List of massacres

Notes

References

1. ^Appuhamy, Durand."The Madulla massacre by the British (9th of Dec. 1817)". WWW Virtual Library Sri Lanka.
2. ^[Report of the Sinhala Commission, Part 1], page 55, National Joint Committee, 1998
3. ^Müller, J. B. (6 November 2010)."Anglophiles, Eurocentric arrogance and Reality".The Island.
4. ^Lessons on British 'decency'Archived 17 May 2022 at theWayback Machine, The Nation
5. ^British time Gazette to be revoked, Daily Mirror
6. ^"A Moral Audit of the British Empire".Brendon, Piers.History Today.
7. ^Sri Lanka is to revoke British Governor's infamous Gazette NotificationArchived 2016-01-02 at theWayback Machine, Asian Tribune, Sat, 2011-03-12. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
8. ^Sumanawathie's success brings lustre back to Uva Wellassa, Ceylon Daily News, 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
9. ^Keerthisinghe, Lakshman I. (2013)."The British duplicity in protecting human rights in Sri Lanka". Daily Mirror. Archived fromthe original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved21 October 2013.
10. ^Human Rights came down the generations, Sunday Observer, August 2010
11. ^Uva destroyed by the Brits now soars, Daily News, November 2012
12. ^"Uva Wellassa The Great Liberation War - 1817 -1818". Retrieved23 October 2014.
13. ^Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1992).Buddhism Betrayed?: Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka.University of Chicago Press. p. 7.ISBN 0-226-78950-0.
14. ^Gunasinghe, Newton (2004). "4: The Open Economy and Its Impact on Ethnic Relations in Sri Lanka". In Winslow, Deborah; Woost, Michael D. (eds.).Economy, Culture, and Civil War in Sri Lanka.Indiana University Press. p. 99.ISBN 0-253-34420-4.
15. ^Pieris, Anoma (2012).Architecture and Nationalism in Sri Lanka: The Trouser Under the Cloth.Routledge. p. 106.ISBN 978-0-415-63002-3.
16. ^^abVittachi, T. Emergency '58: The Story of the Ceylon Race Riots
17. ^Swamy, M. R. Naranayan. Tigers of Lanka: From Boys to Guerrillas, p. 11
18. ^Hughes, Dhana (2013).Violence, Torture and Memory in Sri Lanka: Life After Terror.Routledge. p. 8.ISBN 978-1-135-03815-1.
19. ^Jayasinghe, Amal (3 September 2001)."Analysis: Sworn enemy turned ally".BBC News.
20. ^Rampton, David (2013). ""Deeper Hegemony": The Politics of Sinhala Nationalist Authenticity and the Failures of Power-Sharing in Sri Lanka". In Woods, Eric Taylor; Schertzer, Robert S.; Kaufmann, Eric (eds.).Nationalism and Conflict Management.Routledge. pp. 111–117.ISBN 978-1-135-70852-8.
21. ^Perera, Jehan (2001)."Approaches to Ending the Civil War in Sri Lanka: The Role of the State and Civil Society". In Colletta, Nat J.; Lim, Teck Ghee; Kelles-Viitanen, Anita (eds.).Social Cohesion and Conflict Prevention in Asia: Managing Diversity Through Development. World Bank Publications. p. 385.ISBN 978-0-8213-4874-1.
22. ^"April 1971". Peace and Conflict Timeline. Archived fromthe original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved16 August 2015.
23. ^^abRajasingham, K. T."Chapter 24: Tamil militancy - a manifestation".Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived fromthe original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved3 September 2011.
24. ^Hoole, Rajan (2001)."Chapter 2: Antecedents of July 1983 and the Foundations of Impunity".Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power: Myths, Decadence and Murder.University Teachers for Human Rights.ISBN 978-955-9447-04-7.
25. ^"35th anniversary of Tamil Conference victims held in Jaffna".TamilNet. 11 January 2009.
26. ^Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (1994).S.J.V.Chelvanayakam and the Crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism, 1947-1977(PDF).C. Hurst & Co. p. 112. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 29 May 2018. Retrieved16 August 2015.
27. ^"Asia Report N°134 - Sri Lanka's Muslims: Caught in the Crossfire"(PDF).International Crisis Group. 29 May 2007. p. 4. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 23 September 2015.
28. ^Jeyaraj, D. B. S. (20 September 2014)."Ashraff's mystique still lingers among Eastern Muslims".The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka).^{[permanent dead link]}
29. ^Kearney, R.N. (1985). "Ethnic Conflict and the Tamil Separatist Movement in Sri Lanka".Asian Survey.25 (9):898–917.doi:10.2307/2644418.JSTOR 2644418.
