Monarch ofVietnam
Emperor Bảo Đại, the last monarch of Vietnam
Details
First monarch	Kinh Dương Vương(as King) (Mythical) Triệu Vũ Đế(as Emperor) (Historical but still controversial)
Last monarch	Bảo Đại(as Emperor)
Formation	2879 BC (Mythical) 203 BC (Historical)
Abolition	August 25, 1945
Residence	Cổ Loa Citadel(257 BC,939 – 967) Imperial Citadel of Hoa Lư(968–1009) Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long(1010–1397; 1428–1789) Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty(1400–1407) Imperial City of Huế(1802–1945)
Pretender	Guy Georges Vĩnh San (son of Emperor Duy Tân)

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History ofVietnam
Prehistoric Paleolithic Sơn Vi culture 20,000 BC–12,000 BC Mesolithic Hoabinhian 12,000 BC–10,000 BC Neolithic Bắc Sơn culture 10,000 BC–8,000 BC Quỳnh Văn culture 8,000 BC–6,000 BC Đa Bút culture 4,000 BC–3,000 BC Bronze andIron Ages Phùng Nguyên culture 2,000 BC–1,500 BC Đồng Đậu culture 1,500 BC–1,000 BC Gò Mun culture 1,000–800 BC Dong Son culture (1,000 BC–100 AD) Sa Huỳnh culture (1,000 BC–200 AD) Óc Eo culture (1–630 AD)
Ancient Hồng Bàng dynasty myth–258 BC Thục dynasty 257 BC–179 BC Triệu dynasty 204 BC–111 BC
Dominated Han conquest 111 BC 1st Chinese domination 111 BC–40 AD Trung sisters' rebellion 40–43 2nd Chinese domination 43–544 Early Lý dynasty 544–602 3rd Chinese domination 602–938 Battle of Bạch Đằng 938
Dynastic Ngô dynasty 939–965 Anarchy of the 12 Warlords 965–968 Đinh dynasty 968–980 Anterior Lê dynasty 980–1009 Later Lý dynasty 1009–1225 Trần dynasty 1225–1400 Hồ dynasty 1400–1407 4th Chinese domination 1407–1428 Later Lê dynasty 1428–1527 Mạc dynasty 1527–1592 Later Lê Restoration 1533–1789  Đàng Ngoài  Đàng Trong Tây Sơn dynasty 1778–1802 Nguyễn dynasty 1802–1945 French conquest 1858–1887
Colonial French Cochinchina 1862–1949 French Annam 1883–1949 French Tonkin 1883–1949 French Indochina 1887–1945 First World War 1914–1918 Japanese occupation 1940–1945  Famine 1944–1945 Empire of Vietnam 1945  August Revolution
Modern Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1945–1976 Civil conflicts 1945–1949 Southern Resistance 1945–1946 First Indochina War 1946–1954 State of Vietnam 1949–1955 Republic of Vietnam 1955–1975 Vietnam War 1955–1975 Republic of South Vietnam 1975–1976 Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1976–now  Cambodian–Vietnamese War 1978–1989  Sino-Vietnamese War 1979  Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979–1991  Đổi Mới 1986–now
Peripheral Funan 68–627 Champa 192–1832 Cát Tiên archaeological site 300–800 Chenla 550–781 Nanzhao 738–902 Khmer Empire 802–1431 Dali Kingdom 937–1253 Nung-Zhuang kingdom 1042–1052 Ngưu Hống 1061–1432 Jarai kingdoms 1100–1904 Sip Song Chau Tai 1600–1954 Principality of Hà Tiên 1707–1832
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This article lists the monarchs ofVietnam. Under theemperor at home, king abroad system used by laterdynasties, Vietnamese monarchs would use the title ofemperor (皇帝, Hoàng đế; or other equivalents) domestically, and the more common termsovereign (𤤰, Vua),king (王, Vương), orhis/her (Imperial) Majesty (陛下, Bệ hạ) elsewhere.^[1][2]

Some Vietnamese monarchs declared themselves rulers (vua), kings (vương), or emperors (hoàng đế).^[1][2] Imperial titles were used for both domestic and foreign affairs, except for diplomatic missions to China where Vietnamese monarchs were regarded as kingship or prince. Many of the Later Lê monarchs were figurehead rulers, with the real powers resting on feudal lords and princes who were technically their servants. Most Vietnamese monarchs are known through theirposthumous names ortemple names, while theNguyễn dynasty, the last reigning house is known through theirera names.

