The following is a list ofmassacres that have occurred in China. Themassacres are grouped for different time periods.
This includesBritish Hong Kong and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, as well asPortuguese Macau and the Macau Special Administrative Region.
| Name | Date (Dynasty) | Location | Deaths | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Massacre of the Eunuchs | 22 September 189 | Luoyang | 2,000+ | Two thousand eunuchs in the palace are slaughtered in a violent purge in Luoyang, the capital of Han. |
| Yongjia disaster | 13–14 July 311 (Jin) | Luoyang | 30,000, exaggerated[1] and many Sogdian and Indian foreigner diaspora residing in Luoyang also died in the disaster. | The capital was sacked in the disaster, an landmark incident in theUpheaval of the Five Barbarians. The deaths of 30,000 was based on theBook of Jin compiled in 648.[1] All Sogdians and Indians living in Luoyang were killed during the disaster. |
| Jie genocide in theRan Wei–Later Zhao War | 350–352 (Later Zhao and Ran Wei) | Northern China | More than 200,000 Jie people and other "barbarians" | Ran Min massacred over 200,000Jie people and other "barbarians". Non-Han in general were targeted by Ran Min's forces. |
| Yangzhou merchants massacre | 760 (Tang) | Yangzhou | thousands | Merchants from theAbbasid Caliphate such asArabs,Persians and other foreigners were killed. It coincided with theAn Lushan Rebellion.[2][3] |
| Fanyang massacre | 761 (Tang) | Fanyang (Jicheng (Beijing)) | ? | Many foreign Sogdians and other Central Asians (known as "Hu" barbarians) were massacred by Gao Juren, a general of Goguryeo origin. |
| Massacre of Uyghur Manichaeans andHuichang persecution of Buddhism | 13 February 843–845 | Shahu in | 10,000 Uyghurs were killed at Shahu by Tang armies, more Manichaean priests massacred after Shahu and more Uyghurs were killed by theYenisei Kyrgyz | Tang dynasty generalShi Xiong slaughtered 10,000 Uyghur Manichaeans at Shahu on 13 February 843 and then the Tang dynasty launched theHuichang persecution of Buddhism where Manichaean priests were slaughtered. Another Tang dynasty general Liu Mian massacred the remaining Uyghur troops. TheYenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate helped the Tang dynasty massacre Uyghurs on the Mongolia steppe. |
| Guangzhou merchants massacre | 878–879 (Tang) | Guangzhou | Tens of thousands. (modern estimate)120–200,000 (primary source)[4] | Merchants from theAbbasid Caliphate such as MuslimArabs,Persians, Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians were killed. |
| Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty | 1211–1234 (Song) | Northern China | Several millionHan and Jurchen people | Genghis Khan and his sons waged war against the Jurchens in the Jin dynasty and aftersiege of Kaifeng (1232) they massacred Jurchens of the imperial family, Wanyan. |
| Mongol conquest of Western Xia | 1225–1227 | nowNingxia andGansu | Several millionTangut people | Genghis Khan ordered genocidal extermination of theTangut people inWestern Xia after they betrayed him and rebelled. |
| First Sichuan massacre | 1221–1264 (Song) | Sichuan | 2 million est.[5] | Part ofMongol conquest of the Song dynasty. |
| Ispah Quanzhou massacres | 1357–1366 (Yuan) | Quanzhou | ? | Yuan dynasty loyalists led byChen Youding massacred Hui Semu Muslims who rebelled against Yuan rule. |
| Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) massacre | 1583 (Ming) | Gure (古哷 Gǔlè) | ? | The Jianzhou JurchensGiocangga and his sonTaksi are massacred byNikan Wailan. Taksi's son Nurhaci blames the Jianzhou Jurchen's Ming rulers for the massacre and starts building up his followers in preparation for revolt against the Ming. |
| Second Sichuan massacre | 1645–1646 (Qing) | Sichuan | 1 million est.[5] | There is no reliable figure, but estimated 1 million out of 3 millionSichuanese were massacred mainly by the army ofZhang Xianzhong.[5] |
| Yangzhou massacre | 1645 (Qing) | Yangzhou | 300,000 (modern estimate)[6] | The Yangzhou massacre in May, 1645 in Yangzhou, Qing dynasty China, refers to the mass killings of innocent civilians by Manchu and defected Han Chinese soldiers, commanded by the Manchu general Dodo. Defected southern Han Chinese made up the majority in addition to the Eight Banner Han forces. The massacre is described in a contemporary account,A Record of Ten Days in Yangzhou, by Wang Xiuchu which is the account that exaggerated the figure to 800,000. |
| Three massacres in Jiading | 1645 (Qing) | Jiading District | 100,000[7] | People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led byLi Chengdong |
