B-I
(blue supergiant)		2018−2022z=1.49[NB 1][NB 4]This star is gravitationally lensed[23][16][24][25]
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(May 2025)
Arcturus
(Alpha Bootis)		Solitary star1891−1910160ly
(18mas)
(this was very inaccurate, true=37 ly)		This number is wrong; originally announced in 1891, the figure was corrected in 1910 to 40 ly (60 mas).
From 1891 to 1910, it had been thought this was the star with the smallest known parallax, hence the most distant star whose distance was known.
Prior to 1891, Arcturus had previously been recorded of having a parallax of 127 mas.		[26][27][28][29]
Capella
(Alpha Aurigae)		Solitary star1849−72 ly
(46 mas)		[30][31][32]
Polaris
(Alpha Ursae Minoris)		Variable star, solitary star1847−184950 ly
(80 mas)
(this was very inaccurate, true=~375 ly)		[33][34]
Vega
(Alpha Lyrae)		Star (part of adouble star pair)1839−18477.77 pc
(125 mas)		[33]
61 CygniBinary star1838−18393.48pc
(313.6 mas)		This was the first star other than the Sun to have its distance measured.[33][35][36]
SunSolitary star3rd century BC – 1609380 Earth radii
(very inaccurate, true=16000 Earth radii)		Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance of the Sun from the Earth in relation to the distance of the Moon from the Earth.
The distance to the Moon was described in Earth radii (20, also inaccurate).
The diameter of the Earth had been calculated previously.
At the time, it was assumed that some of the planets were further away, but their distances could not be measured.
The order of the planets was conjecture until Kepler determined the distances from the Sun of the five known planets other than Earth.
It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.
  • z representsredshift, a measure ofrecessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
  • mas represents milliarcseconds ofparallax, a measure ofangle and distance can be determined through trigonometry
  • pc representsparsec, a measure ofdistance, the distance that a parallax of an arcsecond corresponds with
  • ly representslightyear, a measure ofdistance, the distance that light travels in a year

Timeline of most distant star outburst recordholders

[edit]
This list isincomplete; you can help byadding missing items.(May 2025)

The succession of most distant separately known star explosion


Stars in these lists were found to be the most distant star at the time of determination of their distance. This is frequently not the same as the date of their discovery. These stars are known by having a singular event occur at the star, such as a supernova.

Most Distant Star Outburst Titleholders[NB 3]
EventTypeDateDistanceNotes
GRB 090423Gamma-ray burst2009–z=8.2[NB 1]At the time of discovery, this was the most distant known object found so far.[20][21][22]
SN 1988USupernova1988–z=0.31[NB 1]Located in the galaxy cluster AC118[37][38][39][40]
  • z representsredshift, a measure ofrecessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
  • mas representsparallax, a measure ofangle and distance can be determined through trigonometry
  • pc representsparsec, a measure ofdistance, the distance that a parallax of an arcsecond corresponds with
  • ly representslightyear, a measure ofdistance, the distance that light travels in a year

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcdefg Measured byredshift (z)
  2. ^ab Earendel: redshift z=6.2; light-travel distance 12.9 Gly (1.22×1023 km; 7.6×1022 mi); comoving distance 28 Gly (2.6×1023 km; 1.6×1023 mi);
  3. ^abc not including candidates based on photometric redshifts
  4. ^ Icarus: redshift z=1.5; light-travel distance 9.5 Gly (9.0×1022 km; 5.6×1022 mi);