The general Vietnamese term for "ruler" wasvua (𪼀). There is no Chinese character for this term and it only exists in its written form as achữ Nôm character. The wordvua originates from Proto-Vietic and means "father; chief; man".Vua contains connotations of rulership as well as familial kinship, combining the meaning of the Chinese originated word for "king" (vương) with "pater familias" (bó). Some emperors such asLê Lợi (1428–1433) andLê Thánh Tông (1460–1497) preferred being calledvua while they were still living. During theLê dynasty (1428–1789), the Chinese style title for "emperor" (hoàng đế) was mostly used during the ceremony in which the posthumous imperial name was bestowed upon the deceased emperor. As avua, the Viet ruler was expected to be more hands on with their governance than their Chinese counterpart, and Viet peasants were more inclined to blame him directly for their misfortunes than in China. However the role ofvua as a more intimate and native term has been questioned by Liam C. Kelley, who suggests that the difference betweenvương andvua may simply be the result of a modern political argument seeking to demonstrate that Vietnam was Southeast Asian rather than Chinese.^[3][1]

Vua was not used exclusively to the exclusion of other titles or applied only to Viet rulers. TheLao kingAnouvong was referred to as bothquoc vuong (Ch.guowang; king of a state) as well asvua.Nha vua, meaning "house head" or "monarch", was a common appellation for the Viet emperor and was also used for Anouvong. The king ofSiam,Rama III, was calledvua as well asPhat vuong (Buddha king).^[4]

The title used byPhùng Hưng (? – 789/791), 布蓋大王, may have been an early representation ofvua. The latter two characters, 大王, mean "great king" in Chinese. However the first two charactersbùgài (布蓋) do not mean anything coherent in Chinese. They have been translated into the Vietnamese expressionsbo cái orvua cái.Bo cái dai vuong means "the Great King who is Father and Mother to his people" whereasvua cái dai vuong would simply be "great king" repeated twice, first in Vietnamese and then in Chinese.^[5] It was transcribed in the 15th-century Buddhist scripturePhật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh assībù (司布); inMiddle Vietnamese (16th–17th centuries) asꞗua orbua;^[6] becomingvua in Early Modern Vietnamese (18-19th centuries) such as recorded byAlexis-Marie de Rochon'sA Voyage to Madagascar and the East Indies.^[7]

Hoàng đế (皇帝), meaning "emperor", is aSino-Vietnamese title borrowed from Chinese (huangdi). Like Chinese emperors, Viet rulers used the titlehoàng đế andthiên tử (天子), meaning "son of heaven". The poemNam quốc sơn hà byLý Thường Kiệt (1019–1105) contains a line calling the Viet rulernam đế (emperor of the south).^[8]

Minh Mạng was thrice referred to asdai hoang de ("great emperor"). Minh Mạng referred to himself asdai nam quoc dai hoang de (great emperor of the great southern land) and insisted that he be addressed by foreign courts asDuc Hoang De (virtuous emperor) rather thanvuong. This was likely due to his ideological leanings and predilection for Sinic culture. He also insisted that other countries use Chinese in official communications. These demands great offended other courts, especially Rama III.^[9]

The mother of the crown prince was calledhoang thai hoa (Great Empress).^[10]

While Viet rulers were calledvua orhoàng đế on most occasions, they were referred to asvương (王), a Sino-Vietnamese title for "king", in official communications with Chinese dynasties. Almost all Viet rulers adopted some sort of tributary relationship with the imperial dynasties of China. The relationship was symbolic and had no effect on Vietnam's management. However, the Viet ruler would style themselves as "king" (vương) when communicating with China's rulers while usinghoàng đế to address their own subjects or other Southeast Asian rulers. Even during theNguyễn dynasty when Viet rulers such as Minh Mạng referred to themselves as emperors especially towards other Southeast Asian courts, Viet embassies to China presented their ruler as the "king of the state of Vietnam". Internally, the Nguyễn saw their relationship with theQing dynasty as that of equal countries.^[11][12]

