Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム

Jump to content

List of missions to Mars

Edit links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part ofa series on

Spaceflight types

List of space organizations

Spaceflight portal

This is a list of spacecraft missions (including unsuccessful ones) to the planetMars, such as orbiters, landers, and rovers. Mission time is often measured inMars sols, solar days on Mars.

Missions

[edit]

Mission Type Legend: Mission to Mars
Gravity assist, destination elsewhere

Mission		Spacecraft	Launch Date	Operator	Mission Type^[1]	Outcome^[2]	Remarks	Carrier rocket^[3]
1	1M No.1	1M No.1	10 October 1960	OKB-1 Soviet Union	Flyby	Launch failure	Failed to achieve Earth orbit	Molniya
2	1M No.2	1M No.2	14 October 1960	OKB-1 Soviet Union	Flyby	Launch failure	Failed to achieve Earth orbit	Molniya
3	2MV-4 No.1	2MV-4 No.1	24 October 1962	Soviet Union	Flyby	Launch failure	Booster stage ("Block L") disintegrated inLEO	Molniya
4	Mars 1	Mars 1 (2MV-4 No.2)	1 November 1962	Soviet Union	Flyby	Spacecraft failure	Communications lost beforefirst flyby	Molniya
5	2MV-3 No.1	2MV-3 No.1	4 November 1962	Soviet Union	Lander	Launch failure	Never left LEO	Molniya
6	Mariner 3	Mariner 3	5 November 1964	NASA United States	Flyby	Launch failure	Payload fairing failed to separate	Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
7	Mariner 4	Mariner 4	28 November 1964	NASA United States	Flyby	Successful	First successful flyby of Mars on 15 July 1965	Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
8	Zond 2	Zond 2 (3MV-4A No.2)	30 November 1964	Soviet Union	Flyby	Spacecraft failure	Communications lost before flyby	Molniya
9	Mariner 6	Mariner 6	25 February 1969	NASA United States	Flyby	Successful		Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
10	2M No.521	2M No.521 (1969A)^[4]	27 March 1969	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Launch failure	Failed to achieve Earth orbit	Proton-K/D
11	Mariner 7	Mariner 7	27 March 1969	NASA United States	Flyby	Successful		Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
12	2M No.522	2M No.522 (1969B)^[4]	2 April 1969	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Launch failure	Failed to achieve Earth orbit	Proton-K/D
13	Mariner 8	Mariner 8	9 May 1971	NASA United States	Orbiter	Launch failure	Failed to achieve Earth orbit	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
14	Kosmos 419	Kosmos 419 (3MS No.170)	10 May 1971	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Launch failure	Never left LEO; booster stage burn timer set incorrectly	Proton-K/D
15	Mars 2	Mars 2 (4M No.171)	19 May 1971	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Successful	On November 27 it became in short sequence the second spacecraft to orbit another planet.^[5] Operated for 362 orbits^[6]	Proton-K/D
		Mars 2 lander (SA 4M No.171)			Lander	Spacecraft failure	First lander to impact Mars. Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971.^[7]
		PrOP-M			Rover	Failure Lost with Mars 2	First rover launched to Mars. Lost when the Mars 2 lander crashed into the surface of Mars.
16	Mars 3	Mars 3 (4M No.172)	28 May 1971	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Successful	On December 2 it became in short sequence the third spacecraft to orbit another planet.^[5] Operated for 20 orbits^[8]^[9]	Proton-K/D
		Mars 3 lander (SA 4M No.172)			Lander	Partial success^[10]^[11]	First lander to make a soft landing on Mars. Landed on 2 December 1971. First partial image (70 lines) transmitted showing "gray background with no details".^[8] Contact lost 20 seconds after transmission started, 110 seconds after landing.^[12]^[13]
		PrOP-M			Rover	Carrier vehicle failed before rover was deployed	First rover to make a soft landing on another planet. 4.5 kg (9.9 lb) rover connected to the Mars 3 lander by a tether. Deployment status unknown due to loss of communications with the Mars 3 lander.^[12]
17	Mariner 9	Mariner 9	30 May 1971	NASA United States	Orbiter	Successful^[14]	First spacecraft to orbit another planet, two weeks ahead of Mars 2 on November 14.^[5] Deactivated 516 days after entering orbit.	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
18	Mars 4	Mars 4 (3MS No.52S)	21 July 1973	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Partial success^[15]	Failed to perform orbital insertion burn. Returned photographs of Mars during flyby.	Proton-K/D
19	Mars 5	Mars 5 (3MS No.53S)	25 July 1973	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Successful	Contact lost after 9 days in Mars orbit. Returned 180 frames	Proton-K/D
20	Mars 6	Mars 6 (3MP No.50P)	5 August 1973	Soviet Union	Flyby	Successful	Flyby bus collected data.^[16]	Proton-K/D
20	Mars 6	Mars 6 lander	5 August 1973	Soviet Union	Lander	Spacecraft failure	Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unusable.	Proton-K/D
21	Mars 7	Mars 7 (3MP No.51P)	9 August 1973	Soviet Union	Flyby	Successful	Flyby bus collected data.	Proton-K/D
21	Mars 7	Mars 7 lander	9 August 1973	Soviet Union	Lander	Spacecraft failure	Separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere.	Proton-K/D
22	Viking 1	Viking 1 orbiter	20 August 1975	NASA United States	Orbiter	Successful	Operated for 1385 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 19 June 1976.	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
22	Viking 1	Viking 1 lander	20 August 1975	NASA United States	Lander	Successful	First successful Mars lander. Deployed fromViking 1 orbiter. Landed on Mars on 20 July 1976. Operated for 2245 sols.	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
23	Viking 2	Viking 2 orbiter	9 September 1975	NASA United States	Orbiter	Successful	Operated for 700 orbits. Entered Mars orbit on 7 August 1976.	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
23	Viking 2	Viking 2 lander	9 September 1975	NASA United States	Lander	Successful	Deployed fromViking 2 orbiter. Landed on Mars in September 1976. Operated for 1281 sols (11 April 1980).	Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
24	Phobos 1	Phobos 1 (1F No.101)	7 July 1988	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure	Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit	Proton-K/D-2
24	Phobos 1	DAS	7 July 1988	Soviet Union	Phobos lander	Failure Lost with Phobos 1	To have been deployed by Phobos 1	Proton-K/D-2
25	Phobos 2	Phobos 2 (1F No.102)	12 July 1988	Soviet Union	Orbiter	Mostly successful	Orbital observations successful, communications lost before lander deployment.	Proton-K/D-2
		Prop-F			Phobos rover	Failure Lost with Phobos 2	To have been deployed by Phobos 2
		DAS			Phobos lander	Failure Lost with Phobos 2	To have been deployed by Phobos 2
26	Mars Observer	Mars Observer	25 September 1992	NASA United States	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure	Lost communications before orbital insertion	Commercial Titan III
27	Mars Global Surveyor	Mars Global Surveyor	7 November 1996	NASA United States	Orbiter	Successful	Operated for ten years	Delta II 7925
