List of saltwater species that form a part of the cnidarian fauna of South Africa
Map of the Southern African coastline showing some of the landmarks referred to in species range statements Thelist of marinecnidarians ofSouth Africa is a list ofsaltwater species that form a part of the cnidarian (Phylum Cnidaria)fauna of South Africa . This list does not include the freshwater cnidarians. The list follows theSANBI listing oniNaturalist , and does not always agree withWoRMS for distribution.
Cnidaria /n ɪ ˈ d ɛər i ə n aɪ nih-DAIR -ee-ə, ny- phylum under kingdomAnimalia containing over 11,000species ofaquatic invertebrates found both infreshwater andmarine environments (predominantly the latter), includingjellyfish ,hydroids ,sea anemones ,corals and some of the smallest marineparasites . Their distinguishing features are an uncentralized nervous system distributed throughout a gelatinous body and the presence ofcnidocytes or cnidoblasts, specialized cells with ejectableorganelles used mainly forenvenomation and capturingprey . Their bodies consist ofmesoglea , a non-living, jelly-like substance, sandwiched between two layers ofepithelium that are mostly onecell thick. Many cnidarian species can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Cnidarians mostly have two basic body forms: swimmingmedusae andsessile polyps , both of which areradially symmetrical with mouths surrounded bytentacles that bear cnidocytes, which are specialized stinging cells used to capture prey. Both forms have a singleorifice and body cavity that are used fordigestion andrespiration . Many cnidarian species producecolonies that are single organisms composed of medusa-like or polyp-likezooids , or both (hence they aretrimorphic ). Cnidarians' activities are coordinated by a decentralizednerve net andsimple receptors . Cnidarians also haverhopalia , which are involved in gravity sensing and sometimes chemoreception. Several free-swimming species ofCubozoa andScyphozoa possess balance-sensingstatocysts , and some havesimple eyes . Not all cnidariansreproduce sexually , but many species have complex life cycles ofasexual polyp stages and sexual medusae stages. Some, however, omit either the polyp or the medusa stage, and the parasitic classes evolved to have neither form.
Cnidarians were formerly grouped withctenophores , also known as comb jellies, in the phylumCoelenterata , but increasing awareness of their differences caused them to be placed in separate phyla. Most cnidarians are classified into four main groups: the almost whollysessile Anthozoa (sea anemones ,corals ,sea pens ); swimmingScyphozoa (jellyfish );Cubozoa (box jellies); andHydrozoa (a diverse group that includes all the freshwater cnidarians as well as many marine forms, and which has both sessile members, such asHydra Portuguese man o' war )).Staurozoa have recently been recognised as aclass in their own right rather than a sub-group of Scyphozoa, and the highly derived parasiticMyxozoa andPolypodiozoa were firmly recognized as cnidarians only in 2007.
Most cnidarians prey onorganisms ranging in size fromplankton to animals several times larger than themselves, but many obtain much of their nutrition from symbioticdinoflagellates , and a few areparasites . Many are preyed on by other animals includingstarfish ,sea slugs ,fish ,turtles , and even other cnidarians. Manyscleractinian corals—which form the structural foundation forcoral reefs —possess polyps that are filled with symbiotic photo-syntheticzooxanthellae . While reef-forming corals are almost entirely restricted to warm and shallow marine waters, other cnidarians can be found at great depths, inpolar regions , and in freshwater.
Cnidarians are a very ancient phylum, with fossils having been found in rocks formed about580 million years agoEdiacaran period , preceding theCambrian Explosion . Other fossils show that corals may have been present shortly before490 million years agoMolecular clock analysis ofmitochondrial genes suggests an even older age for thecrown group of cnidarians, estimated around741 million years agoCambrian period, as well as before any fossils. Recentphylogenetic analyses supportmonophyly of cnidarians, as well as the position of cnidarians as thesister group ofbilaterians . (Full article...