References

[edit]
  1. ^Welch, Brian; Coe, Dan; Diego, Jose M.; Zitrin, Adi; Zackrisson, Erik; Dimauro, Paola; Jiménez-Teja, Yolanda; Kelly, Patrick; Mahler, Guillaume; Oguri, Masamune; Timmes, F. X.; Windhorst, Rogier; Florian, Michael; de Mink, S. E.; Avila, Roberto J. (March 2023)."A highly magnified star at redshift 6.2".Nature.603 (7903):815–818.arXiv:2209.14866.Bibcode:2022Natur.603..815W.doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04449-y.ISSN 1476-4687.PMID 35354998.S2CID 247842625.
  2. ^Pascale, Massimo; Dai, Liang; Frye, Brenda L.; Beverage, Aliza G. (August 2025)."Is Earendel a Star Cluster?: Metal-poor Globular Cluster Progenitors at z ∼ 6".The Astrophysical Journal Letters.988 (2): L76.arXiv:2507.05483.Bibcode:2025ApJ...988L..76P.doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aded93. L76.
  3. ^Meena, Ashish Kumar; Zitrin, Adi; Jiménez-Teja, Yolanda; Zackrisson, Erik; Chen, Wenlei; Coe, Dan; Diego, Jose M.; Dimauro, Paola; Furtak, Lukas J.; Kelly, Patrick L.; Oguri, Masamune; Welch, Brian; Abdurro’uf; Andrade-Santos, Felipe; Adamo, Angela (February 2023)."Two Lensed Star Candidates at z ≃ 4.8 behind the Galaxy Cluster MACS J0647.7+7015".The Astrophysical Journal Letters.944 (1): L6.arXiv:2211.13334.Bibcode:2023ApJ...944L...6M.doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acb645.hdl:10810/61038.ISSN 2041-8205.
  4. ^Chen, Wenlei; Kelly, Patrick L.; Treu, Tommaso; Wang, Xin; Roberts-Borsani, Guido; Keen, Allison; Windhorst, Rogier A.; Zhou, Rui; Bradac, Marusa; Brammer, Gabriel; Strait, Victoria; Broadhurst, Tom J.; Diego, Jose M.; Frye, Brenda L.; Meena, Ashish K. (1 December 2022)."Early Results from GLASS-JWST. VIII. An Extremely Magnified Blue Supergiant Star at Redshift 2.65 in the A2744 Cluster Field".The Astrophysical Journal Letters.940 (2): L54.arXiv:2207.11658.Bibcode:2022ApJ...940L..54C.doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac9585.hdl:10810/59535.ISSN 2041-8205.
  5. ^Diego, J. M.; Pascale, M.; Kavanagh, B. J.; Kelly, P.; Dai, L.; Frye, B.; Broadhurst, T. (1 September 2022)."Godzilla, a monster lurks in the Sunburst galaxy".Astronomy & Astrophysics.665: A134.arXiv:2203.08158.Bibcode:2022A&A...665A.134D.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243605.ISSN 0004-6361.S2CID 247476158.
  6. ^Diego, J. M.; Meena, A. K.; Adams, N. J.; Broadhurst, T.; Dai, L.; Coe, D.; Frye, B.; Kelly, P.; Koekemoer, A. M.; Pascale, M.; Willner, S. P.; Zackrisson, E.; Zitrin, A.; Windhorst, R. A.; Cohen, S. H. (1 April 2023)."JWST's PEARLS: A new lens model for ACT-CL J0102−4915, "El Gordo," and the first red supergiant star at cosmological distances discovered by JWST".Astronomy and Astrophysics.672: A3.arXiv:2210.06514.Bibcode:2023A&A...672A...3D.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245238.ISSN 0004-6361.S2CID 252873244.
  7. ^Diego, Jose M.; Sun, Bangzheng; Yan, Haojing; Furtak, Lukas J.; Zackrisson, Erik; Dai, Liang; Kelly, Patrick; Nonino, Mario; Adams, Nathan; Meena, Ashish K.; Willner, Steven P.; Zitrin, Adi; Cohen, Seth H.; D’Silva, Jordan C. J.; Jansen, Rolf A. (1 November 2023)."JWST's PEARLS: Mothra, a new kaiju star at z = 2.091 extremely magnified by MACS0416, and implications for dark matter models".Astronomy & Astrophysics.679: A31.arXiv:2307.10363.Bibcode:2023A&A...679A..31D.doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347556.ISSN 0004-6361.S2CID 259991552.