In 1710,Nguyễn Phúc Chu was calledDai Viet quoc vuong (king of the great Viet state). In 1834,Minh Mạng called theCambodian kingphien vuong (barbarian king).^[13]

Chúa (主), meaning prince, governor, lord, or warlord, was a title that was applied to theTrịnh lords andNguyễn lords.^[6]

Buddhism exerted influence on a number of Vietnamese royal titles, such as when the late 12th-century devout Buddhist kingLý Cao Tông (r. 1176–1210) demanded his courtiers to refer him asphật (Buddha).^[14] His great-grandfather and predecessorLý Nhân Tông (r. 1072–1127), a great patronizer of the Buddhist sangha, in his stelae inscription erected in 1121, compared himself and his accomplishments with ancient rulers of the Indian subcontinent near the time ofGautama Buddha, particularly kingUdayana and emperorAśoka.^[15]

Cham rulers of the former kingdom of Champa in present-day Central and Southern Vietnam used many titles, mostly derived from Hindu Sanskrit titles. There were prefix titles, among them,Jaya andŚrī, whichŚrī (His glorious, His Majesty) was used more commonly before each ruler's name, and sometimesŚrī andJaya were combined intoŚrī Jaya[monarch name]. Royal titles were used to indicate the power and prestige of rulers:raja-di-raja (king of kings),maharajadhiraja (great king of kings),arddharaja (vice king/junior king).^[16] After the fall ofVijaya Champa and theSimhavarmanid dynasty in 1471, all Sanskrit titles disappeared from Cham records, due to southernPanduranga rulers styled themselves asPo (native Cham title, which also means "King, His Majesty, Her Majesty"), andIslam gradually replacedHinduism in post-1471 Champa.

According to tradition there were eighteen of theHùng kings of theHồng Bàng period, known then asVăn Lang at that time, from around 2879 BC to around 258 BC. Following is the list of 18 lines of Hùng kings as recorded in the bookViệt Nam sử lược byTrần Trọng Kim.^[17]

King	Image	Given name	Reign
An Dương Vương (安陽王)		Thục Phán (蜀泮)	257–207 BC

There is still a debate about the status of the Triệu dynasty (Zhao dynasty): traditional Vietnamese historians considered the Triệu dynasty as a local Vietnamese dynasty while modern Vietnamese historians typically consider the Triệu dynasty as a Chinese dynasty.^[18]

Emperor or king	Image	Given name	Reign
Triệu Vũ Đế (趙武帝)		Triệu Đà (趙佗)	204–137 BC
Triệu Văn Đế (趙文帝)		Triệu Mạt (趙眜)	137–125 BC
Triệu Minh Vương (趙明王)	no image	Triệu Anh Tề (趙嬰齊)	125–113 BC
Triệu Ai Vương (趙哀王)		Triệu Hưng (趙興)	113–112 BC
Triệu Thuật Dương Vương (趙術陽王)	no image	Triệu Kiến Đức (趙建德)	112–111 BC

Đào Lang Vương is not officially considered as emperor of Early Lý dynasty as he was a self-claimed emperor.

At this time, the Khúc leaders still held the title of Jiedushi, hence they are not official kings of Vietnam.

King	Image	Era name	Full name	Reign
Tiền Ngô Vương (前吳王)		none	Ngô Quyền (吳權)	939–944
Dương Bình Vương (楊平王)[2]	no image	none	Dương Tam Kha (楊三哥)	944–950
Hậu Ngô Vương (後吳王)[3]	no image	none	Ngô Xương Ngập (吳昌岌) and Ngô Xương Văn (吳昌文)	951–954 950–965
^ Dương Tam Kha came from the Dương family.[19] ^ Hậu Ngô Vương was the title of both Ngô Xương Ngập and Ngô Xương Văn who co-ruled the country.[20]

The throne of Ngô dynasty was upsurged by Dương Tam Kha, the brother-in-law of Ngô Quyền and this led to anger among those who were loyal to Ngô dynasty. The local warlords decided to make the rebellions to claim the throne.