[ edit ] [ edit ] [ edit ] Family Edwardsiidae [ edit ] Family Haloclavidae [ edit ] Infraorder Thenaria [ edit ] [ edit ] Family Hormathiidae [ edit ] Family Isophellidae [ edit ] [ edit ] Actinia mandelae [ 1] Anemonia natalensis [ 1] Anthopleura anneae Anthopleura insignis Anthopleura michaelseni [ 1] Anthostella stephensoni [ 1] Anthostella [ 1] Bolocera kerguelensis Bunodactis reynaudi [ 1] Bunodosoma capense [ 1] Entacmaea quadricolor [ 1] Gyractis sesere [ 1] Korsaranthus natalensis [ 1] Pseudactinia flagellifera [ 1] Pseudactinia varia [ 1] Urticinopsis crassa Family Actinodendronidae [ edit ] Family Condylanthidae [ edit ] Family Liponematidae [ edit ] Family Stichodactylidae [ edit ] [ edit ] Suborder Ptychodacteae [ edit ] Preactis millardae [ 1] [ edit ] Family Antipathidae [ edit ] [ edit ] Family Cerianthidae [ edit ] Order Corallimorpharia [ edit ] Family Corallimorphidae [ edit ] Family Discosomatidae [ edit ] Acropora abrotanoides [ 3] Acropora aculeus [ 3] Acropora anthocercis [ 3] Acropora appressa Acropora arabensis Acropora austera [ 3] Acropora branchi Acropora clathrata [ 1] Acropora donei Acropora florida [ 3] Acropora horrida [ 3] Acropora humilis [ 3] Acropora hyacinthus [ 3] Acropora latistella [ 3] Acropora millepora [ 3] Acropora nana Acropora nasuta [ 3] Acropora natalensis [ 3] Acropora sordiensis [ 3] Acropora stoddarti Acropora tenuis [ 3] Acropora valida Acropora verweyi Acropora [ 1] Alveopora allingi [ 3] Alveopora spongiosa [ 3] Alveopora [ 1] Astreopora incrustans Astreopora listeri Astreopora myriophthalma [ 1] Isopora palifera [ 3] Montipora aequituberculata [ 3] Montipora danae [ 3] Montipora monasteriata [ 3] Montipora spongodes [ 3] Montipora tuberculosa [ 3] Montipora turgescens [ 3] Montipora venosa [ 3] Montipora verrucosa [ 3] Montipora [ 1] Family Caryophylliidae [ edit ] Family Coscinaraeidae [ edit ] Family Dendrophylliidae [ edit ] Family Euphylliidae [ edit ] Family Lobophylliidae [ edit ] Astrea annuligera [ 3] Astrea devantieri Cyphastrea chalcidicum [ 3] Cyphastrea serailia Dipsastraea danai Dipsastraea favus [ 3] Dipsastraea laxa [ 3] Dipsastraea matthaii [ 3] Dipsastraea pallida [ 3] Dipsastraea rotumana [ 3] Dipsastraea speciosa [ 3] Dipsastraea vietnamensis Echinopora forskaliana Echinopora gemmacea [ 3] Echinopora hirsutissima [ 1] Favites abdita [ 3] Favites acuticollis Favites chinensis Favites complanata [ 3] Favites flexuosa [ 3] Favites halicora [ 3] Favites pentagona [ 3] Favites russelli Favites spinosa Favites vasta Favites [ 1] Goniastrea edwardsi [ 3] Goniastrea pectinata [ 3] Goniastrea retiformis [ 3] Goniastrea stelligera [ 3] Goniastrea [ 1] Hydnophora exesa [ 3] Hydnophora microconos [ 1] Hydnophora pilosa Leptoria phrygia [ 4] Oulophyllia crispa [ 1] Paramontastraea peresi [ 3] Pectinia africana Platygyra daedalea [ 1] Platygyra sinensis [ edit ] Family Plesiastreidae [ edit ] Family Pocilloporidae [ edit ] Family Psammocoridae [ edit ] Scleractinia incertae sedis [ edit ] Scleractinia incertae sedis [ edit ] [ edit ] Suborder Macrocnemina [ edit ] Family Parazoanthidae [ edit ] Subclass Octocorallia [ edit ] [ edit ] Acrophytum claviger [ 5] Alcyonium distinctum [ 5] Alcyonium elegans [ 5] Alcyonium fauri [ 1] Alcyonium foliatum [ 5] Alcyonium reptans [ 5] Alcyonium roseum [ 5] Alcyonium wilsoni [ 5] Aldersladum sodwanum [ 3] Anthomastus giganteus [ 5] Anthomastus hicksoni [ 5] Cladiella australis [ 1] Cladiella kashmani [ 1] Cladiella krempfi [ 1] Cladiella madagascarensis [ 5] Dimorphophyton mutabiliforme [ 5] Eleutherobia studeri [ 5] Eleutherobia variabile [ 1] Eleutherobia vinadigitaria [ 1] Lampophyton planiceps [ 5] Lobophytum crassum [ 1] Lobophytum crebliplicatum [ 5] Lobophytum depressum [ 1] Lobophytum latilobatum [ 1] Lobophytum patulum [ 1] Lobophytum venustum [ 1] Malacacanthus capensis [ 1] Minabea [ 5] Sarcophyton ehrenbergi [ 3] Sarcophyton flexuosum [ 3] Sarcophyton glaucum [ 3] Sarcophyton infundibuliforme [ 3] Sarcophyton trocheliophorum [ 5] Sarcophyton [ 1] Sinularia abrubta [ 1] Sinularia brassica [ 1] Sinularia erecta [ 3] Sinularia firma [ 3] Sinularia gardineri [ 3] Sinularia gravis [ 1] Sinularia gyrosa [ 3] Sinularia heterospiculata [ 1] Sinularia hirta [ 3] Sinularia leptoclados [ 1] Sinularia muralis [ 3] Sinularia notanda [ 3] Sinularia polydactyla [ 5] Sinularia querciformis [ 3] Sinularia schleyeri [ 3] Sinularia triangula [ 3] Sinularia variabilis [ 3] Verseveldtia bucciniforme [ 5] Verseveldtia trochiforme [ 5] Capnella susanae [ 5] Capnella thyrsoidea [ 1] Dendronephthya inhacaensis [ 5] Dendronephthya mutabilis [ 5] Dendronephthya [ 1] Eunephthya celata Eunephthya ericius [ 6] Eunephthya granulata Eunephthya shirleyae Eunephthya thyrsoidea Litophyton liltvedi [ 5] Nephthea [ 5] Scleronephthya [ 1] Stereonephthya [ 1] Family Parasphaerascleridae [ edit ] Anthelia glauca [ 1] Cespitularia coerula [ 5] Heteroxenia elisabethae [ 5] Heteroxenia fuscescens [ 1] Heteroxenia membranacea [ 5] Heteroxenia rigida [ 5] Sansibia flava [ 1] Sympodium caeruleum [ 3] Xenia crassa [ 1] Xenia dayi [ 5] Xenia florida [ 5] Xenia kukenthali [ 3] Xenia umbellata [ 5] Xenia viridis [ 5] Family Chrysogorgiidae [ edit ] Family Ellisellidae [ edit ] Family Acanthogorgiidae [ edit ] Eunicella albicans [ 1] Eunicella papillosa [ 1] Eunicella tricoronata [ 1] Leptogorgia barnardi [ 7] Leptogorgia capensis [ 7] Leptogorgia gilchristi [ 7] Leptogorgia abietina [ 7] Leptogorgia lütkeni [ 7] Leptogorgia palma [ 1] Leptogorgia pusilla [ 7] Leptogorgia rigida [ 7] Leptogorgia tenuissima [ 7] Suborder Scleraxonia [ edit ] Family Anthothelidae [ edit ] Subfamily Melithaeinae [ edit ] Melithaea capensis [ 7] Melithaea coccinea [ 7] Melithaea furcata [ 7] Melithaea rubra [ 1] Melithaea singularis [ 7] Melithaea trilineata [ 7] Melithaea valdiviae [ 7] Melithaea wrighti [ 7] Suborder Stolonifera [ edit ] Family Clavulariidae [ edit ] Family Echinoptilidae [ edit ] Family Scleroptilidae [ edit ] Suborder Sessiliflorae [ edit ] Family Anthoptilidae [ edit ] Family Funiculinidae [ edit ] Family Kophobelemnidae [ edit ] Family Protoptilidae [ edit ] Family Umbellulidae [ edit ] Family Veretillidae [ edit ] suborder Subsessiliflorae [ edit ] Family Halipteridae [ edit ] Family Pennatulidae [ edit ] Family Virgulariidae [ edit ] Family Chirodropidae [ edit ] Family Chiropsalmidae [ edit ] [ edit ] [ edit ] Family Candelabridae [ edit ] Family Corymorphidae [ edit ] Branchiocerianthus imperator [ 9] Corymorpha abaxialis Corymorpha bigelowi Corymorpha forbesii Corymorpha furcata Corymorpha gracilis Euphysa aurata [ 10] Euphysa brevia Euphysa tetrabrachia Euphysilla pyramidata Paragotoea bathybia Family Tubulariidae [ edit ] Family Asyncorynidae [ edit ] Family Cladocorynidae [ edit ] Family Family Cladonematidae [ edit ] Bicorona elegans Codonium proliferum Coryne eximia Coryne gracilis Coryne inabai Coryne nutans Coryne producta Coryne pusilla Slabberia halterata Stauridiosarsia baukalion Stauridiosarsia ophiogaster Sarsia tubulosa Family Halimedusidae [ edit ] Family Milleporidae [ edit ] Family Solanderiidae [ edit ] Family Sphaerocorynidae [ edit ] Family Teissieridae [ edit ] Family Zancleopsidae [ edit ] Capitata incertae sedis [ edit ] Capitata incertae sedis [ edit ] Capitata incertae sedis [ edit ] Family Bougainvilliidae [ edit ] Bimeria fluminalis [ 9] Bimeria rigida [ 9] Bimeria vestita [ 9] Bougainvillia fulva Bougainvillia macloviana [ 9] Bougainvillia meinertiae [ 9] Bougainvillia muscoides [ 9] Bougainvillia muscus [ 9] Bougainvillia platygaster Dicoryne conferta [ 9] Garveia crassa Koellikerina fasciculata Koellikerina multicirrata Nemopsis bachei Nubiella mitra Pachycordyle navis [ 9] Parawrightia robusta [ 9] Family Bythotiaridae [ edit ] Bythotiara capensis Bythotiara murrayi Calycopsis bigelowi Calycopsis borchgrevinki Calycopsis chuni Calycopsis typa Heterotiara minor Protiaropsis anonyma Pseudotiara tropica Sibogita geometrica Family Eudendriidae [ edit ] Family Hydractiniidae [ edit ] Family Hydrichthyidae [ edit ] Amphinema australis Amphinema dinema Amphinema rugosum Amphinema turrida Annatiara affinis Halitholus intermedius Halitholus pauper Leuckartiara adnata Leuckartiara annexa Leuckartiara gardineri Leuckartiara octona [ 9] Neoturris papua Neoturris pileata Octotiara russelli Pandea conica Pandeopsis ikarii Family Proboscidactylidae [ edit ] Family Stylasteridae [ edit ] Family Blackfordiidae [ edit ] Family Campanulinidae [ edit ] Family Campanulariidae [ edit ] Campanularia africana [ 9] Campanularia hincksii [ 9] Campanularia laminacarpa [ 9] Campanularia morgansi [ 9] Campanularia pecten [ 9] Campanularia roberti [ 9] Clytia brunescens Clytia globosa Clytia hemisphaerica [ 9] Clytia hummelincki [ 9] Clytia latitheca [ 9] Clytia linearis [ 9] Clytia macrogonia [ 9] Clytia paradoxa [ 9] Clytia paulensis [ 9] Clytia phosphorica Clytia simplex Clytia warreni [ 9] Gonothyraea loveni [ 9] Laomedea calceolifera [ 9] Obelia bidentata [ 9] Obelia dichotoma [ 9] Obelia geniculata [ 9] Orthopyxis everta [ 9] Orthopyxis integra [ 9] Eirene ceylonensis Eirene hexanemalis Eirene menoni Eirene palkensis Eirene viridula Eutima curva Eutima gegenbauri Eutima hartlaubi Eutima japonica Eutima levuka Eutima mira Phialopsis diegensis Tima bairdii Family Lineolariidae [ edit ] Family Lovenellidae [ edit ] Family Malagazziidae [ edit ] Family Mitrocomidae [ edit ] Family Phialellidae [ edit ] Family Sertulariidae [ edit ] Abietinaria laevimarginata [ 9] Amphisbetia maplestonei [ 9] Amphisbetia minima [ 9] Amphisbetia operculata [ 9] Calamphora campanulata [ 9] Crateritheca acanthostoma [ 9] Dictyocladium coactum [ 9] Diphasia digitalis [ 9] Diphasia heurteli [ 9] Diphasia tetraglochina [ 9] Dynamena crisioides [ 9] Dynamena disticha [ 9] Dynamena obliqua [ 9] Dynamena quadridentata [ 9] Idiellana pristis [ 9] Salacia desmoides [ 9] Salacia disjuncta [ 9] Sertularella africana [ 9] Sertularella agulhensis [ 9] Sertularella arbuscula [ 9] Sertularella areyi [ 9] Sertularella capensis [ 9] Sertularella congregata [ 9] Sertularella diaphana [ 9] Sertularella distans [ 9] Sertularella dubia [ 9] Sertularella flabellum [ 9] Sertularella fusiformis [ 9] Sertularella gilchristi [ 9] Sertularella goliathus [ 9] Sertularella leiocarpa [ 9] Sertularella marginata Sertularella mediterranea [ 9] Sertularella megista [ 9] Sertularella natalensis [ 9] Sertularella polyzonias [ 9] Sertularella pulchra [ 9] Sertularella striata [ 9] Sertularella xantha Sertularia loculosa [ 9] Sertularia marginata [ 9] Sertularia turbinata [ 9] Staurotheca echinocarpa [ 9] Stereotheca elongata [ 9] Symplectoscyphus amphoriferus Symplectoscyphus arboriformis [ 9] Symplectoscyphus macrogonus [ 9] Symplectoscyphus paulensis [ 9] Symplectoscyphus secundus [ 9] Thuiaria articulata [ 9] Thyroscyphus aequalis [ 9] Thyroscyphus fruticosus [ 9] Family Syntheciidae [ edit ] Family Thyroscyphidae [ edit ] [ edit ] Aglaophenia cupressina [ 9] Aglaophenia latecarinata [ 9] Aglaophenia pluma [ 9] Cladocarpus crepidatus [ 9] Cladocarpus distomus [ 9] Cladocarpus dofleini [ 9] Cladocarpus inflatus [ 9] Cladocarpus leloupi [ 9] Cladocarpus lignosus [ 9] Cladocarpus millardae [ 9] Cladocarpus natalensis Cladocarpus paries [ 9] Cladocarpus sinuosus [ 9] Cladocarpus tenuis [ 9] Cladocarpus unicornus [ 9] Cladocarpus valdiviae [ 9] Gymnangium africanum [ 9] Gymnangium allmani [ 9] Gymnangium arcuatum [ 9] Gymnangium exsertum [ 9] Gymnangium ferlusi [ 9] Gymnangium gracilicaule [ 9] Gymnangium hians [ 9] Gymnangium longirostre [ 9] Gymnangium montagui [ 9] Lytocarpia brevirostris [ 9] Lytocarpia delicatula [ 9] Lytocarpia flexuosa [ 9] Lytocarpia formosa [ 9] Macrorhynchia filamentosa [ 9] Macrorhynchia philippina [ 9] Macrorhynchia phoenicea [ 9] Halecium beanii [ 9] Halecium delicatulum [ 9] Halecium dichotomum [ 9] Halecium dyssymetrum [ 9] Halecium halecinum [ 9] Halecium inhacae [ 9] Halecium lankesterii [ 9] Halecium muricatum [ 9] Halecium sessile [ 9] Halecium tenellum [ 9] Hydrodendron cornucopiae [ 9] Hydrodendron gardineri [ 9] Hydrodendron gracillis [ 9] Hydrodendron mirabile [ 9] Hydrodendron sympodiformis [ 9] Family Halopterididae [ edit ] Antennella quadriaurita [ 9] Antennella secundaria [ 9] Corhiza bellicosa [ 9] Corhiza complexa [ 9] Corhiza pannosa [ 9] Corhiza scotiae [ 9] Gattya conspecta [ 9] Gattya heurteli [ 9] Gattya humilis [ 9] Gattya multithecata [ 9] Halopteris gemellipara [ 9] Halopteris glutinosa [ 9] Halopteris polymorpha [ 9] Halopteris pseudoconstricta [ 9] Halopteris rostrata [ 9] Halopteris tuba [ 9] Monostaechas faurei [ 9] Monostaechas natalensis [ 9] Monostaechas quadridens [ 9] Schizotricha frutescens [ 9] Family Kirchenpaueriidae [ edit ] Acryptolaria conferta [ 9] Acryptolaria crassicaulis Acryptolaria rectangularis [ 9] Cryptolarella abyssicola [ 9] Cryptolaria pectinata [ 9] Filellum antarcticum [ 9] Filellum serpens [ 9] Filellum serratum [ 9] Lafoea benthophila [ 9] Lafoea dumosa [ 9] Zygophylax africana [ 9] Zygophylax antipathes [ 9] Zygophylax armata [ 9] Zygophylax biarmata [ 9] Zygophylax geminocarpa [ 9] Zygophylax geniculata [ 9] Zygophylax infundibulum [ 9] Zygophylax sibogae [ 9] Family Plumulariidae [ edit ] Dentitheca bidentata [ 9] Nemertesia antennina [ 9] Nemertesia ciliata [ 9] Nemertesia cymodocea [ 9] Nemertesia ramosa [ 9] Plumularia antonbruuni [ 9] Plumularia filicaulis [ 9] Plumularia floridana [ 9] Plumularia lagenifera [ 9] Plumularia mossambicae [ 9] Plumularia obliqua [ 9] Plumularia pulchella [ 9] Plumularia setacea [ 9] Plumularia spinulosa [ 9] Plumularia strictocarpa [ 9] Plumularia warreni [ 9] Plumularia wasini [ 9] [ edit ] [ edit ] Subfamily Abylopsinae [ edit ] Family Clausophyidae [ edit ] [ edit ] Chelophyes appendiculata Chelophyes contorta Dimophyes arctica Diphyes bojani Diphyes chamissonis Diphyes dispar Eudoxoides mitra Eudoxoides spiralis [ 10] Lensia achilles Lensia ajax Lensia campanella Lensia conoidea Lensia cossack Lensia exeter Lensia fowleri Lensia gnanamuthui Lensia grimaldii Lensia hardy Lensia havock Lensia hostile Lensia hotspur Lensia hunter Lensia lelouveteau Lensia meteori Lensia multicristata Lensia pannikari Lensia subtilis Lensia subtiloides Muggiaea atlantica [ 10] Muggiaea kochi Subfamily Sulculeolariinae [ edit ] Family Hippopodiidae [ edit ] [ edit ] Subfamily Nectopyramidinae [ edit ] Family Sphaeronectidae [ edit ] Suborder Cystonectae [ edit ] Family Rhizophysidae [ edit ] Suborder Physonectae [ edit ] Family Forskaliidae [ edit ] Family Physophoridae [ edit ] Family Pyrostephidae [ edit ] Subclass Trachylinae [ edit ] Family Solmarisidae [ edit ] Order Trachymedusae [ edit ] Family Halicreatidae [ edit ] Family Rhopalonematidae [ edit ] Aglantha elata Aglaura hemistoma [ 10] Amphogona apicata Colobonema sericeum Crossota alba Crossota brunnea Pantachogon haeckeli Persa incolorata Rhopalonema funerarium Rhopalonema velatum Sminthea eurygaster Tetrorchis erythrogaster Family Nausithoidae [ edit ] Family Periphyllidae [ edit ] [ edit ] Family Cassiopeidae [ edit ] Suborder Daktyliophorae [ edit ] Familu Catostylidae [ edit ] Family Rhizostomatidae [ edit ] Order Semaeostomeae [ edit ] [ edit ]