  8. ^Kelly, Patrick L.; Diego, Jose M.; Rodney, Steven; Kaiser, Nick; Broadhurst, Tom; Zitrin, Adi; Treu, Tommaso; Pérez-González, Pablo G.; Morishita, Takahiro; Jauzac, Mathilde; Selsing, Jonatan; Oguri, Masamune; Pueyo, Laurent; Ross, Timothy W.; Filippenko, Alexei V. (April 2018)."Extreme magnification of an individual star at redshift 1.5 by a galaxy-cluster lens".Nature Astronomy.2 (4):334–342.arXiv:1706.10279.Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..334K.doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0430-3.hdl:10261/170462.ISSN 2397-3366.S2CID 256703331.
  9. ^Chen, Wenlei (2019)."Searching for Highly Magnified Stars at Cosmological Distances: Discovery of a Redshift 0.94 Blue Supergiant in Archival Images of the Galaxy Cluster MACS J0416.1-2403".The Astrophysical Journal.881 (1): 8.arXiv:1902.05510.Bibcode:2019ApJ...881....8C.doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab297d.
  10. ^Chen, Wenlei; Kelly, Patrick L.; Diego, Jose M.; Oguri, Masamune; Williams, Liliya L. R.; Zitrin, Adi; Treu, Tommaso L.; Smith, Nathan; Broadhurst, Thomas J.; Kaiser, Nick; Foley, Ryan J.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Salo, Laura; Hjorth, Jens; Selsing, Jonatan (2019)."Searching for Highly Magnified Stars at Cosmological Distances: Discovery of a Redshift 0.94 Blue Supergiant in Archival Images of the Galaxy Cluster MACS J0416.1-2403".The Astrophysical Journal.881 (1): 8.arXiv:1902.05510.Bibcode:2019ApJ...881....8C.doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab297d.
  11. ^"AT 2020zmn".Transient Name Server.IAU. Retrieved30 August 2024.
  12. ^"AT 2022oku".Transient Name Server.IAU. Retrieved29 August 2024.
  13. ^"AT 2018kle".Transient Name Server.IAU. Retrieved30 August 2024.
  14. ^abBrian Welch, Dan Coe1, Jose M. Diego, Adi Zitrin, Erik Zackrisson, Paola Dimauro, Yolanda Jiménez-Teja, Patrick Kelly, Guillaume Mahler, Masamune Oguri, F. X. Timmes, Rogier Windhorst, Michael Florian, S. E. de Mink, Roberto J. Avila, Jay Anderson, Larry Bradley, Keren Sharon, Anton Vikaeus, Stephan McCandliss, Maruša Bradač, Jane Rigby, Brenda Frye, Sune Toft, Victoria Strait, Michele Trenti, Soniya Sharma, Felipe Andrade-Santos, Tom Broadhurst (28 July 2021). "A highly magnified star at redshift 6.2".Nature.603 (603) (published 30 March 2022):815–818.arXiv:2209.14866.Bibcode:2022Natur.603..815W.doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04449-y.PMID 35354998.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^abKenneth C. Wong (4 May 2022). "A star from the dawn of the Universe".Nature Astronomy (6):527–528.
  16. ^abcElizabeth Gamillo."Hubble Telescope Spots the Most Distant Star Ever Detected in Outer Space".Smithsonian Magazine.
  17. ^Amy Moran (13 June 2024)."Webb, Hubble Telescopes Affirm Universe's Expansion Rate".Scientific Visualization Studio. NASA. 31293.
  18. ^Marty McCoy (23 October 2024)."Cepheid Variable Star P42 in NGC 5468". NASA. 01hr59vhj7fpb7sw3cgrtaz8e5.
  19. ^"NGC 5468 — Cepheid host galaxy".Webb Space Telescope. ESA. 11 March 2024. weic2408a.
  20. ^abRachel Courtland (27 April 2009)."Most distant object in the universe spotted".New Scientist. Retrieved11 November 2009.
  21. ^abTanvir, N. R.; Fox, D . B.; Levan, A. J.; Berger, E.; W iersema, K.; F ynbo, J. P. U.; Cucchiara, A.; Krühler, T.; Gehrels, N.; Bloom, J. S.; Greiner, J.; Evans, P. A.; Rol, E.; Olivares, F.; Hjorth, J.; Jakobsson, P.; Farihi, J.; Willingale, R.; Starling, R. L. C.; Cenko, S. B.; Perley, D.; Maund, J. R.; Duke, J.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Adamson, A. J.; Allan, A.; Bremer, M. N.; Burrows, D. N.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Cavanagh, B. (2009). "A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z~8.2".Nature.461 (7268):1254–7.arXiv:0906.1577.Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1254T.doi:10.1038/nature08459.PMID 19865165.S2CID 205218350.