Emperor	Image	Era name	Full name	Reign
Đinh Tiên Hoàng (丁先皇)		Thái Bình (太平)	Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (Đinh Hoàn) (丁部領 / 丁環)	968–979
Đinh Phế Đế (丁廢帝)		Thái Bình (太平)[4]	Đinh Toàn (Đinh Tuệ) (丁璿 / 丁穗)	979–980
^ Đinh Phế Đế continued to use his father's era name.[21]

Emperor	Image	Era name	Full name	Reign
Lê Đại Hành (黎大行)		Thiên Phúc (天福) Hưng Thống (興統) (989–993) Ứng Thiên (應天) (994–1005)	Lê Hoàn (黎桓)	980–1005
Lê Trung Tông (黎中宗)	No image	none	Lê Long Việt (黎龍鉞)	1005 (3 days)
Lê Ngoạ Triều (黎臥朝)		Cảnh Thụy (景瑞) (1008–1009)	Lê Long Đĩnh (黎龍鋌)	1005–1009

Emperor	image	Era name	Full name	Reign
Lý Thái Tổ (李太祖)		Thuận Thiên (順天)	Lý Công Uẩn (李公蘊)	1010–1028
Lý Thái Tông (李太宗)		Thiên Thành (天成) (1028–1033) Thông Thụy (通瑞) (1034–1038) Càn Phù Hữu Đạo (乾符有道) (1039–1041) Minh Đạo (明道) (1042–1043) Thiên Cảm Thánh Võ (天感聖武) (1044–1048) Sùng Hưng Đại Bảo (崇興大寶) (1049–1054)	Lý Phật Mã (李佛瑪)	1028–1054
Lý Thánh Tông (李聖宗)		Long Thụy Thái Bình (龍瑞太平) (1054–1058) Chương Thánh Gia Khánh (彰聖嘉慶) (1059–1065) Long Chương Thiên Tự (龍彰天嗣) (1066–1067) Thiên Huống Bảo Tượng (天貺寶象) (1068–1069) Thần Võ (神武) (1069–1072)	Lý Nhật Tôn (李日尊)	1054–1072
Lý Nhân Tông (李仁宗)		Thái Ninh (太寧) (1072–1075) Anh Võ Chiêu Thắng (英武昭勝) (1076–1084) Quảng Hữu (廣祐) (1085–1091) Hội Phong (會豐) (1092–1100) Long Phù (龍符) (1101–1109) Hội Tường Đại Khánh (會祥大慶) (1110–1119) Thiên Phù Duệ Võ (天符睿武) (1120–1126) Thiên Phù Khánh Thọ (天符慶壽) (1127)	Lý Càn Đức (李乾德)	1072–1127
Lý Thần Tông (李神宗)		Thiên Thuận (天順) (1128–1132) Thiên Chương Bảo Tự (天彰寶嗣) (1133–1137)	Lý Dương Hoán (李陽煥)	1128–1138
Lý Anh Tông (李英宗)		Thiệu Minh (紹明) (1138–1139) Đại Định (大定) (1140–1162) Chính Long Bảo Ứng (政隆寶應) (1163–1173) Thiên Cảm Chí Bảo (天感至寶) (1174–1175)	Lý Thiên Tộ (李天祚)	1138–1175
Lý Cao Tông (李高宗)		Trinh Phù (貞符) (1176–1185) Thiên Tư Gia Thụy (天資嘉瑞) (1186–1201) Thiên Gia Bảo Hữu (天嘉寶祐) (1202–1204) Trị Bình Long Ứng (治平龍應) (1205–1210)	Lý Long Trát (Lý Long Cán) (李龍翰)	1176–1210
Lý Thẩm (李忱)	no image	none	Lý Thẩm (李忱)	1209–1209
Lý Huệ Tông (李惠宗)	no image	Kiến Gia (建嘉)	Lý Sảm (李旵)	1211–1224
Lý Nguyên Vương (李元王)	no image	Càn Ninh (乾寧)	Lý Nguyên Vương (李元王)	1214–1216
Lý Chiêu Hoàng (李昭皇)		Thiên Chương Hữu Đạo (天彰有道)[5]	Lý Phật Kim (Nguyễn Thiên Hinh) (李佛金)	1224–1225
^ The only empress in the history of Vietnam.[22] Lý Thẩm and Lý Nguyên Vương were acceded and disposed shortly during chaos periods, hence not considered as official emperors of Later Lý dynasty.