^a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv Branch, G.M.; Branch, M.L.; Griffiths, C.L.; Beckley, L.E. (2010).Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Struik Nature.ISBN 978 1 77007 772 0 ^a b c d King, Dennis. 1996.Reef fishes and corals: East coast of southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town.ISBN 1 86825 981 1 ^a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch Schleyer 2008, To be cited ^a b Schleyer MH, Celliers L (2003) Biodiversity on the marginal coral reefs of South Africa: What does the future hold? Zool Ver 345:387–400 ^a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Williams, Gary C. (1992). "The Alcyonacea of Southern Africa. Stoloniferous Octocorals and Soft Corals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa)".Annals of the South African Museum .100 (3).ISSN 0303-2515 . ^ McFadden, C.S. & L.P. van Ofwegen 2012. A revision of the soft coral genus, Eunephthya Verrill, 1869 (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Nephtheidae), with a description of four new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 3485: 1-25 ^a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Williams, Gary C. (July 1992). "The Alcyonacea of Southern Africa. Gorgonian Octocorals (Coelenterata. Anthozoa)".Annals of the South African Museum .101 (8).ISSN 0303-2515 . ^a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Williams, Gary C. (1990). "The Pennatulacea of Southern Africa (Coelentera, Anthozoa)".Annals of the South African Museum .99 (4).ISSN 0303-2515 . ^a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx Millard, N.A.H. (December 1975). "Monograph on the Hydroida of South Africa".Annals of the South African Museum .68 .ISSN 0303-2515 . ^a b c d e f g h i j Gibbons, Mark J.An introduction to the Zooplankton of the Benguela Current Region .ISBN 0 620 24225 6 ^a b c d e f Jones, Georgina (2008).A field guide to the marine animals of the Cape Peninsula . Cape Town: SURG.ISBN 978-0-620-41639-9
National taxon checklists
Plants
Animals Arthropods Arachnids Harvestmen Microwhip scorpions Pseudoscorpions Scorpions Shorttailed whipscorpions Solifugae Araneae Ixodida Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions Insects Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies Beetles Booklice, barklice and barkflies Butterflies and moths Caddisflies Cockroaches and termites Dragonflies and damselflies Earwigs Fleas Flies Jumping bristletails Lice Mantises Mayflies Net-winged insects Notoptera Orthoptera Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants Scorpionflies Silverfish and firebrats Stick and leaf insects Stoneflies Strepsiptera Termites Thrips True bugs Webspinners
Molluscs Vertebrates
Seaweeds Fungi Related
Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists
Biodiversity research in SA
Research Research Citizen science Botanical Taxonomists
Related
Regional biodiversity Legislation Publications