| Jinhua massacre | 1646 (Qing) | Jinhua | 60,000 | People living in Jiading due to refusal to switch to the queue hairstyle were slaughtered by Han defectors in the Green Standard army led by Li Chengdong[8][9] |
| Massacre of Muslims loyal to the Ming in Gansu | 1649 (Qing) | Gansu | 100,000 Muslims loyal to the Ming | 100,000 Muslims loyal to the Ming dynasty were massacred by Qing Eight banner armies. |
| Sino-Russian border conflicts | 1650–1653 (Qing) | Dauriya | Several thousand Daur people | Russian explorerYerofey Khabarov leads Russian Cossacks to massacreDaur men and take Daur girls and women as concubines before being fought off by the Qing. |
| massacre of Dutch prisoners | 1661–1662 (Southern Ming) | Taiwan | ? | Koxinga ordered the mass execution of Dutch male prisoners on Taiwan |
| Chahar Mongol rebellion | 1675 (Qing) | Inner Mongolia | Several thousand Chahar Mongols | Manchus massacredChahar Mongol rebels led byAbunai and his son Borni. Abunei wasEjei Khan's brother. Manchus then massacred all male members of Abunai and Borni's particular branch of the Borjigin family after killing them. |
| Tibetan civil war of 1727–1728 | 1727–1728 (Qing) | Tibet | ? | Tibetan rebels were massacred by Manchus |
| Lhasa riot of 1750 | 1750 (Qing) | Tibet | ? | Tibetan rebels massacred Manchu officials and soldiers and Manchus crushed the uprising and executed the Tibetan rebels by torture. |
| Dzungar genocide | 1755–1757 (Qing) | Dzungar Khanate | 480,000[10] | The Qing Dynasty's army slaughtered 80% of theOirat Mongols. |
| Uqturpan massacre | 1765 (Qing) | Uqturpan County | Several thousand Uyghurs | Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Uyghurs. |
| Jahriyya revolt | 1781 (Qing) | Qinghai andGansu | Several thousand Muslims | Manchu army slaughtered several thousand Muslims. |
| Nerbudda incident | 10 August 1842 | Taiwan Prefecture | 197 British and Indian prisoners of war | On 10 August 1842, 187 British and Indian prisoners of war captured by Chinese forces from thetroopshipNerbudda andbrigAnn weresummarily executed on the orders of theDaoguang Emperor in retaliation for the Chinese defeat at theBattle of Ningpo. |
| Taiping massacres of Manchus | December 1850 – August 1864 (Qing) | mid and lower Yangtze valley | tens of thousands of Manchus | Taiping rebels slaughtered Manchus and wiped them out entirely in many garrisons in the Yangtze region. |
| Ningpo massacre | 26 June 1857 | Ningbo | 40 Portuguese pirates | Cantonese pirates led byAh Pak killed 40 Portuguese pirates. |
| Dungan Revolt | 1862–1873 (Qing) | Provinces ofShaanxi andGansu | ? | Due to a combination of massacres, famine, war/famine migration and corpse-transmitted plague,[11] Gansu lost 74.5% (14.55 million)[12] of its population while Shaanxi lost 44.6% (6.2 million)[11] of its population. Not all "loss" were massacres. Besides the dead, some Hui from Shaanxi permanently moved to Gansu while other Hui from both Shaanxi and Gansu permanently left China and moved to Russian controlled Central Asia. |
| Suzhou massacre | December 1863 | Suzhou,Jiangsu | 20,000[13]-40,000[14] | Massacre ofPOWs byHuai Army led byLi Hongzhang[15][16][17][18] |
| Jindandao incident | 1891 (Qing) | Inner Mongolia | 150,000 – 500,000 | Hundreds of thousands of Mongols of Inner Mongolia were slaughtered in the Jindandao incident |
| Port Arthur massacre | 1894, 21 November (Qing) | Lüshunkou,Liaoning | 2600–20,000 | 2,600 civilians were slaughtered within the city, while those slaughtered in the hills surrounding the city had no reliable count. In November 1948, the Chinese Communist Party built a cemetery and marked the total deaths to be 20,000, which include soldiers killed in action and fleeing soldiers disguised as civilians. The 20,000 figure became the orthodox figure in communist sources.[19] |
| Kucheng massacre | August 1, 1895 | Gutian (at that time known in the west as Kucheng), Fujian | 11 | AFasting folk religious group attacked British missionaries who were then taking summer holidays at Gutian Huashan, killing eleven people and destroying two houses. |