Emperor	Image	Era name	Full name	Reign
Trần Thái Tông (陳太宗)		Kiến Trung (建中) (1225–1237) Thiên Ứng Chính Bình (天應政平) (1238–1350) Nguyên Phong (元豐) (1251–1258)	Trần Cảnh (陳煚)	1225–1258
Trần Thánh Tông (陳聖宗)		Thiệu Long (紹隆) (1258–1272) Bảo Phù (寶符) (1273–1278)	Trần Hoảng (陳晃)	1258–1278
Trần Nhân Tông (陳仁宗)		Thiệu Bảo (紹寶) (1279–1284) Trùng Hưng (重興) (1285–1293)	Trầm Khâm (陳昑)	1279–1293
Trần Anh Tông (陳英宗)		Hưng Long (興隆)	Trần Thuyên (陳烇)	1293–1314
Trần Minh Tông (陳明宗)		Đại Khánh (大慶) (1314–1323) Khai Thái (開泰) (1324–1329)	Trần Mạnh (陳奣)	1314–1329
Trần Hiến Tông (陳憲宗)		Khai Hữu (開祐)	Trần Vượng (陳旺)	1329–1341
Trần Dụ Tông (陳裕宗)		Thiệu Phong (紹豐) (1341–1357) Đại Trị (大治) (1358–1369)	Trần Hạo (陳暭)	1341–1369
Hôn Đức Công (昏德公)	no image	Đại Định (大定)	Dương Nhật Lễ (楊日禮)	1369–1370
Trần Nghệ Tông (陳藝宗)		Thiệu Khánh (紹慶)	Trần Phủ (陳暊)	1370–1372
Trần Duệ Tông (陳睿宗)		Long Khánh (隆慶)	Trần Kính (陳曔)	1372–1377
Trần Phế Đế (陳廢帝)	no image	Xương Phù (昌符)	Trần Hiện (陳晛)	1377–1388
Trần Thuận Tông (陳順宗)	no image	Quang Thái (光泰)	Trần Ngung (陳顒)	1388–1398
Trần Thiếu Đế (陳少帝)	no image	Kiến Tân (建新)	Trần Án (陳𭴣)	1398–1400

Emperor	Image	Era name	Full name	Reign
Lê Thái Tổ (黎太祖)		Thuận Thiên (順天)	Lê Lợi (黎利)	1428–1433
Lê Thái Tông (黎太宗)		Thiệu Bình (紹平) (1434–1440) Đại Bảo (大寶) (1440–1442)	Lê Nguyên Long (黎元龍)	1433–1442
Lê Nhân Tông (黎仁宗)		Đại Hòa/Thái Hòa (大和 / 太和) (1443–1453) Diên Ninh (延寧) (1454–1459)	Lê Bang Cơ (黎邦基)	1442–1459
Lệ Đức Hầu (厲德侯)		Thiên Hưng (天興) (1459–1460)	Lê Nghi Dân (黎宜民)	1459–1460
Lê Thánh Tông (黎聖宗)		Quang Thuận (光順) (1460–1469) Hồng Đức (洪德) (1470–1497)	Lê Tư Thành (Lê Hạo) (黎思誠 / 黎灝)	1460–1497
Lê Hiến Tông (黎憲宗)	no image	Cảnh Thống (景統)	Lê Tranh (黎鏳)	1497–1504
Lê Túc Tông (黎肅宗)	no image	Thái Trinh (泰貞)	Lê Thuần (黎㵮)	1504–1504
Lê Uy Mục (黎威穆)		Đoan Khánh (端慶)	Lê Tuấn (黎濬)	1505–1509
Lê Tương Dực (黎襄翼)	no image	Hồng Thuận (洪順)	Lê Oanh (黎瀠)	1510–1516
Lê Quang Trị (黎光治)	no image	none	Lê Quang Trị (黎光治)	1516–1516
Lê Chiêu Tông (黎昭宗)		Quang Thiệu (光紹)	Lê Y (黎椅)	1516–1522
Lê Bảng (黎榜)	no image	Đại Đức (大德)	Lê Bảng (黎榜)	1518–1519
Lê Do (黎槱)	no image	Thiên Hiến (天宪)	Lê Do (黎槱)	1519–1519
Lê Cung Hoàng (黎恭皇)		Thống Nguyên (統元)	Lê Xuân (黎椿)	1522–1527
^ Lê Quang Trị, Lê Bảng and Lê Do were acceded and disposed shortly in chaos periods, hence not considered as official emperors of Later Lê dynasty