  22. ^abNial Tanvir, Henri Boffin, Valeria Foncea (28 April 2009)."The Most Distant Object Yet Discovered in the Universe".eso0917. ESO. PR 17/09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^Patrick L. Kelly, Jose M. Diego, Steven Rodney, Nick Kaiser, Tom Broadhurst, Adi Zitrin, Tommaso Treu, Pablo G. Pérez-González, Takahiro Morishita, Mathilde Jauzac, Jonatan Selsing, Masamune Oguri, Laurent Pueyo, Timothy W. Ross, Alexei V. Filippenko, Nathan Smith, Jens Hjorth, S. Bradley Cenko, Xin Wang, D. Andrew Howell, Johan Richard, Brenda L. Frye, Saurabh W. Jha, Ryan J. Foley, Colin Norman, Marusa Bradac, Weikang Zheng, Gabriel Brammer, Alberto Molino Benito, Antonio Cava, Lise Christensen, Selma E. de Mink, Or Graur, Claudio Grillo, Ryota Kawamata, Jean-Paul Kneib, Thomas Matheson, Curtis McCully, Mario Nonino, Ismael Pérez-Fournon, Adam G. Riess, Piero Rosati, Kasper Borello Schmidt, Keren Sharon, Benjamin J. Weiner (30 October 2017). "Extreme magnification of an individual star at redshift 1.5 by a galaxy-cluster lens".Nature Astronomy.2 (4) (published 2 April 2018):334–342.arXiv:1706.10279.Bibcode:2018NatAs...2..334K.doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0430-3.hdl:10261/170462.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^"Hubble uses cosmic lens to discover most distant star ever observed".Hubble Space Telescope. ESA. 2 April 2018. heic1807.
  25. ^Nicola Davis (2 April 2018)."Hubble space telescope captures image of most distant star ever seen".The Guardian.
  26. ^Hawera & Normanby Star,"Items of Interest", 29 December 1910, Volume LX, page 3 . Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  27. ^Evening Star (San Jose),"Colossal Arcturus",Pittsburgh Dispatch, 10 June 1910 . Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  28. ^Nelson Evening Mail,"British Bloodthirstiness", 2 November 1891, Volume XXV, Issue 230, Page 3 . Retrieved 25 March 2010.
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  30. ^"The Three Heavens",Josiah Crampton, William Hunt and Company (1876),p.164
  31. ^(in German)Kosmos: Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung, Volume 4,Alexander von Humboldt, J. G. Cotta (1858),p.195
  32. ^"Outlines of Astronomy",John F. W. Herschel, Longman & Brown (1849), ch. 'Parallax of Stars',p.551 (section 851)
  33. ^abcThe North American Review, "The Observatory at Pulkowa",FGW Struve, Volume 69 Issue 144 (July 1849)
  34. ^The Sidereal Messenger, "Of the Precession of the Equinoxes, Nutation of the Earth's Axis, And Aberration of Light", Vol.1, No.12,April 1847: 'Derby, Bradley, & Co.' Cincinnati
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  36. ^Harper's New Monthly Magazine,"Some Talks of an Astronomer",Simon Newcomb, Volume 0049 Issue 294 (November 1874), pp.827 (accessed 2009-Nov-11)
  37. ^Richard West (9 September 1988)."Most Distant Star Ever Seen: Supernova Explodes 5 Billion Years Ago".eso8807. ESO. PR 07/88.
  38. ^"A supernova explodes 5 billion years ago".eso8807a. ESO. 9 September 1988. eso8807.
  39. ^Hans U. Nørgaard-Nielsen, Leif Hansen, Henning E. Jørgensen, Alfonso Aragón Salamanca, Richard S. Ellis, Warrick J. Couch (June 1989). "The discovery of a type Ia supernova at a redshift of 0.31".Nature.339 (6225):523–525.Bibcode:1989Natur.339..523N.doi:10.1038/339523a0.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  40. ^"1989Natur.339..523N". SIMBAD.

See also

[edit]
Formation
Evolution
Classification
Remnants
Hypothetical
Nucleosynthesis
Structure
Properties
Star systems
Earth-centric
observations
Lists
Related
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