30. ^Brian Eads - The Cover Up That Failed - The Prohibited Report From Colombo, London Observer - 20 September 1981
31. ^The Guardian, 4 July 1983, Frances Ashborn - Killings, arson and looting in Trinco
32. ^Tamil Times, June 1983 - Racial attacks on Tamils continue, bombs flung at MP's house, p4
33. ^Tamil Times, August 1983 - JUNE DIARY OF ATROCITIES IN TRINCOMALEE, p10
34. ^"ICJ Review no. 31 (December 1983)"(PDF). p. 24.Archived(PDF) from the original on 28 March 2014.
35. ^^{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajak}Massacres of Tamils (1956-2008).Chennai:NESOHR/Manitham Publications. 2009. p. 15.ISBN 978-81-909737-0-0.
36. ^Rubin, Barnett R. (1987).Cycles of Violence: Human Rights in Sri Lanka Since the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement. Human Rights Watch.ISBN 978-0-938579-43-4.
37. ^T. Sabaratnam, Pirapaharan, Volume 2, Chapter 5 – The Second Massacre (2003)
38. ^Daily Mirror, KKS Perera, Reflecting… 40th Anniversary of 'Black July': Have We Truly Learned from History?https://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/Reflecting-40th-Anniversary-of-Black-July-Have-We-Truly-Learned-from-History/172-262724
39. ^Daily News, Being 'in and out' of the UNP Controversial Cyril Mathew Wednesday, December 6, 2017,https://archives1.dailynews.lk/2017/12/06/features/136507/controversial-cyril-mathew
40. ^The Week, V.S.Jayaschandran, August 14–20, 1983, Lanka Burns, pp. 16-21
41. ^L.Piyadasa, 1984, Sri Lanka: The Holocaust and After, London:Marram books, p.81, 86
42. ^M.S Venkatachalam, 1987, Genocide in Sri Lanka, Delhi:Gian Publishing House, p.67
43. ^Hoole, Rajan (3 September 2013)."July 1983: Ranil Wickremasinghe Followed Cyril Mathew".Colombo Telegraph. Retrieved16 October 2017.
44. ^"ASA/37/15/94 When Will Justice Be Done?".Amnesty International. 1 July 1994.
45. ^Hoole, Rajan (2001)."Chapter 10: The Welikade Prison Massacres".Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power - Myths, Decadence & Murder.University Teachers for Human Rights.ISBN 978-955-9447-04-7.
46. ^"Sri Lanka's Welikada prison clash leaves 27 dead".BBC News. 10 November 2012.
47. ^"10 Die in Sri Lanka As Troops Fire at Crowd".New York Times.Associated Press. 29 March 1984.
48. ^Rajasingham, K. T."Chapter 30: Whirlpool of violence".Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived fromthe original on 16 April 2002. Retrieved16 August 2015.
49. ^Satyendra, Nadesan (15 April 1984)."The Chunnakam Massacre". Tamil Nation.
50. ^Tamil Times, May 1984 - Murders most foul, p.7
51. ^Tamil Times, April 1984 - Burning and killing to save Buddhism, p2
52. ^Tamil Times, April 1984 - Lankan army on shooting spree, several killed, women & children included, pp.5-6
53. ^Tamil Times, June 1984 - Amnesty international on extrajudicial executions in Sri Lanka, pp.1-3
54. ^Tamil Times - September 1984, Mortuary 'overflowing' with dead bodies, p12
55. ^Tamil Times - September 1984, 5,000 civilians flee, following army rampage, p12
56. ^Tamil Times - September 1984, 9 killed, 25 injured at Kaithady, p12
57. ^Eelanadu, 3 September 1984, "திக்கம் சம்பவம்: 6 அதிரடிபடை வீரர்கள் பலி! பல வீடுகள், கடைகள் எரிப்பு!!", p.1
58. ^Tamil Times, September 1984, "Point Pedro devastated — College Library gutted", p.14
59. ^Saturday Review, 8 September 1984, "Six Commandos Killed", p.1
60. ^Tamil Times - October 1984, Tamil travails, p.10
61. ^The Hindu, S. Parthasarathy, December 1984, Unarmed and under siege
62. ^Gamini Navaratne (1988) How we beat the bombs and censors in Jaffna, Index on Censorship, 17:4, 26-27, DOI: 10.1080/03064228808534397
63. ^^abcdTamil Times - November 1984, ARMY ATROCITIES ON THE INCREASE RAMPAGE OF MURDER & ARSON, p9
64. ^Tamil Times - December 1984, Tamil travails, state terrorism stepped up, p15
65. ^Saturday Review, 10/11/1984,'No Baila this time, 5 killed, 35 hurt in Army firing' p.8
66. ^^abTamil Times - January 1985, state terrorism: grotesque, ghastly genocide p.14
67. ^^abTamil Times - January 1985, state terrorism: grotesque, ghastly genocide p.15
68. ^Tamil Times - December 1984, TAMIL AREAS UNDER SIEGE - 1000s KILLED, MANY MORE ARRESTED, p1
69. ^Sabaratnam, T. (28 May 2008)."The ignored side of Balraj story".The Bottom Line (Sri Lanka). Archived fromthe original on 30 May 2008.
70. ^"Janaka Perera". LankaNewspapers.com. 7 October 2008.
71. ^Rajasingham, K. T."Chapter 31: Indira Gandhi - a casualty of terror".Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived fromthe original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved15 August 2015.
72. ^Tamil Times - December 1984, Wanted for murder, p2
73. ^"Vavuniya residents mark another massacre".Tamil Guardian. Retrieved8 August 2023.
74. ^"29 Tamil civilians killed in Vavuniya village remembered".The Leader. 6 December 2022. Retrieved8 August 2023.
75. ^Tamil Times - January 1985, 64 killed at Chettikulam, p16
76. ^Amnesty International, September 1986, Pattern of 'Disappearances' as security forces systematically violate human rights
77. ^Rubin, Barnett R. (1987).Cycles of Violence: Human Rights in Sri Lanka Since the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement. Human Rights Watch. pp. 112–114.ISBN 978-0-938579-43-4.
78. ^^abSabaratnam, T."Chapter 23: Manal Aru becomes Weli Oya".Pirapaharan: Volume Two. Ilankai Tamil Sangam.
79. ^"Report No. 1 - Chapter 2".University Teachers for Human Rights. January 1989.
80. ^"Mannar human rights activist Fr Mary Bastian remembered".TamilNet. 6 January 2004.
81. ^^abBrown, Cynthia, ed. (1995).Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights.Human rights Watch.ISBN 978-1-56432-152-7.
82. ^Marks, Thomas (1996).Maoist Insurgency Since Vietnam.Routledge. p. 197.ISBN 978-0-7146-4606-0.
83. ^"Soldiers in Sri Lanka Are Reported to Kill 85".New York Times.Associated Press. 6 December 1984.
84. ^^abTamil Times - January 1985, state terrorism: grotesque, ghastly genocide p.16
85. ^^abcTamil Times - February 1985, state terrorism p.14
86. ^^abcdefgTamil Times - February 1985, state terrorism p.15
87. ^^abcdefghMassacres of Tamils, 1956-2008. Manitham Publishers. 2009.ISBN 978-81-909737-0-0.
88. ^^abTamil Times - April 1985, state terrorism. - Tamil travails under state terrorism, p.14
89. ^Tamil Times - May 1985, State terrorism - Bullets for them, dynamite for their houses, p.18
90. ^Tamil Times - April 1985, state terrorism. - Tamil travails under state terrorism, p.16
91. ^^abcTamil Times - June 1985, state terrorism, more savaging of Tamils, p.16
92. ^Tamil Times - April 1985, Police commandos join in violence, p.1
93. ^Tamil Times - May 1985, Violence in East Sri Lanka, planned and instigated, p.4
94. ^^abMiller, Phil (2020).Keenie Meenie: the British mercenaries who got away with war crimes. London: Pluto Press.ISBN 978-1-78680-584-3.OCLC 1135758174.
95. ^Rajan Hoole – The Arrogance of Power, Chapter 20, Section 8, Border Aggression and Civilian Massacres – The East Erupts: Mossad Again? (2001)
96. ^Police commandos join in violence – Tamil Times, April 1985, p18
97. ^Some Critical Notes on the Non-Tamil Identity of the Muslims of Sri Lanka, and on Tamil–Muslim Relations – A. R.M. Imtiyaz a & S. R.H. Hoole, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies (2011), p229-230
98. ^^abTamil Times - June 1985, state terrorism, more savaging of Tamils, p.17
99. ^"Special Report No. 26 - Can the East be won through Human Culling?".University Teachers for Human Rights. 3 August 2007.
100. ^Daily Telegraph, 10/6/85, 100s killed in massacre of Tamils, 25,000 homeless
101. ^Tamil Times - May 1985, 30 Tamils blasted with explosives, p.1
102. ^Tamil Times - May 1985, Attack on Sinhala civilians condemned, p.7
103. ^"Report No. 2 - Chapter 4".University Teachers for Human Rights. March 1989.
104. ^Hoole, Rajan (2001).Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power: Myths, Decadence and Murder.University Teachers for Human Rights. p. 214.ISBN 978-955-9447-04-7.
105. ^^ab"Timeline of the Tamil conflict".BBC News. 4 September 2000.
106. ^^abSturcke, James (2 November 2007)."Conflict in Sri Lanka".The Guardian.
107. ^Rajasingham, K. T."Chapter 32: Limbo between war and peace".Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived fromthe original on 1 October 2002. Retrieved3 September 2011.
108. ^Somasundaram, Daya (1998).Scarred Minds: The Psychological Impact of War on Sri Lankan Tamils.SAGE Publications. p. 310.ISBN 978-0-7619-9267-7.
109. ^Tamil Times - May 1985, More Tamils killed, p.2
110. ^^abcdeTamil Times - July 1985, State terrorism - gruesome massacre of Tamil civilians, p.16
111. ^"Anuradhapura Diary: a dark day".Frontline. 28 June 1985. pp. 34–35.
112. ^^abcdefg"ASA 37/015/1994 Sri Lanka: When will justice be done?"(PDF).Amnesty International. 30 June 1994.
113. ^Cycles of Violence: Human Rights in Sri Lanka Since the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement, Barnett R. Rubin, December 1987
114. ^"Information Bulletin No.10 - Trincomalee District in February 1996: Focusing on the Killiveddy Massacre".University Teachers for Human Rights. 2 March 1996.
115. ^Tamil Times - July 1985, The massacre before 'ceasefire', p.7
116. ^Tamil Times - August 1985, Navy kill three at bus stop, p.19
117. ^"Shooting Spree, Arson in Vavuniya".Saturday Review. 17 August 1985. p. 8.
118. ^"ARMY SLAUGHTERS 200 TAMILS, VAVUNIYA, 'A GHOST TOWN'"(PDF).TAMIL TIMES. August 1985.
119. ^Tamil Times, November 1985, "OPERATION MURUGAPURI", An Eyewitness Account p.17
120. ^^abTamil Times, October 1985, Operation Nilaveli: War on refugees, p.10
121. ^Tamil Times, October 1985, Home guards kill 15 Tamils watching video film, p.11
122. ^^abcdeTamil Times, October 1985, Diary of incidents in Tamil areas, p.20
123. ^Hoole, Rajan (2001).Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power: Myths, Decadence & Murder. University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna). p. 340.ISBN 978-955-9447-04-7.
124. ^Tamil Times, February 1986, Army kills six Tamils and loots jewellery, p.6
125. ^^abcUthayan, 15 December 1985, "மட்டக்களப்பில் கடந்த மாதம் 53 பேர் மரணம்", p.3
126. ^"Remembering the Batticaloa Lake Road Massacre of 1985".Tamil Guardian. Retrieved26 July 2023.
127. ^Tamil Times, November 1985, Army on rampage in Batticaloa, p.24
128. ^Tamil Times, January 1986, Mutur burns and bleeds, p.6
129. ^Tamil Times, February 1986, 21 Tamils massacred in Muthur, p.6
130. ^^abUthayan, 29 November 1985, "கிழக்கில் நேற்று 40 தமிழர் பலி!", p.1
131. ^Uthayan, 1 December 1985, "லொறியில் சென்ற இராணுவ வீரர் துப்பாக்கிப் பிரயோகம்", p.4
132. ^"கிளிநொச்சியில் 4 சடலங்கள் கடத்தப்பட்டன".Uthayan. 2 December 1985. p. 4.
133. ^Uthayan, 4 December 1985, "ஏழு தமிழர் சடலங்கள் எரிப்பு", p.1
134. ^"மட்டக்களப்பில் டாக்டர் உட்பட 6 பேர் மரணம்!".Uthayan. 2 December 1985. p. 1.
135. ^"குண்டுவெடிப்பு, துப்பாக்கி வேட்டால் உருத்திரபுரம் கலங்கியது".Uthayan. 12 December 1985. p. 4.
136. ^"உருத்திரபுரம் சம்பவம்: வயல்களில் எட்டுச் சடலங்கள்".Uthayan. 13 December 1985. p. 1.
137. ^"குடாநாட்டில் பரந்த அளவில் நேற்று விமானத் தாக்குதல்".Uthayan. 22 December 1985. pp. 1, 4.
138. ^"ஹெலிக்கொப்டர் சூடு - சிறுவன் பலி! பலர் காயம்!!".Uthayan. 23 December 1985. p. 1.
139. ^"நான்கு பேர் மரணம்!".Eelanadu. 22 December 1985. p. 1.
140. ^Tamil Times - February 1986, Operation bullet-rain, p.11
141. ^Tamil Times - February 1986, It is war, says Jayawardene, p.1
142. ^"Sri Lanka: The secret war".India Today. 15 March 1986.
143. ^^abTamil Times - February 1986, It is war, says Jayawardene, p.24
144. ^"Jaffna Bombed".Saturday Review. 22 February 1986. p. 1.
145. ^Frerks, George; Klem, Bart (2004).Dealing with diversity: Sri Lankan Discourses on Peace and Conflict.Netherlands Institute of International Relations. p. 118.ISBN 978-90-5031-091-8.
146. ^Hawksley, Humphrey (22 February 1986)."Massacre in Akkaraipattu".The Guardian/Tamil Nation.
147. ^IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean.Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1985. p. 363.
148. ^^abcdTamil Times - April 1986, Bombing and shelling continues, p.24
149. ^^abTamil Times - June 1986, Diary of incidents, p.12
150. ^^abTamil Times - June 1986, Diary of incidents, p.13
151. ^Miller, Phil (2020).Keenie Meenie: the British mercenaries who got away with war crimes. London: Pluto Press.ISBN 978-1-78680-584-3.OCLC 1135758174.p.186-187
152. ^Tamil Times - May 1986, SACRED HINDU TEMPLE TURNED INTO CEMETERY, p.9
153. ^Tamil Times - August 1986, Diary of incidents, p.14
154. ^"3 May: 1986: Bomb kills 21 in Sri Lanka".On This Day.BBC.
155. ^Tamil Times - July 1986, The Mandaitivu massacre, p3
156. ^TamilNet."TamilNet".www.tamilnet.com. Retrieved12 August 2017.
157. ^"31 Kurunagar – Fishermen massacred at Mandaitheevu remembered - Tamil Diplomat".Tamil Diplomat. 10 June 2017. Retrieved12 August 2017.
158. ^"May 1986 - the Death of the Tamil Struggle and a New Rationale for Massacres". 19 December 2014.
159. ^Tamil Times - August 1986, Home guards kill 34, p6
160. ^Tamil Times, September 1986, The tragedy of Selvarasa Thevi and her family, p.9
161. ^"Special Report 12: CHAPTER 6 - TRINCOMALEE & THE SWORD OF CAIN".UTHR(J). 16 October 1990.
162. ^Massacres of Tamils (1956-2008). Chennai: NESOHR/Manitham Publications. 2009. pp. 88-90 ISBN 978-81-909737-0-0.
163. ^"Report 12: CHAPTER 4 - A SELECTION OF EXPERIENCES IN THE TRINCOMALEE DISTRICT FROM THE MID 80S".UTHR(J). 15 November 1993.
164. ^Massacres of Tamils (1956-2008). Chennai: NESOHR/Manitham Publications. 2009. pp. 91-92 ISBN 978-81-909737-0-0.
165. ^Tamil Times - September 1986, 47 Tamils killed in rampage by army, p.1
166. ^Tamil Times - November 1986, 13 Tamils in Boat hacked to Death, p.6
167. ^Tamil Times - November 1986, Four killed and 32 injured in shell fire, p.10
168. ^Tamil Times - November 1986, 'Disappeared' refugees killed as "terrorists", p.6
169. ^Tamil Times - November 1986, Bombing resumes, p.10
170. ^Tamil Times - November 1986, Army on killing spree, p.10
171. ^Tamil Times - December 1986, Raped and gunned down, p.4
172. ^Tamil Times - December 1986, Dead body found after arrest, p.4
173. ^Tamil Times - January 1987, POLICE ON THE RAMPAGE, p.8
174. ^Hughes, Dhana (2013).Violence, Torture and Memory in Sri Lanka: Life After Terror.Routledge. p. 13.ISBN 978-1-135-03815-1.
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186. ^McGowan, William (1992).Only Man Is Vile: The Tragedy of Sri Lanka. Farrar Straus & Giroux. pp. 243–244.ISBN 978-0-374-22652-7.
187. ^Tamil Times - March 1987, Night of the bloodbath, p.10
188. ^The Times, 16 March 1987, SRI LANKA'S CIVIL WARInnocent die in shelling that never was
189. ^Tamil Times - July 1987, Indian High Commission Official Enquiries into Murderous Deeds by Special Task Force and Security Personnel in Batticaloa, p.12
190. ^^ab"Letter sent by the Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka to the Centre for Human Rights".United Nations Human Rights Council. 9 August 1994.
191. ^"Tamils Kill 18 Near Site of Massacre".Los Angeles Times. 20 April 1987.
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199. ^Tamil Times - January 1988, 25 killed in police rampage, p.3
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