Emperor	Era name	Full name	Reign
Lê Trang Tông (黎莊宗)	Nguyên Hòa (元和)	Lê Ninh (黎寧)	1533–1548
Lê Trung Tông (黎中宗)	Thuận Bình (順平)	Lê Huyên (黎暄)	1548–1556
Lê Anh Tông (黎英宗)	Thiên Hữu (天祐) (1557) Chính Trị (正治) (1558–1571) Hồng Phúc (洪福) (1572–1573)	Lê Duy Bang (黎維邦)	1556–1573
Lê Thế Tông (黎世宗)	Gia Thái (嘉泰) (1573–1577) Quang Hưng (光興) (1578–1599)	Lê Duy Đàm (黎維潭)	1573–1599
Restoration – Conflict between the Trịnh and Nguyễn lords During this time, emperors of the Lê dynasty only ruled in name, it was theTrịnh Lords in Northern Vietnam andNguyễn lords in Southern Vietnam who held the real power.
Lê Kính Tông (黎敬宗)	Thận Đức (慎德) (1600) Hoằng Định (弘定) (1601–1619)	Lê Duy Tân (黎維新)	1600–1619
Lê Thần Tông (黎神宗) (first reign)	Vĩnh Tộ (永祚) (1620–1628) Đức Long (德隆) (1629–1643) Dương Hòa (陽和) (1635–1643)	Lê Duy Kỳ (黎維祺)	1619–1643
Lê Chân Tông (黎真宗)	Phúc Thái (福泰)	Lê Duy Hựu (黎維祐)	1643–1649
Lê Thần Tông (黎神宗) (second reign)	Khánh Đức (慶德) (1649–1652) Thịnh Đức (盛德) (1653–1657) Vĩnh Thọ (永壽) (1658–1661) Vạn Khánh (萬慶) (1662)	Lê Duy Kỳ (黎維祺)	1649–1662
Lê Huyền Tông (黎玄宗)	Cảnh Trị (景治)	Lê Duy Vũ (黎維禑)	1663–1671
Lê Gia Tông (黎嘉宗)	Dương Đức (陽德) (1672–1773) Đức Nguyên (德元) (1674–1675)	Lê Duy Cối (黎維禬)	1672–1675
Lê Hy Tông (黎熙宗)	Vĩnh Trị (永治) (1678–1680) Chính Hòa (正和) (1680–1705)	Lê Duy Hợp (黎維祫)	1676–1704
Lê Dụ Tông (黎裕宗)	Vĩnh Thịnh (永盛) (1706–1719) Bảo Thái (保泰) (1720–1729)	Lê Duy Đường (黎維禟)	1705–1728
Lê Duy Phường (黎維祊)	Vĩnh Khánh (永慶)	Lê Duy Phường (黎維祊)	1729–1732
Lê Thuần Tông (黎純宗)	Long Đức (龍德)	Lê Duy Tường (黎維祥)	1732–1735
Lê Ý Tông (黎懿宗)	Vĩnh Hữu (永佑)	Lê Duy Thận (黎維祳)	1735–1740
Lê Hiển Tông (黎顯宗)	Cảnh Hưng (景興)	Lê Duy Diêu (黎維祧)	1740–1786
Lê Chiêu Thống (黎昭統)	Chiêu Thống (昭統)	Lê Duy Khiêm (Lê Duy Kỳ) (黎維 / 黎維祁)	1787–1789