28	Mars 96	Mars 96 (M1 No.520) (Mars-8)^[4]	16 November 1996	Rosaviakosmos Russia	Orbiter Penetrators	Launch failure	Never left LEO	Proton-K/D-2
		Mars 96 lander			Lander	Launch failure Lost with Mars 96	Two Mars landers to have been deployed by Mars 96.
		Mars 96 lander			Lander	Launch failure Lost with Mars 96	Two Mars landers to have been deployed by Mars 96.
		Mars 96 penetrator			Penetrator	Launch failure Lost with Mars 96	Two Mars Penetrators to have been deployed by Mars 96.
		Mars 96 penetrator			Penetrator	Launch failure Lost with Mars 96	Two Mars Penetrators to have been deployed by Mars 96.
29	Mars Pathfinder	Mars Pathfinder	4 December 1996	NASA United States	Lander	Successful	Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997,^[17] Last contact on 27 September 1997	Delta II 7925
29	Mars Pathfinder	Sojourner	4 December 1996	NASA United States	Rover	Successful	First rover to operate on another planet. Operated for 84 days^[18]	Delta II 7925
30	Nozomi	Nozomi (PLANET-B)	3 July 1998	ISAS Japan	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure	Performed a Mars flyby. Later contact lost due to loss of fuel. However provided crucial information about the deep space environment.^[19]	M-V
31	Mars Climate Orbiter	Mars Climate Orbiter	11 December 1998	NASA United States	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure	Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to asoftware interface bug involving different units forimpulse and either burned up in the atmosphere or entered solar orbit	Delta II 7425
32	Mars Polar Lander /Deep Space 2	Mars Polar Lander	3 January 1999	NASA United States	Lander	Spacecraft failure	Failed to function after landing	Delta II 7425
		Deep Space 2			Penetrator	Spacecraft failure	No data transmitted after deployment from MPL.
		Deep Space 2			Penetrator	Spacecraft failure	No data transmitted after deployment from MPL.
33	Mars Odyssey	Mars Odyssey	7 April 2001	NASA United States	Orbiter	Operational	Expected to remain operational until 2025.	Delta II 7925
34	Mars Express	Mars Express	2 June 2003	ESA	Orbiter	Operational	Enough fuel to remain operational until 2035	Soyuz-FG /Fregat
34	Mars Express	Beagle 2	2 June 2003	ESA	Lander	Lander failure	No communications received after release from Mars Express. Orbital images of landing site suggest a successful landing, but two solar panels failed to deploy, obstructing its communications.	Soyuz-FG /Fregat
35	Spirit	Spirit (MER-A)	10 June 2003	NASA United States	Rover	Successful	Landed on 4 January 2004. Operated for 2208 sols	Delta II 7925
36	Opportunity	Opportunity (MER-B)	8 July 2003	NASA United States	Rover	Successful	Landed on 25 January 2004. Operated for 5351 sols	Delta II 7925H
–	Rosetta	Rosetta	2 March 2004	ESA	Flyby (Gravity assist)	Successful	Flyby in February 2007 en route to67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko^[20]	Ariane 5G+
–	Rosetta	Philae	2 March 2004	ESA	Flyby (Gravity assist)	Successful		Ariane 5G+
37	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter	12 August 2005	NASA United States	Orbiter	Operational	Entered orbit on 10 March 2006	Atlas V 401
38	Phoenix	Phoenix	4 August 2007	NASA United States	Lander	Successful	Landed on 25 May 2008. End of mission 2 November 2008	Delta II 7925
–	Dawn	Dawn	27 September 2007	NASA United States	Flyby (Gravity assist)	Successful	Flyby in February 2009 en route to4 Vesta andCeres	Delta II 7925H
39	Fobos-Grunt /Yinghuo-1	Fobos-Grunt	8 November 2011	Roscosmos Russia	Orbiter Phobos sample return	Launch failure	Never left LEO (intended to depart under own power)	Zenit-2M
39	Fobos-Grunt /Yinghuo-1	Yinghuo-1	8 November 2011	CNSA China	Orbiter	Precluded Lost with Fobos-Grunt	To have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt	Zenit-2M
40	Mars Science Laboratory	Curiosity (Mars Science Laboratory)	26 November 2011	NASA United States	Rover	Operational	Landed on 6 August 2012	Atlas V 541
41	Mars Orbiter Mission	Mars Orbiter Mission	5 November 2013	ISRO India	Orbiter	Successful	Entered orbit on 24 September 2014. Mission extended to 2022, where the mission concluded on September 27, 2022 after contact was lost.^[21]	PSLV-XL
42	MAVEN	MAVEN	18 November 2013	NASA United States	Orbiter	Operational	Orbit insertion on 22 September 2014^[22]	Atlas V 401
43	ExoMars 2016	ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter	14 March 2016	ESA/Roscosmos ESA/ Russia	Orbiter	Operational	Entered orbit on 19 October 2016	Proton-M /Briz-M
43	ExoMars 2016	Schiaparelli EDM lander	14 March 2016	ESA	Lander	Spacecraft failure	Carried by theExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Although the lander crashed,^[23]^[24] engineering data on the first five minutes of entry was successfully retrieved.^[25]^[26]	Proton-M /Briz-M
44	InSight	InSight	5 May 2018^[27]^[28]	NASA United States	Lander	Successful	Landed on 26 November 2018. Last contact 15 December 2022.^[29]	Atlas V 401
		MarCO A			Flyby	Successful	Flyby 26 November 2018. Last contact 29 December 2018.
		MarCO B			Flyby	Successful	Flyby 26 November 2018. Last contact 4 January 2019.
45	Emirates Mars Mission	Hope	19 July 2020^[30]	MBRSC United Arab Emirates	Orbiter	Operational	Entered orbit on 9 February 2021.^[31]^[32]^[33]	H-IIA
46	Tianwen-1	Tianwen-1 orbiter	23 July 2020^[34]^[35]	CNSA China	Orbiter	Operational	Entered orbit on 10 February 2021	Long March 5
		Tianwen-1 lander			Lander	Successful	Landed on 14 May 2021
		Zhurong rover			Rover	Successful	Landed on 14 May 2021^[36] Deployed by the Tianwen-1 lander on 22 May 2021. Became inactive on 20 May 2022.
		Tianwen-1 Remote Camera			Lander	Successful	Landed on 14 May 2021 Deployed by the Zhurong rover on 1 June 2021.^[37]
		Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2^[38]			Orbiter	Successful	Entered orbit on 10 February 2021, deployed 31 December 2021
47	Mars 2020	Perseverance	30 July 2020^[39]	NASA United States	Rover	Operational	Landed on 18 February 2021^[40]	Atlas V 541
47	Mars 2020	Ingenuity	30 July 2020^[39]	NASA United States	Helicopter	Successful	First aerodynamic flight on another planet. Landed withPerseverance rover on 18 February 2021.^[41] Deployed from rover on 3 April 2021. First flight achieved on April 19, 2021.^[42] Retired on 25 January 2024 due to sustained rotor blade damage.	Atlas V 541
–	Psyche	Psyche	13 October 2023	NASA United States	Flyby (Gravity assist)	Enroute	Gravity assist en route to16 Psyche in May 2026^[43]	Falcon Heavy
–	Hera	Hera	7 October 2024	ESA	Flyby (Gravity assist)	Successful	Flyby in March 2025 en route to65803 Didymos	Falcon 9
–	Europa Clipper	Europa Clipper	14 October 2024	NASA United States	Flyby (Gravity assist)	Successful	Flyby in March 2025 en route toJupiter andEuropa	Falcon Heavy
48	ESCAPADE	Blue	13 November 2025	NASA/UC Berkeley United States	Orbiter	Enroute	Twin spacecraft; expected arrival late 2026.^[44]	New Glenn
48	ESCAPADE	Gold	13 November 2025	NASA/UC Berkeley United States	Orbiter	Enroute	Twin spacecraft; expected arrival late 2026.^[44]	New Glenn

Landing locations

[edit]

In 1999,Mars Climate Orbiter accidentally entered Mars's atmosphere and either burnt up or left Mars's orbit on an unknown trajectory.^{[citation needed]}

There are a number of derelict spacecraft orbiting Mars whose location is not known precisely. There is a proposal to use the Optical Navigation Camera on theMars Reconnaissance Orbiter to search for small moons, dust rings and old orbiters.^[45] As of 2016, there were believed to be eight derelict spacecraft in orbit around Mars (barring unforeseen event).^[46] The Viking 1 orbiter was not expected to decay until at least 2019.^[47]Mariner 9, which entered Mars orbit in 1971, was expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when it was projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up, or crash into the planet's surface.^[48]

Timeline

[edit]

Missions to the moons of Mars

[edit]

Deimos (lower left) and Phobos (lower right) compared with the asteroid951 Gaspra

Phobos by Mars Global Surveyor in 1998^[49]

There have also been proposed missions dedicated to explore the twomoons of Mars,Phobos andDeimos. Many missions to Mars have also included dedicated observations of the moons, while this section is about missions focused solely on them. There have been three unsuccessful dedicated missions and many proposals. Because of the proximity of the Mars moons to Mars, any mission to them may also be considered a mission to Mars from some perspectives.

Past missions

Three missions to land onPhobos have been launched; the SovietPhobos program in the late 1980s saw the launch ofPhobos 1 andPhobos 2, while the RussianFobos-Grunt sample return mission was launched in 2011. None of these missions were successful: Phobos 1 failed en route to Mars, Phobos 2 failed shortly before landing, and Fobos-Grunt never leftlow Earth orbit.

Mission	Target	Outcome
Phobos 1	Phobos	Spacecraft failure
Phobos 2	Phobos	Spacecraft failure
Fobos-Grunt	Phobos	Launch failure

Planned missions

In Japan, theInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) is developing a sample return mission to Phobos.^[50]^[51] This mission is calledMartian Moons eXploration (MMX)^[52] and is a flagship Strategic Large Mission.^[53] MMX will build on the expertise the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) would gain through theHayabusa2 andSLIM missions.^[54] As of December 2023, MMX is scheduled to launch in 2026.^[55]

Planned mission	Target	Reference
Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)	Phobos and Deimos	^[52]

Past proposals

There have been at least three proposals in NASA'sDiscovery Program, including PADME, PANDORA, and MERLIN.^[56] The ESA has also considered a sample return mission, like Martian Moon Sample Return (MMSR).^[57]

Osiris-Rex 2 was a proposal to make OR a double mission, with the other one collecting samples from the two Mars moons.^[58] In 2012, it was considered the quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the moons.^[59]

The "Red Rocks Project", a part of Lockheed Martin's "Stepping Stones to Mars" program, proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.^[60]^[61]

Proposal	Target	Reference
Aladdin	Phobos and Deimos	^[62]
DePhine	Phobos and Deimos	^[63]
DSR	Deimos	^[64]
Gulliver	Deimos	^[65]
Hall	Phobos and Deimos	^[66]
M-PADS	Phobos and Deimos	^[67]
Merlin	Phobos and Deimos	^[68]
MMSR	Phobos or Deimos	^[57]
OSIRIS-REx 2	Phobos or Deimos	^[59]
Pandora	Phobos and Deimos	^[56]
PCROSS	Phobos	^[69]
Phobos Surveyor	Phobos	^[70]
PRIME	Phobos	^[71]
Fobos-Grunt 2	Phobos	^[72]
Phootprint	Phobos	^[73]^[74]
PADME	Phobos and Deimos	^[75]^[76]

Statistics

[edit]

Summary

[edit]

NASA missions to Mars (as of 2021): Perseverance rover/Ingenuity Mars Helicopter; InSight lander; Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter; Mars Odyssey orbiter; Curiosity rover; MAVEN orbiter

Launches to Mars
Decade
1960s	12
1970s	11
1980s	2
1990s	7
2000s	6
2010s	6
2020s	4

Mission milestone by country

[edit]

Legend

Achieved
Failed attempt
† First to achieve

Mars missions
Country/Agency	Flyby	Orbit	Impact	Lander	Rover	Autonomous Drone	Sample return	Crewed Landing
United States	Mariner 4, 1965 †	Mariner 9, 1971 †	Mars Polar Lander, 1999	Viking 1, 1976	Sojourner, 1997 †	Ingenuity, 2021 †	—	—
China	Tianwen-1, 2021	Tianwen-1, 2021	—	Tianwen-1, 2021	Zhurong, 2021	—	—	—
Soviet Union	Mars 2, 1971	Mars 2, 1971	Mars 2 Lander, 1971 †	Mars 3, 1971 †	PrOP-M, 1971	—	—	—
ESA	Mars Express, 2003	Mars Express, 2003	Schiaparelli EDM, 2016	Schiaparelli EDM, 2016	—	—	—	—
United Kingdom	Beagle 2, 2003	—	Beagle 2, 2003	Beagle 2, 2003^[a]	—	—	—	—
Russia	TGO, 2016	TGO, 2016	Mars 96, 1996	Mars 96, 1996	—	—	—	—
India	MOM, 2014	MOM, 2014	—	—	—	—	—	—
UAE	Hope, 2021	Hope, 2021	—	—	—	—	—	—
Japan	Nozomi, 1998	Nozomi, 1998	—	—	—	—	—	—

Phobos missions
Country/Agency	Impact	Lander	Rover	Sample return
Soviet Union	Phobos 1, 1988	Phobos 1, 1988	Phobos 1, 1988	—
Russia	Fobos-Grunt, 2011	Fobos-Grunt, 2011	—	Fobos-Grunt, 2011

Missions by organization/company

[edit]

Country	Agency or company	Successful	Partial failure	Failure	Operational	Gravity assist	Total
United States	NASA	13	-	5	5	1	24
Soviet Union	Energia	1	6	10	-	-	17
Russia	Roscosmos	-	1	2	-	-	3
ESA	ESA	-	2	-	-	1	3
China	CNSA	1	-	1	1	-	2
India	ISRO	1	-	-	-	-	1
United Arab Emirates	UAESA	1	-	-	1	-	1
Japan	ISAS	-	-	1	-	-	1
United Kingdom	NSC	-	-	1	-	-	1

Future missions

[edit]

Under development

[edit]

Name	Proposed launch date	Type	Status	Reference
Martian Moons eXploration andIdefix rover	2026	Phobos sample return mission	under development	^[55]
Tianwen-3	2028	Mars sample return mission	under development	^[77]
Rosalind Franklin	2028	Rover	under development
Mars Lander Mission	2031	Orbiter, lander, rover, aircraft	under development	^[78]

Proposed missions

[edit]

Mission	Organisation	Proposed launch	Type
First Commercial Mission to Mars	Relativity Space,Impulse Space	2026	Lander^[79]
SpaceX Uncrewed Landing	SpaceX	2026	Uncrewed lander^[80] (SpaceX Mars colonization program)
SpaceX First Crewed Landing	SpaceX	2028/2029	Crewed lander^[81]
NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return	NASA/ESA	NET 2030^[82]^[83]	Orbiter/Lander/Return vehicle
TEREX	JAXA	Mid 2020s	Orbiter^[84]
International Mars Ice Mapper Mission	NASA (withdrawn)^[85] Canadian Space Agency Italian Space Agency JAXA	2030s^[86]	Orbiter
Mars Life Explorer	NASA	2030s^[87]^[88]^[89]	Lander
Fobos-Grunt 2 andMars-Grunt	Roscosmos	2030s^[90]	Orbiter, lander, ascent vehicle,sample-return
MAGGIE	NASA		Aircraft
M-MATISSE	ESA		Two orbiters^[91]

Unrealized concepts

[edit]

1970s

[edit]

Mars 4NM andMars 5NM – projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavyMarsokhod (in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970) andMars sample return (planned for 1975). The missions were to be launched on the failedN1 rocket.^[92]
Mars 5M (Mars-79) – double-launching Soviet sample return mission planned to 1979 but cancelled due to complexity and technical problems
Voyager-Mars – USA, 1970s – Two orbiters and two landers, launched by a singleSaturn V rocket.

1990s

[edit]

Vesta – the multiaimed Soviet mission, developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991–1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding, included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of1 Ceres or4 Vesta and some otherasteroids with impact of penetrator on the one of them.
Mars Aerostat – Russian/French balloon part for cancelled Vesta mission and then for failedMars 96 mission,^[93] originally planned for the 1992 launch window, postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled.^[94]
Mars Together, combined U.S. and Russian mission study in the 1990s. To be launched by a Molniya with possible U.S. orbiter or lander.^[95]^[96]
Mars Environmental Survey – set of 16 landers planned for 1999–2009
Mars-98 – Russian mission including an orbiter, lander, and rover, planned for 1998 launch opportunity as repeat of failedMars 96 mission; cancelled due to lack of funding.^[97]

2000s

[edit]

Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander – 2001 lander (refurbished, became Phoenix lander)
Kitty Hawk – Mars airplane micromission, proposed in 2003, the centennial of the Wright brothers' first flight.^[98] Its funding was eventually given to the 2003Mars Network project.^[99]
NetLander – 2007 Mars landers
Beagle 3 – 2009 British lander mission meant to search for life, past or present
Mars Telecommunications Orbiter – 2009 orbiter for telecommunications

2010s–2020s

[edit]

Mars One – announced in 2012, planned to land a demo lander on Mars by 2016, with a crewed landing to follow by 2023. These dates were delayed multiple times, and the project was eventually cancelled, with the company going bankrupt in 2019
Sky-Sailor – 2014 – Plane developed by Switzerland to take detailed pictures of Mars surface
Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – 2018 rover concept, cancelled due to budget cuts in 2011. Sample cache goal later moved toMars 2020 rover.^[100]
Red Dragon – Derivative of aDragon 2 capsule by SpaceX, designed to land by aerobraking and retropropulsion. Planned for 2018, then 2020. Canceled in favor of theStarship system.
Tumbleweed rover, wind-propelled sphere^[101]
MELOS, Japanese rover and aircraft concept
Icebreaker Life, astrobiology lander concept
Next Mars Orbiter, orbiter, communication satellite^[102]
Mars MetNet, atmospheric probes concept
Mars Geyser Hopper, lander, mission to Mars geysers
Mars Micro Orbiter, small satellites as part ofSIMPLEx program
Biological Oxidant and Life Detection, impactor
SatRevolution, nanosatellite

Notes

[edit]

^While Beagle 2 had landed intact, it failed to establish communication.

References

[edit]

^Chronology of Mars Exploration. NASA. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.
^"Pathfinder Rover Gets Its Name". 20 December 2017.
^"Russia's unmanned missions to Mars".www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^^a ^b ^c"Chronology of Mars Missions".ResearchGate.doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.29797.65768. Archived fromthe original on 10 December 2018.
^^a ^b ^cSmith, Kiona N. (30 May 2017)."The Mariner 9 Spacecraft And The Race To Orbit Mars".Forbes. Retrieved16 February 2022.
^"Missions to Mars". The Planetary Society.
^NASA Space Science Data Center,Mars 2 Lander. Retrieved 11 Feb. 2021.
^^a ^bPerminov, V.G. (July 1999).The Difficult Road to Mars - A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union. NASA Headquarters History Division. pp. 34–60.ISBN 0-16-058859-6.
^Webster, Guy (11 April 2013)."NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander".NASA. Retrieved12 April 2013.
^"Mars 3 Lander".NASA.Mars 3 was the first spacecraft to make a successful soft landing on Mars.
^"The First Rover on Mars - The Soviets Did It in 1971".Planetary Society.The Mars 2 and 3 rover, which landed on Mars in 1971.
^^a ^b"Mars 3 Spacecraft and Subsystems, NSSDCA cat". Retrieved11 February 2021.
^NASA Space Science Data Center,Mars 3 Lander. Retrieved 11 Feb. 2021.
^Pyle, Rod (2012).Destination Mars. Prometheus Books. pp. 73–78.ISBN 978-1-61614-589-7.It was the first spacecraft to enter orbit around another world.
^"Soviet Mars Images".mentallandscape.com.
^"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details".
^"Mars Pathfinder Science Results".NASA. Archived fromthe original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved20 September 2015.
^"Mars Pathfinder Welcome to Mars Sol 86 (1 October 1997) Images". 1 October 1997. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^"Nozomi - NASA Science".science.nasa.gov. 5 December 2017. Retrieved10 January 2024.
^"ESA - Beautiful new images from Rosetta's approach to Mars: OSIRIS UPDATE". Esa.int. 24 February 2007. Retrieved16 January 2012.
^Ray, Kalyan (8 February 2017)."Isro-Mars orbiter mission life extended up to 2020".Deccan Herald. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^Brown, Dwayne; Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth (21 September 2014)."NASA's Newest Mars Mission Spacecraft Enters Orbit around Red Planet".NASA. Retrieved22 September 2014.
^Clark, Stephen (24 May 2017)."Probe into crash of ESA lander recommends more checks on ExoMars descent craft".Spaceflight Now. Retrieved21 November 2018.
^"Weak Simulations, Inadequate Software & Mismanagement caused Schiaparelli Crash Landing".Spaceflight101. 24 May 2017. Retrieved21 November 2018.
^Chan, Sewell (20 October 2016)."No Signal From Mars Lander, but European Officials Declare Mission a Success".New York Times. Retrieved20 October 2016.
^Wall, Mike (21 October 2016)."ExoMars '96 Percent' Successful Despite Lander Crash: ESA".Space.com. Retrieved21 October 2016.
^Clark, Stephen (9 March 2016)."InSight Mars lander escapes cancellation, aims for 2018 launch".Spaceflight Now. Retrieved9 March 2016.
^Chang, Kenneth (9 March 2016)."NASA Reschedules Mars InSight Mission for May 2018".New York Times. Retrieved9 March 2016.
^"NASA InSight – Dec. 19, 2022 – Mars InSight".blogs.nasa.gov. 19 December 2022. Retrieved20 December 2022.
^"Live coverage: Launch of Emirates Mars Mission rescheduled for Sunday". Spaceflight Now. 14 July 2020. Retrieved19 July 2020.
^"UAE's 'Hope' probe to be first in trio of Mars missions". Phys.Org. 7 February 2021. Retrieved8 February 2021.
^"UAE's Hope Probe on its Way to Glory". 9 February 2021. Retrieved3 March 2021.
^"The UAE's Hope Probe has successfully entered orbit around Mars". cnn.com. 9 February 2021. Retrieved9 February 2021.
^Amos, Jonathan (23 July 2020)."China's Mars rover rockets away from Earth".BBC News. Retrieved23 July 2020.
^"天外送祝福，月圆迎华诞——天问一号以"自拍国旗"祝福祖国71华诞".Weixin Official Accounts Platform. Retrieved1 October 2020.
^"CGNT on twitter". 14 May 2021. Retrieved14 May 2021.China's Tianwen-1 probe lands on
^"The scientific image map was unveiled, and it was a one-time tour! my country's first Mars exploration mission was a complete success". Retrieved6 June 2021.The picture of the "touring group photo" shows the rover traveling about 10 meters south of the landing platform, releasing the separate camera installed at the bottom of the vehicle, and then retreating to the vicinity of the landing platform.
^"New Year's Day greetings-China National Space Administration releases the images returned by the Tianwen-1 probe". 1 January 2022.
^"Nasa Mars rover: Perseverance launches from Florida".BBC News. 30 July 2020. Retrieved30 July 2020.
^mars.nasa.gov (5 December 2017)."Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover".mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved30 July 2020.
^"Mars Helicopter".NASA Mars. Retrieved30 July 2020.A technology demonstration to test the first powered flight on Mars.
^First Flight of the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter: Live from Mission Control. NASA. 19 April 2021. Retrieved19 April 2021 – via YouTube.
^"NASA launches a spacecraft to visit Psyche, an unseen metal world".CNN. 13 October 2023.
^Foust, Jeff (24 September 2025)."ESCAPADE launch on New Glenn planned for late October or early November".
^Adler, Mark; Owen, W.; Riedel, J."Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration (2012)"(PDF). Retrieved12 February 2021.
^"A Chronology of Mars Exploration".NASA. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^"Viking 1 Orbiter".NASA. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^NASA - This Month in NASA History: Mariner 9, 29 November 2011 – Vol. 4, Issue 9
^"JPL".Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
^"Introduction to JAXA's Exploration of the Two Moons of Mars, with Sample Return from Phobos"(PDF). Phobos/Deimos Sample Return Mission Study Team. 26 October 2015. Retrieved22 December 2015.
^"JAXA、火星衛星「フォボス」探査…２２年に".The Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 4 January 2016. Archived fromthe original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved4 February 2016.
^^a ^b"ISASニュース 2016.1 No.418"(PDF) (in Japanese).Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. 22 January 2016. Retrieved4 February 2016.
^宇宙科学・探査分野工程表取り組み状況についてその3(PDF) (in Japanese).Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency. 13 October 2015. Retrieved21 December 2015.
^Torishima, Shinya (19 June 2015)."JAXAの「火星の衛星からのサンプル・リターン」計画とは".Mynavi News (in Japanese). Retrieved6 October 2015.
^^a ^b"Japan to Delay Mars Moon Exploration by 2 Years to 2026".Yomiuri Shimbun. 6 December 2023. Retrieved26 December 2023.
^^a ^bMERLIN: The Creative Choices Behind a Proposal to Explore the Martian Moons (Merlin and PADME info also)
^^a ^bMichel, P.; Agnolon, D.; Brucato, J.; Gondet, B.; Korablev, O.; Koschny, D.; Schmitz, N.; Willner, K.; Zacharov, A. (2 October 2011)."MMSR - a study for a Martian Moon Sample Return mission".Astrophysics Data System.2011: 849.Bibcode:2011epsc.conf..849M. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^Elifritz, T.L."OSIRIS-REx II to Mars - Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos - A Mars Mission Proposal"(PDF).Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^^a ^bElifritz, T.L (2012)."OSIRIS-REx II to Mars — Mars Sample Return from Phobos and Deimos".Astrophysics Data System.1679: 4017.Bibcode:2012LPICo1679.4017E. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^Larry PageDeep Space Exploration - Stepping Stones builds up to "Red Rocks : Explore Mars from Deimos"
^David, Leonard (20 April 2011)."One Possible Small Step Toward Mars Landing: A Martian Moon".Space.com. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^"ALADDIN: PHOBOS-DEIMOS SAMPLE RETURN"(PDF).Universities Space Research Association. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^DePhine: The Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer. (PDF) Jurgen Oberst, Kai Wickhusen, Konrad Willner, Klaus Gwinner, Sofya Spiridonova, Ralph Kahle, Andrew Coates, Alain Herique, Dirk Plettemeier, Marina Dıaz-Michelena, Alexander Zakharo, Yoshifumi Futaana, Martin Patzold, Pascal Rosenblatt, David J. Lawrence, Valery Lainey, Alison Gibbings, Ingo Gerth.Advances in Space Research. Volume 62, Issue 8. pp: 2220-2238. 15 October 2018.doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.12.028
^Renton, D.C (26 April 2005)."SMALL BODY SAMPLE RETURN TO DEIMOS".ESA. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^Britt, D."The Gulliver Mission: Sample Return from Deimos"(PDF).European Planetary Science Congress. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^"P. Lee, et al. - Hall: A Phobos and Deimos Sample Return Mission"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 29 July 2012.
^Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander (Ball, Andrew J.; Price, Michael E.; Walker, Roger J.; Dando, Glyn C.; Wells, Nigel S. and Zarnecki,John C. (2009). Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS)–A Martian Moons Orbiter and Phobos Lander. Advances in Space Research, 43(1), pp. 120–127.)
^Murchie, S.; Eng, D.; Chabot, N.; Guo, Y.; Arvidson, R.; Yen, A.; Trebi-Ollennu, A.; Seelos, F.; Adams, E.; Fountain, G. (2014). "MERLIN: Mars-Moon Exploration, Reconnaissance and Landed Investigation".Acta Astronautica.93:475–482.Bibcode:2014AcAau..93..475M.doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.10.014.
^PCROSS, Phobos Close Rendevous [sic] Observation Sensing Satellite, Colaprete, A, et al.
^Fischer, Maria (16 January 2013)."Mothership and her Hedgehogs: New Concept for Exploring Phobos".Space Safety Magazine. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^"PRIME"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 10 May 2008.
^Pultarova, Tereza (22 October 2012)."Phobos-Grunt 2 Bound for Launch in 2020, Russians Confirmed While Celebrating Sputnik".Space Safety Magazine. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^Barraclough, Simon; Ratcliffe, Andrew; Buchwald, Robert; Scheer, Heloise; Chapuy, Marc; Garland, Martin (16 June 2014).Phootprint: A European Phobos Sample Return Mission(PDF). 11th International Planetary Probe Workshop. Airbus Defense and Space. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 29 January 2016. Retrieved22 December 2015.
^Koschny, Detlef; Svedhem, Håkan; Rebuffat, Denis (2 August 2014). "Phootprint - A Phobos sample return mission study".ESA.40: B0.4–9–14.Bibcode:2014cosp...40E1592K.
^Lee, Pascal; Bicay, Michael; Colapre, Anthony; Elphic, Richard (17–21 March 2014).Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment (PADME): A LADEE-Derived Mission to Explore Mars's Moons and the Martian Orbital Environment(PDF).45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014).
^Reyes, Tim (1 October 2014)."Making the Case for a Mission to the Martian Moon Phobos".Universe Today. Retrieved5 October 2014.
^Jones, Andrew (20 June 2022)."China aims to bring Mars samples to Earth 2 years before NASA, ESA mission".SpaceNews. Retrieved5 September 2024.
^"Unmanned helicopter likely to join India's second space odyssey to Mars". rfi. 5 March 2024.
^Foust, Jeff (24 May 2023)."Impulse and Relativity target 2026 for launch of first Mars lander mission".SPACENEWS. Retrieved27 January 2024.
^Chang, Kenneth (5 October 2023)."Elon Musk Says SpaceX Could Land on Mars in 3 to 4 Years".New York Times. Retrieved11 July 2024.
^Torchinsky, Rina (17 March 2022)."Elon Musk hints at a crewed mission to Mars in 2029".NPR. Retrieved11 July 2024.
^Foust, Jeff (21 September 2023)."NASA Mars Sample Return budget and schedule "unrealistic," independent review concludes".spacenews.com. Retrieved27 September 2023.
^Foust, Jeff (28 March 2022)."NASA to delay Mars Sample Return, switch to dual-lander approach".spacenews.com. Retrieved28 March 2022.
^惑星資源探査⼩型テラヘルツ探査機(PDF) (in Japanese).National Institute of Information and Communications Technology. 25 January 2017. Retrieved13 May 2017.
^Foust, Jeff (28 March 2022)."White House requests $26 billion for NASA for 2023".spacenews.com. Retrieved1 April 2022.
^Ammannito, Eleonora; Amoroso, Marilena; Flamini, Enrico; Viotti, Michelle A.; Mugnuolo, Raffaele; Haltigin, Timothy; Boulais, Etienne; Lafrance, Sebastien; Usui, Tomohiro; Baker, David M. Hollibaugh; Davis, Richard M.; Kelley, Michael S.; Collom, Robert B. (3 July 2024)."International Mars Ice Mapper Mission: The combined scientific potential of Synthetic Aperture Radar, Very High Frequency (VHF) Sounding, Submillimeter Sounding, and High-Resolution Imaging for Climatology, Geology, Habitability and Human Exploration".European Planetary Science Congress.Bibcode:2024EPSC...17.1074A.doi:10.5194/epsc2024-1074 – via meetingorganizer.copernicus.org.
^"Mars Life Explorer"(PDF). NASA. 2021.
^Rizzo, Gabriella; Spacek, Jan (2025). "Enhancing Mars Life Explorer (MLE) with True Agnostic Life Detection Capabilities".arXiv:2507.16866 [astro-ph.IM].
^"NASA's Mars Life Explorer mission would dig deep to hunt for Red Planet life".Space.com. 11 July 2022.
^"Russia may launch mission to deliver soil from Mars moon after 2030".TASS. 2 September 2023. Retrieved6 August 2024.
^"Final three for ESA's next medium science mission". ESA. 8 November 2023.
^Советский грунт с Марса(in Russian). novosti-kosmonavtiki.ruArchived 26 November 2005 at theWayback Machine
^C. Tarrieu, "Status of the Mars 96 Aerostat Development", Paper IAF-93-Q.3.399, 44th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, 1993.
^P.B. de Selding, "Planned French Balloon May Be Dropped", Space News, 17–23 April 1995, pp. 1, 20
^"Mars Together Update".nasa.gov. Retrieved9 February 2017.
^"Mars Together: An Update".nasa.gov. Retrieved9 February 2017.
^"Mars-98".epizodsspace.airbase.ru.
^Oliver Morton inTo Mars, En Masse, pp. 1103–04, Science (Magazine) vol. 283, 19 February 1999,ISSN 0036-8075
^MIT Mars Airplane Project. Marsnews.com. Retrieved on 14 August 2012.
^O'Rourke, Joseph (9 September 2014)."Instruments selected for Mars 2020, NASA's latest rover".Astrobites.org. Retrieved12 February 2021.
^Exploring Mars: Blowing in the Wind?Archived 16 April 2021 at theWayback Machine Jpl.nasa.gov (10 August 2001). Retrieved on 2012-08-14.
^Stephen, Clark (3 March 2015)."NASA eyes ion engines for Mars orbiter launching in 2022".Space Flight Now. Retrieved5 March 2015.

v t e Space missions by destination
Planets	Mercury Venus Mars Outer planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Others	The Sun The Moon lunar probes Minor planets Comets
Orbiters	Extraterrestrial orbiters Mars orbiters Objects in heliocentric orbit

NASA planetary exploration programs

Active

Completed

Cancelled

List of NASA missions

Spacecraft missions toMars

Active

Flybys	Psyche^‡ (flyby in 2026)
Orbiters	2001 Mars Odyssey Mars Express Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter timeline MAVEN Trace Gas Orbiter Hope Tianwen-1 orbiter EscaPADE (enroute)
Rovers	Curiosity Mars Science Laboratory timeline Perseverance Mars 2020 timeline

Past

Flybys	Mars 1^† Mariner 4 Zond 2^† Mariner 6 and 7 Mars 6 Mars 7 Rosetta^‡ Dawn^‡ Mars Cube One Europa Clipper^‡ Hera^‡
Orbiters	Mars 2 Mars 3 Mariner 9 Mars 4^† Mars 5 Viking program Viking 1 Viking 2 Phobos program Phobos 1^† Phobos 2^† Mars Observer^† Mars Global Surveyor Nozomi^† Mars Climate Orbiter^† Mangalyaan
Landers	Mars 2^† Mars 3^† Mars 6^† Mars 7^† Viking 1 Viking 2 Mars Pathfinder Mars Polar Lander^† /Deep Space 2^† Beagle 2^† Phoenix ExoMarsSchiaparelli^† InSight Tianwen-1 lander
Rovers	PrOP-M^† Sojourner Mars Exploration Rover Spirit timeline Opportunity timeline Zhurong
Aircraft	Ingenuity helicopter flights Mars 2020

Failed launches	Mars 1M No.1 1M No.2 2MV-4 No.1 2MV-3 No.1 Mariner 3 Mars 2M No.521 2M No.522 Mariner 8 Mars 3MS No.170 Mars 96 Fobos-Grunt /Yinghuo-1

Future

Planned	Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) andIdefix (Phobos rover) (2026) Tianwen-3 (2028) Rosalind Franklin (2028) MBR Explorer^‡ (2028, flyby in 2031) Mangalyaan-2 (2031) NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
Proposed	LightShip (2032) MAGGIE SpaceX Mars program Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)

Cancelled
or not developed

Exploration

Concepts	Flyby Orbiter Landing Sky crane Atmospheric entry Rover Aircraft Sample return Human mission Permanent settlement Colonization Life Terraforming
Strategies	Mars Scout Program Mars Exploration Program Mars Exploration Joint Initiative Mars Next Generation
Advocacy	The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Mars Institute Mars Society Mars race

Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign^† indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.^‡ indicates use of the planet as agravity assist en route to another destination.

Mars

Outline of Mars

Geography

Atmosphere	Circulation Climate Dust devil tracks Methane
Regions	Arabia Terra Cerberus (Mars) Cydonia Eridania Lake Iani Chaos Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Undae Ultimi Scopuli Vastitas Borealis
Physical features	"Canals" (list) Canyons Catenae Chaos terrain Craters Fossae Gullies Mensae Labyrinthi Mountains by height Observed rocks Outflow channels Plains Valley network Valleys Gravity
Geology	Brain terrain Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Lakes Lava tubes Lobate debris apron Marsquake Meteorites on Earth on Mars Mud cracks North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Ore resources Polar caps polar wander Recurring slope lineae (RSL) Ring mold craters Rootless cones Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface "Swiss cheese" feature Terrain softening Tharsis bulge Volcanism Water Yardangs
History	Amazonian Hesperian Noachian Observation history Classical albedo features

Astronomy

Moons	Phobos Stickney crater Limtoc crater Monolith Deimos Swift crater Voltaire crater
Transits	Solar eclipses on Mars Satellite transits Phobos Deimos Planetary transits Earth Mercury
Asteroids	Impacts Mars-crossers 2007 WD5 Trojans 5261 Eureka 1998 VF₃₁ 1999 UJ₇ 2007 NS₂
Comets	C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
General	Orbit

Exploration

Concepts	Flyby Orbiter Landing Rover Sample return Human mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming
Missions	List of missions to Mars
Advocacy	The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Foundation Mars Institute Mars Society Mars race