| Second Dungan Revolt | 1895–1896 (Qing) | Provinces ofQinghai andGansu | 100,000 | Second Dungan Revolt (Chinese: 乙未河湟事变) was a rebellion of various ChineseMuslim ethnic groups inQinghai andGansu against theQing dynasty, that originated because of a violent dispute between twoSufi orders of the same sect. TheWahhabi-inspired Yihewani organization then joined in and encouraged the revolt, which was crushed by loyalist Muslims. InXunhua,Qinghai, masses ofHui, Dongxiang,Bao'an, andSalars were incited to revolt against the Qing by the Multicoloured Mosque leaderMa Yonglin. Soldiers were ordered to destroy the rebels by Brigadier GeneralTang Yanhe.Ma Dahan arranged a deal with the fellow DongxiangMa Wanfu when rebelling against theQing dynasty. In Hezhou,Didao, and Xunhua they directed their adherents to join the rebellion. |
| Massacres of Manchus in Beijing during the Boxer rebellion andBlagoveshchensk massacre and Sixty-Four Villages East of the River massacre | 1900 (Qing) | Beijing,Aigun,Blagoveshchensk | Tens of thousands of Manchus and Daur people | Boxer rebels massacre foreigners, then the foreignEight Nation Alliance massacres Manchus in Beijing and a separate all Russian force massacres Manchus in Aigun and massacres Manchus andDaur people in Blagoveshchensk during theRussian invasion of Manchuria |
| Shaanxi Uprising | 1911–1912 (Qing) | Wuhan in Hubei,Zhenjiang in Jiangsu,Taiyuan in Shanxi andXi'an in Shaanxi | Tens of thousands of Manchus | Hui and Han Chinese revolutionaries massacred Manchus in Zhenjiang, Taiyuan, Xi'an, Wuhan and many other places across China, with the death toll of Manchus at Xi'an in the tens of thousands. |
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longjing Manse Movement | March 13, 1919 | Longjing,Jilin,Republic of China | 17 or 19 | Unarmed Korean peaceful protestors were fired on by Chinese soldiers under warlordZhang Zuolin, which caused 17 or 19 deaths and around 30 injuries |
| Gando massacre | October 1920 – April 1921 | Jiandao, EasternManchuria | 5,000 | During this period, soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army murdered Korean civilians who numbered an estimated at least 5,000 and perpetrated widespread rape. |
| Shakee Massacre | 23 June 1925 | Shaji,Guangzhou | 50 | 50 direct deaths. On June 21, 1925, workers in Hong Kong and Canton went on strike in support of the May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Two days later, on June 23, over 100,000 people convened in Eastern Jiaochang, announcing their plans to expel the foreign powers, cancel the unequal treaties and walk to the Shakee in protest. At 3 am, when the protest had moved to the west bridge, British and French embassy guards, after gunshots were fired at them, fired back at the protesters. In addition, British, French and Portuguese warships bombarded the north coast of Shamian. Over 50 were killed and more than 170 were seriously injured. |
| March 18 Massacre | 18 March 1926 | Beijing | 47 | 47 direct deaths. Duan Qirui, who was worried about the situation becoming destabilized, ordered armed military police to disperse the protesters. The confrontation led to violence, in which 47 protesters were killed and more than 200 injured. |
| Shanghai massacre of 1927 | 1927, 12 April | Shanghai | 1200 | 300–400 direct deaths. Five thousand missing |
| Autumn Harvest Uprising | September 7, 1927 | Hunan, Jiangxi and Hubei | 390,000 | |
| Kuomintang anti-communist massacre | 1928 | Nationwide inChina | 40,643~310,000[20] | |
| Muslim massacres of Tibetans in Jonê and Xiahe | 1928 | Jonê County andXiahe CountyGansu | ? | Tibetans inLabrang Monastery were massacred by Muslim Hui and Salar soldiers. |
| Golok massacres | 1917–1949 | Qinghai and Gansu | ? | Tibetan Goloks and Hui Muslims repeatedly fought each other for decades with huge massacres of Goloks occurring several times |
| Anti-Bolshevik League incident | May 1930 – 1931 | Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 5000 | 5000 direct deaths conducted byMao Zedong. Mao Zedong accused his political rivals of belonging to the Kuomintang intelligence agency "Anti-Bolshevik League". Mao's political purge resulted in killings at Futian and elsewhere, and the trial and execution of Red Army officers and soldiers. |
| Futian incident | December 1930 – December 1931 | Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 200 | 200 direct deaths conducted byMao Zedong. The Futian battalion's leaders had mutinied againstMao Zedong's purge of the Jiangxi Action Committee, ordered on the pretext of its alleged connection to theAnti-Bolshevik League and ties toTrotskyism. |
| Communist purge inJiangxi–Fujian Soviet | 1931–1935 | Provinces ofJiangxi andFujian | <700,000[21][better source needed] | According to census, 700,000 died in the 15 counties under theJiangxi–Fujian Soviet. Some scholars attribute all the deaths to the regime.[21] |
| Pingdingshan massacre | 1932, 16 September | Pingdingshan | 800–1200 | 800–1200 direct deaths conducted byJapanese military. |
| Kizil massacre | 1933, June | nearKashgar,Xinjiang | 800 | An estimated 800 Chinese Muslim and Chinese civilians were killed by Turkic Muslim fighters. |
| Minsaengdan incident | 1933 to 1936 | Manchuria | 500 | The Minsaengdan incident, or Min-Sheng-T'uan Incident, was a series of purges occurring between 1933 and 1936 in which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) arrested, expelled, and killed Koreans in Manchuria, based on the suspicion that the purged Koreans were supporting the Japanese occupiers as part of the pro-Japanese and anti-communist group, Minsaengdan. The CCP arrested and expelled over 1,000 of its Korean members and killed 500 during the purges. |
| Kashgar massacre | 1934 | Kashgar,Xinjiang | 1,700–2,000 | Estimates are that 1,700 to 2,000 Uighur civilians were killed in revenge by Hui Muslims for the Kizil massacre. |
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tongzhou mutiny | 29 July 1937 | Tongzhou District, Beijing | ? | Chinese collaborationist troops of theEast Hebei Army turned against the Japanese and massacre Japanese forces in revenge for Japanese planes bombing their barracks when they refused to attack fellow Chinese. | |
| Zhengding Missionary Murder | 9 October 1937 | Zhengding,Hebei province | 9 | Kidnapping and Murder of nine Catholic priests by Japanese troops | |
| Datong Mass Grave | 1937–1945 | Datong,Shanxi | 155,000+ | Japanese military caused deaths of between 60,000 and over 155,000 laborers working in coal mines around Datong. | |
| Nanjing Massacre | 13 December 1937 to 1938 | Nanjing,Jiangsu | 100,000~300,000 | 40,000 were massacred withinNanjing City Walls, mostly within the first five days; while the total victims massacred as of the end of March 1938 in both Nanjing and its surrounding six rural counties "far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000".[22] | [23] |
| 1938 Changsha fire | 13 November 1938 | Changsha | 30,000 | Kuomintang officials ordered the city be set on fire to prevent the Japanese from benefiting from its capture. | [24][25] |
| Three Alls Policy | 1940–1942 | North China | 2.7 million | Scorched earth policy conducted byJapanese military. | |
| Panjiayu Massacre | 1941, 25 January | Panjiayu,Hebei | 1298 | Scorched earth policy conducted byJapanese military as part of theThree Alls Policy. | |
| St. Stephen's College massacre | 1941, 25 December | British Hong Kong | 100 | 100 people killed byJapanese military. | |
| Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres | 1942, 15 May – 4 September | Provinces ofZhejiang andJiangxi | 250,000 | Conducted byJapanese military as retaliation for Chinese civilians giving shelter to American pilots after theDoolittle Raid. | |
| Changjiao massacre | 1943, 9–12 May | Changjiao,Hunan | 30,000 | Conducted by theJapanese military. | |
| Nanshitou Massacre | 1942–1945 | Nanshitou Refugee Camp,Guangzhou | 100,000 | At least 100,000 deaths caused byJapanese military. Biological weapons and human experimentation involved. | |
| Yan'an Rectification Movement | 1942–1945 | Yan'an,Shaanxi | A mass movement launched byMao Zedong and theChinese Communist Party that led to numerous executions. Regarded by many as the origin ofMao Zedong's cult of personality. | [26] | |
| Gegenmiao massacre | 14 August 1945 | Gegenmiao,Horqin Right Front Banner of theHinggan League ofInner Mongolia. | 1,800 | During its invasion of Manchuria, the Soviet Red Army massacred fleeing Japanese refugees at the town of Gegenmiao. | [27] |
| Name | Location | Date | Victims | Notes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| February 28 incident | Taiwan Province | 1947, 28 February – 16 May | Roughly 8,000 | The Kuomintang responded to a revolt by native Taiwanese by beginning a campaign of repression. | [28] |
| Siege of Changchun | Jilin Province | 1948, 23 May – 19 October 1948 | 120,000 to 330,000 civilian deaths due to starvation | The civilian population of Changchun was caught between the besiegingPeople's Liberation Army (PLA) and the occupyingRepublic of China Armed Forces (ROCAF). The PLA cut off food from entering the city by land, and while the ROCAF could be supplied by air, the civilian population could not. Neither side accepted responsibility for feeding the civilians and they died from starvation and exposure in the no-man's-land between the two armies. | [29][30][31] |
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lieyu Massacre | 1987, 7–8 March | Lieyu,Kinmen | 24 | Launched byRepublic of China Army, followed by evidence destroyed and denial withcover-up measures. | [32][33][34][35] |
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ili Han Massacre (1949) | 1949 | Gulja (Yining), Xinjiang | Over 7,000 Han Chinese civilians | Mass killing of Han Chinese civilians by Second East Turkestan Republic forces.[36][37] |
| Chinese land reform | 1949–1953 | Nationwide | 1 million – 4.7 million[38] | Launched byMao Zedong and theChinese Communist Party (CCP). Liquidation of the landlord class instruggle sessions. |
| Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries | 1950–1953 | Nationwide | 712,000 – 2 million[39][40] | Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP. |
| Three-anti and Five-anti campaigns | 1951–1952 | Nationwide | 100,000+ | Exact death toll is unknown. In Shanghai alone, from 25 January to 1 April 1952, at least 876 people committed suicide.[41][42][43] Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP. |
| 1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown | 1954, 23 July | South China Sea, off the coast ofHainan Island | 10 | Airliner shootdown ByPeople's Liberation Army Air Force, 10 of the 19 on board died |
| Sufan movement | 1955–1957 | Nationwide | 53,000[44][45] | Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP |
| Anti-Rightist Campaign | 1957–1959 | Nationwide | 550,000 – 2 million | Exact death toll is unknown. Official statistics shows that at least 550,000 people were purged and many died.[46][47][48] Launched by Mao Zedong and CCP. |
| Xunhua Incident | 1958 | Qinghai | 435 | The massacre was conducted byPeople's Liberation Army towards local civilians.[49] |
| 1959 Tibetan uprising | 1959 | Tibet | 87,000[50][51][52] | The exact number of deaths has been disputed.[53] |
| Violence in theGreat Chinese Famine | 1959–1961 | Nationwide | 2.5 million[54][55] (total death around 20 million) | Killings occurred during theGreat Chinese Famine.[56][57] According toFrank Dikötter, at least 2.5 million (2–3 million) people were beaten or tortured to death, which accounted for 6–8% of the total deaths in the famine.[55][57][58] |
| Socialist Education Movement | 1963–1965 | Nationwide | 77,560[59] | Launched by Mao Zedong. |
Cultural Revolution was launched byMao Zedong in May 1966, with the help of theCultural Revolution Group. Estimates of total deaths during the Cultural Revolution generally range from 500,000 to 2,000,000.[60]
Some Chinese researchers have estimated that at least 300,000 people were killed in massacres during the Cultural Revolution.[61][62] Massacres inGuangxi Province andGuangdong Province were among the most serious: in Guangxi, the officialannals of at least 43 counties report massacres with 15 of them recording a death toll of over 1,000, while in Guangdong at least 28 counties report massacres with 6 of them seeing over 1,000 deaths.[63][64] The following table only includes major massacres which have been well documented in literature.
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red August | August – September 1966 | Beijing | 1,772[65] | Origin of theRed Terror in Chinese Cultural Revolution, triggeringDaxing Massacre which killed 325 people in a few days. Statistics from 1985 showed a death toll of over 10,000 due to the Red August.[66] |
| Guangxi Massacre | 1966–1976 | Guangxi | 100,000 – 150,000[67][68] | Massivecannibalism occurred.[67][68] |
| Inner Mongolia incident | 1967–1969 | Inner Mongolia | 16,632 – 100,000[64] | MostlyMongols. |
| Qinghai 223 Incident | February 1967 | Qinghai | 173[64] | Conducted byPeople's Liberation Army.[64][69][70] |
| Guangzhou Laogai Fan Incident | August 1967 | Guangzhou, | 187–197[71][72] | Part of theGuangdong Massacre. Caused by the rumor that Laogaifan (prisoners ofLaogai) were released. Local citizens began massive killings as self-defense.[71][72] |
| Anti-Peng Pai Incident | August 1967 | Shanwei, Guangdong | >160[73] | Targeted the relatives ofPeng Pai. |
| Qingtongxia Incident | August 1967 | Qingtongxia, Ningxia | 101[64][74] | Conducted by People's Liberation Army.[64][74] |
| Yangjiang Massacre | 1967–1969 | Yangjiang, Guangdong | 3,573[64][75] | Part of theGuangdong Massacre. Mainly inYangjiang andYangchun.[64][75] |
| Daoxian massacre | August – October 1967 | Daoxian,Hunan | 9,093[76] | Took place in more than 10 counties, mainly inDao County. |
| Shaoyang County Massacre | July – September 1968 | Shaoyang, | 991[64][77] | Influenced by Daoxian Massacre. |
| Dan County Massacre | August 1968 | Danzhou, Hainan | >700[64][78] | Part of theGuangdong Massacre. Over 50,000 people were jailed and thousands were permanently disabled. Conducted by People's Liberation Army and localmilitias.[64][78] |
| Ruijin Massacre | September –October 1968 | Ruijin, Jiangxi | >1000[64][79] | Took place inRuijin County,Xingguo County, andYudu County.[64][79] |
| Zhao Jianmin Spy Case | 1968–1969 | Yunnan | 17,000[64] | Over 1.3 million people persecuted. Part of theChinese Cultural Revolution. |
| Shadian incident | July – August 1975 | Yunnan | 1,600[80] | Uprising ofHui people. Conducted byPeople's Liberation Army. |
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese destroyer Guangzhou (160) Explosion | 1978 9 March | Zhanjiang Port,Guangdong Province | 135 (including the perpetrator) | The sinking of the ship Guangzhou killed 134 sailors and officers and injured 28 in the Chinese navy. The tragedy in the Zhanjiang harbor followed an explosion of depth charges in the Guangzhou's arsenal, more than two hours earlier, caused by Lieutnenant Lai Sanyang, an ordnance expert who been dismissed from the Chinese Navy.[81] |
| Beijing railway station bombing | 1980, 29 October | Beijing | 10 (including the perpetrator) | Wang Zhigang, a worker at a tractor factory, caused a spontaneous explosion in the south corridor of the second floor of the Beijing railway station due to a romantic dispute, killing 9 people and injuring 81–89[82][83] |
| Anne Anne Kindergarten stabbing | 1982, 3 June | Un Chau Estate,Sham Shui Po,Kowloon,British Hong Kong | 6 | After killing his mother and sister in their flat in Un Chau Estate, and also wounding two other women, 28-year-old Lee Chi-hang entered Anne Anne Kindergarten and stabbed 34 children, killing four of them, and also injured several other people, before he was arrested by police |
| Rape and murder case in Xiguitu Banner of Hulunbuir League | 1983, 16 June | Yakeshi,Hulunbuir,Inner Mongolia | 27[84] | 8 minors commit murders and rapes in Hongqigou Farm,[85][86][87][88] The incident directly triggered theAnti-crime Campaign[89] |
| Eight Immortals Restaurant murders | 1985, 4 August | Iao Hon,Portuguese Macau | 10 | Chinese gambler Huang Zhiheng murdered a family of ten in the Eight Immortals Restaurant inPortuguese Macau. He stabbed or strangled each of his victims to death before dismembering their bodies and disposing of their remains in the ocean and dumpsters |
| Tibetan unrest | 1987–1989 | Tibet | 10–400 | Official source states the death toll between 10 and 20, but other estimates range from dozens to hundreds.[90] |
| 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre | 1989, 4 June | Tiananmen Square, Beijing | 200–10,000[91][92] | Between 200 and 10,000 civilians were killed.The Red Cross states that around 2,600 died and the official Chinese government figure is 241 dead with 7,000 wounded.[93][94]Amnesty International's estimates puts the number of deaths at several hundred to close to 1,000.[95] As many as 10,000 people were estimated to have been arrested during the protests.[96] |
| Chongqing shooting | 1993, 5 April | Chongqing,Sichuan | 9 (including the perpetrator) | 3 Injured |
| Thousand Island Lake robbery killings | 1994, 31 March | Zhejiang Province | 32 | Twenty-four Taiwanese tourists, 6 crew members and 2 mainland Chinese passengers on board theHai Rui sightseeing cruise were robbed and murdered. The incident cast a shadow over cross-strait relations.[97] |
| Jianguomen Incident | 1994, 20 September | Jianguomen, Beijing | 30 dead, 30-100+ wounded | Tian Mingjian, angered by the death of his wife during aforced abortion, retrieved an assault rifle from the weapons vault in his army base, and shot to death 6 soldiers and officers. He then stole a jeep and drove to Jianguo Gate, where he shot and killed 23 civilians, and injured at least 30 others, before being shot by a military sniper.[98] |
| Zhaodong massacre | 1995, 18 November | Zhaodong,Heilongjiang province | 34 dead, 16 injured | On the night of November 18, 1995, a mass shooting occurred in Zhaodong, Heilongjiang. Two suspects, 26-year-old Feng Wanhai and 22-year-old Jiang Liming, armed with a double-barreled shotgun and a small-bore rifle, opened fire at 48 people, killing 32 people and wounding 16 others. 37 families were affected by the incident.[99] |
| Ghulja massacre | 1997, February 3–5 | Yining,Xinjiang | 10–200 | Government sources state the death toll at 10, but other estimates range into the hundreds.[100][101] |
| 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings | 1997, February 25 | Ürümqi,Xinjiang | 9 (including 3 children) | Uyghyr separatists bombed three buses, killing 9 people, including 3 children, and injuring 28. Another bomb was found at the main railway station but was defused. The bombings were a response to the Ghulja incident in which the Chinese army killed several Uyghur protestors |
| Long wins round robbery [zh] | 1998, November 15 | Shanwei | 23 | Guangdong Province, Shanwei City, the territory of an armed robbery case, the Hong Kong shipping company "Changsheng" million tons of cargo ship on which 23 Chinese expatriate crew were all killed and their corpses dumped into the sea.[clarification needed][102][103][104][105] |
| Name | Date | Location | Victims | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 Shijiazhuang bombings | 2001, 16 March | Shijiazhuang,Hebei | 108 | Jin Ruchao motivated by hatred of his ex-wife and her family detonatedammonium nitrate bombs at four locations across Shijiazhuang, killing 108 people and injuring 38 others |
| Mafang Village explosion | 2001, 16 July | Mafang Village,Nanniwan,Baota District,Yan'an,Shaanxi | 89+ | On July 16, 2001, an embittered villager Ma Hongqing ignited ammonium nitrate explosives in a rival's warehouse. The explosion leveled much of the village and killed at least 89 people, and injured 98 others |
| 2008 Tibetan unrest | 2008, 16 March | Tibet | 23–400 | In order to commemorate the 49th anniversary of the armed uprising on 10 March 1959, some Tibetan demonstrators protested collectively in Tibetan areas of China and parts of southern Tibet. However, it later evolved into Tibetan attacks on civilians such asHan andHui civilians and shops, cars, theLhasa Great Mosque and other civilian facilities. |
| 2008 Kashgar attack | 2008, 4 August | Kashgar,Xinjiang | 17 | Two men drove an attack on the armed police of the border guard detachment of Kashgar, which was in operation. A total of 17People's Armed Police were killed and 15 injured. |
| July 2009 Ürümqi riots | 2009, 5 July | Ürümqi | 197 | At first it was just a demonstration, which later evolved into a series of violent attacks by Uyghurs against non-Muslim ethnic groups such as the Han. At least more than 1,000 Uyghurs participated in the riot on the first day of the incident. A total of 197 people died, most of whom were Hans,[106] with 1,721 others injured,[107] and a large number of vehicles and buildings were destroyed. |
| 2011 Hotan attack | 2011, 18 July | Hotan, Xinjiang | 18 | 18 young Uyghur men stormed a police station and killed two security guards by stabbing and lobbingmolotov cocktails. They occupied the police station, took eight hostages, and smashed and set fire to the station. Shouting slogans and unfurling banners withJihadi writing, they refused to negotiate and engaged in a firefight with police.[108] The attack ended within 90 minutes when police shot 14 attackers dead. Authorities detained four attackers and rescued six hostages, however two were killed.[109][110] |
| 2012 Yecheng attack | 2012, 28 February | Yecheng,Xinjiang | 13 | A group of eightUyghur men led by religious extremist Abudukeremu Mamuti attacked pedestrians with axes and knives on Happiness Road. Seven terrorists were killed on the spot by the police, while the other one was injured and died after rescue. One police officer died and 4 police were injured, while 15 pedestrians died from Mamuti's assault and 14 more civilians were injured.[111] |
| April 2013 Bachu unrest | 2013, 24 April | Selibuya,Bachu, Xinjiang | 21 | It was an incident of ethnic clash that took place between Muslim Uyghur and Han Chinese community. As reported by BBC[112] 21 people were killed in the incident including 15 police officers and local government officials. |
| June 2013 Shanshan riots | 2013, 26 June | Shanshan,Xinjiang | 35 | On 26 June 2013, 35 people died in the riots, including 22 civilians, two police officers and eleven attackers. |
| 2013 Tiananmen Square attack | 2013, 28 October | Beijing | 5 | A car crashed in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, as a terrorist suicide attack. Five people died in the incident; 3 inside the vehicle and 2 civilian nearby. |
| 2014 Kunming attack | 2014, 1 March | Kunming | 35 | Eight Uyghur terrorists stabbed 31 civilians to death and left 141 injured.[113] On the afternoon of 3 March, the official announced the resolution of the case. A total of 8 people were killed. Of the 5 directly involved in the attack, 4 were killed on the spot and 1 was captured on the spot. |
| May 2014 Ürümqi attack | 2014, 22 March | Ürümqi,Xinjiang | 43 | Two sport utility vehicles (SUVs) carrying five assailants were driven into a busy street market in Ürümqi, the capital of China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Up to a dozen explosives were thrown at shoppers from the windows of the SUVs. The SUVs crashed into shoppers then collided with each other and exploded. Forty-three people were killed, including 4 of the assailants, and more than 90 wounded. The event was designated as a terrorist attack. |
| Yarkand Massacre | 2014, 28 July | Yarkant County,Kashgar Prefecture,Xinjiang | 96 | Government sources state the death toll at 96, but other estimates range into the thousands.[114][115] |
| 2015 Aksu colliery attack | 2015, 18 September | Aksu Prefecture,Xinjiang | 16 | A group of armed separatists attacked coal miners and security personnel, murdering 16 people and injuring 18 others. When the local police arrived at the scene, the attacker used a truck full of coal to hit the police vehicle and then fled into the mountains. The majority of the victims of this attack were Han people. |
| Yema stabbings | 2016, September 29 | Yema,Qujing,Yunnan Province | 19 | Yang Qingpei killed his parents in an argument over money and then murdered 17 neighbours in an attempt to cover up his crime. |
| 2023, January 11 | Guangzhou,Guangdong | 6 killed, 29 Injured | Mass intentional injury incident when the driver of a black BMW X3 deliberately rammed his vehicle into a crowd of pedestrians and motorists on Tianhe Road | |
| 2024, February 10 | Juxian County,Rizhao,Shandong | 21+ killed, many wounded | 21+ people, including a doctor who arrived at the scene to provide medical assistance, were killed in a village massacre in Juxian County, Shandong.[116] | |
| 2024 Zhuhai car attack | 2024, November 11 | Zhuhai,Guangdong, | 35 killed | 44 injured, including the perpetrator. |
曜於是害諸王公及百官已下三萬餘人
An Arab account written by Abu Zaid of Siraf within a couple of decades of Huang's rebellion estimated that Huang's forces massacred 120,000 Muslims, Jews, Zoroastrians, Christians and other foreigners. Arab historianal-Mas'udi, in a text written in the mid-tenth century, put the figure at 200,000. Both numbers are inflated, but they nonetheless indicate that the rebels attributed some of China's problems to the exploitation of foreigners, particularly merchants.
陕西人口损失主要原因主要有以下四种：战死、饿毙、病死及逃亡。其中前两种原因造成的人口损失数量最大。战后或是灾后因为尸体腐烂、水源污染等原因，导致各地瘟疫流行。死于瘟疫的人口在全部损失的人口中占有一定的比例。
可见，经过落实，旅顺市街被杀人数为2600至2700人。请注意：这个数字仅是指旅顺市街的被杀人数而言，并不包括逃离市街以及旅顺郊区和山区被杀的人数，同时也不包括在炮台阵地或北撤过程中阵亡的清军官兵。
在这场以清党为名的白色恐怖运动中，到底有多少人被捕被杀，很难有精确统计。目前所见主要有以下几种不同的统计数字：（1） 中共"六大"所作的不完全统计，1927年4月至1928年上半年，在"清党"名义下被杀害的有31万多人，其中共产党员2．6万余人。（2） 当时全国各地慈善救济机关所作的不完全统计，在1927年4月至1928年7月间，全国各省被国民党逮捕和杀害的人数总计81055人，其中被杀害者40643人，被逮捕者40412人（见附表）。（3） 《大公报》比较笼统的说法，到1930年，已有数以十万计的人被杀害。
(p. 362) At the present stage of research, victimization estimates of under 40,000 and over 200,000 push the limits of reason, fairness, and evidence; [...] (p. 384) Japanese military sources dating from 1937, such as official battle reports and private field diaries, are the most reliable and revealing of all the sources examined here. Left by "the side that did the killing," these documents are self-incriminating in ways that their compilers did not intend. When read critically, they attest that Japanese troops illegally and unjustifiably massacred at least 29,240 Chinese—and I would say 46,215—just before and after Nanking fell. Beyond that, there is room for honest debate. Conservatives adhere to this academically reputable low-end estimate of over 40,000. By contrast, I hold that we must add several tens of thousands more Chinese illegally and unjustifiably killed from early December 1937 to the end of March 1938 in the NSAD—the walled city and 6 adjacent counties. This is a longer time span and a wider area than conservatives and deniers will allow. Largely following Kasahara Tokushi, then, I conclude that a final victim total will far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000 in the absence of new evidence. But, to repeat for emphasis, an empirically verifiable, scholarly valid victimization range is from over 40,000 to under 200,000. [...] (p. 384) However, as conservatives admit, the figure 300,000 does represent a credible total for Chinese belligerents and civilians killed in the entire Yangtze delta area from Shanghai to Nanking over the period August to December 1937.
during what exiles have called the Yarkand Massacre of 2014, in which between 1000 and 3000 Uyghurs were allegedly killed by security forces