Trịnh Kiểm never declared himself as Lord during his rule, his titles were posthumously given by his descendants. Hence he is not considered as an official Trịnh Lord.

Nguyễn Phúc Dương was established byTây Sơn leaders (Nguyễn Nhạc,Nguyễn Huệ andNguyễn Lữ) as a puppet Nguyễn Lord for their political purpose duringTây Sơn uprising. Hence he is sometimes not considered as an official Nguyễn lord.

Nguyễn Nhạc dropped his emperor title in 1788 after his younger brother – Nguyễn Huệ – declared himself as Emperor.

Emperor	Image	Temple name	Full name	Reign
Gia Long (嘉隆)		Thế Tổ (世祖)	Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (阮福暎)	1802–1820
Minh Mạng (明命)		Thánh Tổ (聖祖)	Nguyễn Phúc Đảm (阮福膽)	1820–1841
Thiệu Trị (紹治)		Hiến Tổ (憲祖)	Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông (阮福綿宗)	1841–1847
Tự Đức (嗣德)		Dực Tông (翼宗)	Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm (阮福洪任)	1847–1883
Dục Đức (育德)		Cung Tông (恭宗)	Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Ái (Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Chân) (阮福膺𩡤 / 阮福膺禛)	1883 (3 days)
Hiệp Hòa (協和)		none	Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Dật (阮福洪佚)	1883 (6 months)
Kiến Phúc (建福)		Giản Tông (簡宗)	Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Đăng (阮福膺登)	1883–1884
Hàm Nghi (咸宜)		none	Nguyễn Phúc Minh (阮福明)	1884–1885
Đồng Khánh (同慶)		Cảnh Tông (景宗)	Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Kỷ (阮福膺祺)	1885–1889
Thành Thái (成泰)		none	Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lân (阮福寶嶙)	1889–1907
Duy Tân (維新)		none	Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San (阮福永珊)	1907–1916
Khải Định (啓定)		Hoằng Tông (弘宗)	Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo (阮福寶嶹)	1916–1925
Bảo Đại (保大)		none	Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy (阮福永瑞)	1926–1945

• Family tree of Vietnamese monarchs
• List of Vietnamese dynasties
• Vietnamese era name
• Emperor at home, king abroad

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• Ngaosrivathana, Mayoury and Pheuiphanh (2001),Vietnamese Source Materials concerning The 1827 Conflict between the Court of Siam and the Lao Principalities Vol. II, The Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies for Unesco
• Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993),Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House
• National Bureau for Historical Record (1998),Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Education Publishing House
• Trần Trọng Kim (1971),Việt Nam sử lược (in Vietnamese), Saigon: Center for School Materials
• G. Coedès (1968),The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
• Chapuis, Oscar (1995),A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tự Đức, Greenwood Publishing Group,ISBN 0-313-29622-7
• International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, ed. (2013).Names of Persons: National Usages for Entry in Catalogues. Harvard Univ Asia Center.ISBN 978-3-110-97455-3.
• Chapuis, Oscar (2000),The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tự Đức to Bảo Đại, Greenwood Publishing Group,ISBN 0-313-31170-6
• Woodside, Alexander (1988).Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. Harvard University Asia Center.ISBN 978-0-674-93721-5.
• Yoshiharu, Tsuboi (2025),Vietnam: on the Eve of "Prosperity", De Gruyter
• Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006).Viet Nam: Borderless Histories. University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN 978-1-316-44504-4.

• Vietnamese monarchs
• Lists of monarchs
• Vietnam history-related lists
• Vietnamese dynasties

• Articles with short description
• Short description is different from Wikidata
• CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi)