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List of lunar probes

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The first image returned byLuna 3 showed the far side of the Moon

This is a list of roboticspace probes that have flown by, impacted, orbited or landed on theMoon for the purpose oflunar exploration, as well as probes launched toward the Moon that failed to reach their target.

The crewedApollo missions are listed atList of missions to the Moon.

Major programs encompassing several probes include:

Luna program — USSR Lunar exploration (1959–1976)
Ranger program — US Lunar hard-landing probes (1961–1965)
Zond program — USSR Lunar exploration (1964–1970)
Surveyor program — US Lunar soft-landing probe (1966–1968)
Lunar Orbiter program — US Lunar orbital (1966–1967)
Lunokhod program — USSRLunar Rover probes (1970–1973)
Chang'e program - China Lunarorbiters,landers,rovers andsample return spacecrafts (2004–present)
Chandrayaan programme - Indian Lunar Exploration Programme incorporates lunarorbiters,impactors,soft landers androver spacecrafts (2008–present)
Chandrayaan-3's lander Vikram on the Moon imaged by rover Pragyan 15 meters away

Second confirmation ofwater on Moon byChandrayaan-1'sMoon Mineralogy Mapper that observed reflectance spectra of water ice.

Key

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Colour key:

– Mission or flyby completed successfully (or partially successfully)		– Failed or cancelled mission
– Mission en route or in progress (including mission extensions)		– Planned mission

^† means "tentatively identified", as classified by NASA[1]. These are Cold War-era Soviet missions, mostly failures, about which few or no details have been officially released. The information given may be speculative.^{[needs update]}
Date is the date of:

closest encounter (flybys)
impact (impactors)
orbital insertion to end of mission, whether planned or premature (orbiters)
landing to end of mission, whether planned or premature (landers)
launch (missions that never got underway due to failure at or soon after launch)

In cases which do not fit any of the above, the event to which the date refers is stated. Note that as a result of this scheme missions arenot always listed in order of launch.

In the case of flybys (such as gravity assists) that are incidental to the main mission, "success" indicates the successful completion of the flyby, not necessarily that of the main mission.

Lunar probes by date

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1958–1960

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Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Ref
Pioneer 0	DoD	17 August 1958	orbiter	failure	first attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; launch vehicle failure; maximum altitude 16 km	ABLE1
Luna E-1 No.1	USSR	23 September 1958	impactor	failure	launch vehicle failure	[2]
Pioneer 1	NASA/ DoD	11 October 1958	orbiter	failure	second stage premature shutdown; maximum altitude 113,800 km; some data returned	1958-007A
Luna E-1 No.2	USSR	12 October 1958	impactor	failure	launch vehicle failure	[3]
Pioneer 2	NASA/ STL	8 November 1958	orbiter	failure	third stage failure; maximum altitude 1,550 km; some data returned	PION2
Luna E-1 No.3	USSR	4 December 1958	impactor	failure	launch vehicle failure	[4]
Pioneer 3	NASA/ DoD	6 December 1958	flyby	failure	fuel depletion; maximum altitude 102,360 km; some data returned	1958-008A
Luna 1	USSR	4 January 1959	flyby	partial success	first spacecraft in the vicinity of the Moon (flew within 5,995 km, but probably an intended impactor)	1959-012A
Pioneer 4	NASA/ DoD	4 March 1959	flyby	partial success	achieved distant flyby; firstUS probe to enter solar orbit	1959-013A
Luna E-1A No.1	USSR	18 June 1959	impactor	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit	[5]
Luna 2	USSR	14 September 1959	impactor	success	first impact on Moon	1959-014A
Pioneer P-1	NASA	24 September 1959?	orbiter?	failure	designation sometimes given to a failed launch or launchpad explosion during testing; conflicting information between sources
Luna 3	USSR	6 October 1959	flyby	success	first images from the lunar farside	1959-008A
Pioneer P-3	NASA	26 November 1959	orbiter	failure	disintegrated shortly after launch	PIONX
Luna 1960A^†	USSR	15 April 1960	flyby	failure	failed to attain correct trajectory	[6]
Luna 1960B^†	USSR	16 April 1960	flyby	failure	launch vehicle failure	[7]
Pioneer P-30	NASA	25 September 1960	orbiter	failure	second stage failure; failed to reach Earth orbit	PIONY
Pioneer P-31	NASA	15 December 1960	orbiter	failure	first stage failure	PIONZ

1962–1965

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Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Ref
Ranger 3	NASA	28 January 1962	impactor	failure	missed target	1962-001A
Ranger 4	NASA	26 April 1962	impactor	failure	hit the lunar farside; no data returned	1962-012A
Ranger 5	NASA	21 October 1962	impactor	failure	power failure, missed target	1962-055A
Sputnik 25	USSR	5 January 1963	lander	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit	1963-001A
Luna E-6 No.3^†	USSR	2 February 1963	lander?	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit	[8]
Luna 4	USSR	5 April 1963	lander?	failure	missed target, became Earth satellite	1963-008B
Ranger 6	NASA	2 February 1964	impactor	partial success	impacted, but no pictures returned due to power failure	1964-007A
Luna 1964A^†	USSR	21 March 1964	lander	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit
Ranger 7	NASA	31 July 1964	impactor	success	returned pictures until impact	1964-041A
Ranger 8	NASA	20 February 1965	impactor	success	returned pictures until impact	1965-010A
Cosmos 60	USSR	12 March 1965	lander	failure	failed to leave Earth orbit	1965-018A
Ranger 9	NASA	24 March 1965	impactor	success	TV broadcast of live pictures until impact	1965-023A
Luna 1965A^†	USSR	10 April 1965	lander	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit?	[9]
Luna 5	USSR	12 May 1965	lander	failure	crashed into Moon	1965-036A
Luna 6	USSR	8 June 1965	lander	failure	missed Moon	1965-044A
Zond 3	USSR	20 July 1965	flyby	success	possibly originally intended as a Mars probe, but target changed after launch window missed	1965-056A
Luna 7	USSR	7 October 1965	lander	failure	crashed into Moon	1965-077A
Luna 8	USSR	6 December 1965	lander	failure	crashed into Moon	1965-099A

1966–1967

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Spacecraft	Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Ref
Luna 9	USSR	3 February 1966 – 6 February 1966	lander	success	first soft landing; first images from the surface	1966-006A
Cosmos 111	USSR	1 March 1966	orbiter	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit	1966-017A
Luna 10	USSR	3 April 1966 – 30 May 1966	orbiter	success	first artificial satellite of the Moon	1966-027A
Luna 1966A^†	USSR	30 April 1966	orbiter	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit	[10]
Surveyor 1	NASA	2 June 1966	lander	success	first US soft landing; Surveyor program performed various tests in support of forthcoming human landings	1966-045A
Explorer 33	NASA	1 July 1966 – 15 September 1971	orbiter	partial success	studied interplanetary plasma, cosmic rays, magnetic fields and solar X rays; failed to attain lunar orbit as intended, but achieved mission objectives from Earth orbit	1966-058A
Lunar Orbiter 1	NASA	14 August 1966 – 29 October 1966	orbiter	success	photographic mapping of lunar surface; intentionally impacted after completion of mission	1966-073A
Luna 11	USSR	28 August 1966 – 1 October 1966	orbiter	success	gamma-ray and X-ray-based observations of Moon's composition; gravity, radiation and meteorite studies	1966-078A
Surveyor 2	NASA	23 September 1966	lander	failure	crashed into Moon	1966-084A
Luna 12	USSR	25 October 1966 – 19 January 1967	orbiter	success	lunar surface photography	1966-094A
Lunar Orbiter 2	NASA	10 November 1966 – 11 October 1967	orbiter	success	photographic mapping of lunar surface; intentionally impacted after completion of mission	1966-100A
Luna 13	USSR	24 December 1966	lander	success	TV pictures of lunar landscape; soil measurements	1966-116A
Lunar Orbiter 3	NASA	8 February 1967 – 9 October 1967	orbiter	success	photographic mapping of lunar surface; intentionally impacted after completion of mission	1967-008A
Surveyor 3	NASA	20 April 1967 – 4 May 1967	lander	success	various studies, primarily in support of forthcoming human landings. First lander visited by a later crewed mission (Apollo 12) that even brought its components back to Earth.	1967-035A
Lunar Orbiter 4	NASA	May–October 1967	orbiter	success	lunar photographic survey	1967-041A
Explorer 35	NASA	July 1967 – 24 June 1973	orbiter	success	studies of interplanetary plasma, magnetic fields, energetic particles and solar X rays	1967-070A
Surveyor 4	NASA	17 July 1967	lander	failure	crashed into Moon	1967-068A
Lunar Orbiter 5	NASA	5 August 1967 – 31 January 1968	orbiter	success	lunar photographic survey; intentionally impacted after completion of mission	1967-075A
Surveyor 5	NASA	11 September 1967 – 17 December 1967	lander	success	various studies, primarily in support of forthcoming human landings	1967-084A
Zond 1967A^†	USSR	28 September 1967		failure	lunar capsule test flight; launch failure	[11]
Surveyor 6	NASA	10 November 1967 – 14 December 1967	lander	success	various studies, primarily in support of forthcoming human landings	1967-112A
Zond 1967B^†	USSR	22 November 1967		failure	lunar capsule test flight; launch failure	[12]

1968–1970

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Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Ref
Surveyor 7		NASA	10 January 1968 – 21 February 1968	lander	success	various studies, primarily in support of forthcoming human landings; fifth and final Surveyor mission to achieve soft landing	1968-001A
Luna 1968A^†		USSR	7 February 1968	orbiter?	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit	[13]
Zond 4		USSR	2 March 1968 (launch)			lunar programme flight test, directed away from Moon, either intentionally or unintentionally	1968-013A
Luna 14		USSR	10 April 1968 – ?	orbiter	success	tests of radio communications technologies; lunarmascon studies	1968-027A
Zond 1968A^†		USSR	23 April 1968	flyby?	failure	launch failure	[14]
Zond 5		USSR	18 September 1968	flyby	success	bioscience experiments; returned to soft landing on Earth	1968-076A
Zond 6		USSR	14 November 1968	flyby	success	cosmic-ray, micrometeoroid and bioscience studies; returned to soft landing on Earth	1968-101A
Zond 1969A^†		USSR	20 January 1969	flyby	failure	launch aborted	[15]
Luna 1969A^†		USSR	19 February 1969	lander	failure	launch vehicle failure	[16]
	Lunokhod 201^†	USSR	19 February 1969	rover	failure	launch vehicle failure	[16]
Zond L1S-1^†		USSR	21 February 1969	orbiter	failure	launch vehicle failure	[17]
Luna 1969B^†		USSR	15 April 1969	sample return?	failure	launch failure	[18]
Luna 1969C^†		USSR	14 June 1969	sample return	failure	launch failure	[19]
Zond L1S-2^†		USSR	3 July 1969	orbiter	failure	launch failure	[20]
Luna 15		USSR	21 July 1969	sample return?	failure?	completed 52 lunar orbits then crash-landed	1969-058A
Zond 7		USSR	11 August 1969	flyby	success	returned to soft landing on Earth	1969-067A
Cosmos 300		USSR	23 September 1969	sample return	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit	1969-080A
Cosmos 305		USSR	22 October 1969	sample return	failure	failed to escape Earth orbit	1969-092A
Luna 1970A^†		USSR	6 February 1970	sample return?	failure	launch vehicle failure	[21]
Luna 1970B^†		USSR	19 February 1970	orbiter?	failure	launch vehicle failure	[22]
Luna 16		USSR	20 September 1970	sample return	success	first robotic sample return	1970-072A
Zond 8		USSR	24 October 1970	flyby	success	returned to soft landing on Earth	1970-088A
Luna 17		USSR	17 November 1970 – 4 October 1971	lander	success	deployed rover	1970-095A
	Lunokhod 1	USSR	17 November 1970 – 4 October 1971	rover	success	first robotic rover; travelled over 10 km	1970-095D

1971–1976

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Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Ref
Luna 18		USSR	11 September 1971	lander/sample return?	failure	crashed into Moon	1971-073A
Luna 19		USSR	3 October 1971 – October 1972	orbiter	success		1971-082A
Luna 20		USSR	21 February 1972	sample return	success	second successful robotic sample return	1972-007A
Soyuz L3^†		USSR	23 November 1972	orbiter	failure	launch failure	[23]
Luna 21		USSR	15 January 1973 – May 1973?	lander	success	deployed rover	1973-001A
	Lunokhod 2	USSR	15 January 1973 – May 1973?	rover	success	second robotic rover; travelled 37 km	1973-001A
Explorer 49		NASA	15 June 1973 – June 1975	orbiter	success	radio astronomy observations; last US lunar mission until 1994	1973-039A
Mariner 10		NASA	November 1973	flyby	success	en route to Venus and Mercury	1973-085A
Luna 22		USSR	2 June 1974 – November 1974	orbiter	success		1974-037A
Luna 23		USSR	6 November 1974	sample return	failure	damaged on landing, sample return failed	1974-084A
Luna 1975A^†		USSR	16 October 1975	sample return	failure	failed to reach Earth orbit	[24]
Luna 24		USSR	18 August 1976	sample return	success	third and final successful sample return in Luna programme	1976-081A

1983–1998

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Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Ref
ICE (formerly ISEE-3)		NASA	22 December 1983	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to comet flybys	1978-079A
Hiten		ISAS	March 1990 – October 1991	flyby (approached 10 times)	success	in Moon-crossing Earth orbit from January 1990, later transferred to lunar orbit after failure of Hagoromo; intentionally impacted on Moon at end of mission; first Japanese probe (and non-USSR/US probe) to enter lunar orbit	1990-007A
Hiten		ISAS	February 1992 – April 1993	orbiter	success
	Hagoromo	ISAS	March 1990	orbiter	failure	released by Hiten into lunar orbit, but transmitter failed and orbit never confirmed
GEOTAIL		ISAS /NASA	September 1992 – November 1994	flyby (approached 14 times)	success	gravity assist en route magnetotail around L2 / finally deployed into high Earth orbit	[25]
WIND		NASA	1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994	flyby	success	gravity assists en route to Earth–Sun L1Lagrangian point	1994-071A
Clementine		BMDO/ NASA	February – June 1994	orbiter	partial success	lunar and Earth observations and component testing; plannedGeographos flyby failed	1994-004A
HGS-1		Hughes Global Services	May/June 1998	Flyby (orbital correction)		errant communications satellite, flew within 6,200 kilometers of Moon during orbit correction manoeuvres	1997-086A
Lunar Prospector		NASA	January 1998 – July 1999	orbiter	success	lunar surface mapping; intentionally impacted into polar crater at end of mission to test for liberation of water vapour (not detected)	1998-001A
Nozomi		ISAS	24 September 1998	flyby	success	gravity assists on planned mission to Mars	1998-041A
Nozomi		ISAS	18 December 1998	flyby	success	gravity assists on planned mission to Mars	1998-041A

2001–2009

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Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Ref
WMAP		NASA	30 July 2001	flyby	success	gravity assist en route to Earth–Sun L2Lagrangian point	2001-027A
SMART-1		ESA	13 November 2004 – 3 September 2006	orbiter	success	technology testbed and lunar geological studies; intentionally impacted at end of mission; first European probe to orbit the Moon	2003-043C
STEREO A		NASA	15 December 2006	flyby	success	gravity assist to enter aheliocentric orbit	2006-047A
STEREO B		NASA	15 December 2006 and 21 January 2007	flyby	success	gravity assists to enter aheliocentric orbit	2006-047B
SELENE (Kaguya)		JAXA	3 October 2007 – 10 June 2009	orbiter	success	mineralogical, geographical, magnetic and gravitational observations	2007-039A
	Okina (Relay Star)		9 October 2007 – 12 February 2009	Kaguya subsatellite	success	relay forKaguya's Far Side operations
	Ouna (VRAD)		12 October 2007 – 29 June 2009	Kaguya subsatellite	success (still in orbit)	Very Long Baseline Interferometry
Chang'e 1		CNSA	5 November 2007 – 1 March 2009	orbiter	success	3D lunar mapping and geological observations; first Chinese probe to orbit a body besides Earth; impacted to collect data in preparation for future soft landings	2007-051A[26][27]
Chandrayaan-1		ISRO	8 November 2008 – 29 August 2009	orbiter	success	high resolution 3D mapping, search water in polar region (first detection of water) and spectral analysis of the Moon's surface and inner compositions^[1]	2008-052A[28]Archived 2014-04-12 at theWayback Machine
	Moon Impact Probe (MIP)	ISRO	14 November 2008	impactor	success	test and demonstrate targeting technologies for future soft landings, scientific observation from close range	[29]
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter		NASA	23 June 2009 –	orbiter	in orbit	survey of lunar resources and identification of possible landing sites	2009-031A
LCROSS		NASA	23 June 2009	flyby	success	consisted of the Shepherding Spacecraft andCentaur upper stage (Earth Departure Upper Stage)	2009-031B[30]
	LCROSS Shepherding Spacecraft		9 October 2009	impactor	success	analyzed upper-stage impact plume for traces of water liberated from the Moon's surface
	LCROSS Earth Departure Upper Stage		9 October 2009	impactor	success

2010–2019

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Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Ref
Chang'e 2		CNSA	1 October 2010 – 27 August 2011	orbiter	success	capture high resolution images of the landing zone forChang'e 3, measure and analyze composition of the surface. Then sent to L2 and on to an asteroid flyby.	2010-050A[31]
ARTEMIS P1		NASA	2 July 2011 –	orbiter	in orbit	to study the effect of the solar wind on the lunar surface	2007-004B[32]
ARTEMIS P2		NASA	17 July 2011 –	orbiter	in orbit	to study the effect of the solar wind on the lunar surface	2007-004C[33]
GRAIL A (Ebb)		NASA	31 December 2011 – 17 December 2012	orbiter	success	mapped the Moon's gravitational field; intentionally impacted at end of mission	2011-046A[34]
GRAIL B (Flow)		NASA	1 January 2012 – 12 December 2012	orbiter	success	mapped the Moon's gravitational field; intentionally impacted at end of mission	2011-046B[35]
LADEE		NASA	6 September 2013 – 8 April 2014	orbiter	success	designed to study the lunar exosphere and dust. Intentionally impacted on far side of Moon.	2013-047A
Chang'e 3		CNSA	1 December 2013 -	lander	in progress	soft-landed on the Moon and deployedYutu rover on 14 December 2013; one functioning instrument as of 1 September 2020[36]	2013-070A[37]
	Yutu	CNSA	1 December 2013 – 2016?	rover	success	survived multiple lunar nights, became immobile 42 days after landing	2013-070C
Chang'e 5-T1		CNSA	28 October 2014	flyby	success	Technology demonstrator forChang'e 5 mission; after separating the Xiaofei reentry capsule, the service module eventually entered lunar orbit to conduct rendezvous exercises	2014-065A[38]
Chang'e 5-T1		CNSA	10 January 2015 –	orbiter	in progress		2014-065A[38]
	Manfred Memorial Moon Mission	Luxspace	October 2014	flyby/impactor (post mission)	success	privately funded payload attached to aLong March 3C rocket third stage; itsdosimeter measuredionizing radiation in space. Unintentional Impact on 4 March 2022.	[39][40]
TESS		NASA	17 May 2018	flyby	success	gravity assist to achieve a lunar resonant high Earth orbit	2018-038A
Queqiao		CNSA	25 May 2018	flyby	success	Used a gravity assist en route to the Earth–MoonL₂ Lagrangian point. Currently serving as relay forChang'e 4 lander and rover on thefar side.	2018-045A
Longjiang-1		HIT	25 May 2018	orbiter	failure	malfunctioned after launch, became flyby	2018-045B
Longjiang-2		HIT	25 May 2018 – 31 July 2019	orbiter	success	Very Long Baseline Interferometry, in orbit until 31 July 2019 when it was deliberately directed to crash onto the Moon.	2018-045C
Chang'e 4		CNSA	7 December 2018 –	lander	in progress	First spacecraft to soft land on thefar side of the Moon.	2018-103A
	Yutu-2	CNSA	7 December 2018 –	rover	active
Beresheet		SpaceIL	22 February 2019 – 11 April 2019	lander	failure	First Israeli and privately funded lunar lander. Entered lunar orbit on 4 April, hard-landed on 11 April 2019.	2019-009B[41]
Chandrayaan-2		ISRO	22 July 2019 –	orbiter	in orbit	observe lunar geography and mineralogy, search for water molecules	2019-042A
	Vikram	ISRO	6 September 2019	lander	failure	crashed due to a software glitch^[2]
	Pragyan	ISRO	7 September 2019	rover	not deployed	was to be deployed fromVikram

2020–present

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Spacecraft		Organization	Date	Type	Status	Notes	Ref
Chang'e 5		CNSA	16 December 2020	sample return	success	Retrieved 1.731 kg of lunar sample and returned it to Earth	2020-087A^[3]
	Chang'e 5 Lander	CNSA	30 November 2020 - 11 December 2020		success	Obtained lunar sample and placed on ascent vehicle; conducted radar studies of underground structure
	Chang'e 5 Ascender	CNSA	3 December 2020 - 7 December 2020		success	Transferred lunar sample onto return capsule via lunar-orbit rendezvous; intentionally deorbited
	Chang'e 5 Orbiter	CNSA	9 September 2021	flyby	success	Extended mission following separation of Chang'e 5 Returner; returned from Sun-EarthL₁^[4] to conduct lunar flyby^[5]
	Chang'e 5 Orbiter	CNSA	Late 2021 -	orbiter	in orbit	First spacecraft to utilizeDistant Retrograde Orbit (DRO) about Earth-MoonL₁ andL₂
CAPSTONE		NASA	14 November 2022^[6]	orbiter^[7]^[8]	in orbit	Lunar orbitingCubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for theGateway space station.	CAPSTONE
Artemis 1 Orion MPCV CM-002		NASA	21 November 2022	flyby	success	Uncrewed test of theOrion spacecraft in lunar flyby andDRO orbit.	ARTEMIS-1^[9]
			25 November 2022	orbiter	success
			5 December 2022	flyby	success
LunaH-Map		NASA	21 November 2022 (flyby)	orbiter	failure	intended to perform engine burn to achieve a lunar orbit to search for evidence oflunar water ice insidepermanently shadowed craters using its neutron detector. Orbit insertion failed possibly due to a struck valve. The mission was terminated after six month in solar orbit.	LUNAH-MAP^[10]^[11]
Lunar IceCube		NASA	21 November 2022 (flyby)	orbiter	failure	intended to perform engine burn to achieve a lunar orbit to use itsinfrared spectrometer to detect water and organic compounds in thelunar surface andexosphere.	L-ICECUBE
EQUULEUS		JAXA	21 November 2022	flyby	success	image the Earth'splasmasphere, impact craters on theMoon's far side and L2 experiments.	EQUULEUS
LunIR		Lockheed Martin	21 November 2022	flyby	failure	image surfacethermography, failed to observe the Moon due to faulty communication	LUNIR^[12]
NEA Scout		NASA	21 November 2022	flyby	failure	Solar sail intended to flyby anear-Earth asteroid. Communication failure.	NEA-SCOUT
ArgoMoon		ASI	21 November 2022	flyby	success	image theICPS and perform deep spaceNanotechnology experiments.	ARGOMOON
OMOTENASHI solid motor and orbiting module		JAXA	21 November 2022 (flyby)	impactor	failure	intentional impact after separation from surface probe. Prepares the trajectory for landing of surface probe. Communication failure, missed target	OMOTENASH
	OMOTENASHI surface probe	JAXA	21 November 2022 (flyby)	semi-hard lander	failure	inflatable module attempting to land semi-hard at lunar surface. Communication failure, missed target	OMOTENASH
CuSP		NASA	21 November 2022	flyby	failure	mission to studyparticles andmagnetic fields. Did lunar flyby due to launch trajectory.	CUSP
BioSentinel		NASA	21 November 2022	flyby	success	it containsyeast cards that will be rehydrated in space, designed to detect, measure, and compare theeffects of deep space radiation.	BIOSENTNL
Team Miles		Fluid & Reason	21 November 2022	flyby	failure	demonstratelow-thrust plasma propulsion in deep space.	TEAMMILES
Danuri (Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter)		KARI/ NASA	16 December 2022^[13]	orbiter	in orbit	Lunar Orbiter by theKorea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) ofSouth Korea. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveyinglunar resources such aswater ice,uranium,helium-3,silicon, andaluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.	KPLO
Hakuto-R Mission 1		ispace	April 2023	lander	failure^[14]	Lunar lander technology demonstration.	HAKUTO-R1
	Rashid	UAESA/MBRSC	April 2023	rover	failure	Lunar rover, part of theEmirates Lunar Mission.
	SORA-Q	JAXA/Tomy/Doshisha University	April 2023	rover	failure	Lunar rover technology demonstration.
Lunar Flashlight		NASA	11 December 2022 (launch)	orbiter	failure^[15]^[16]	was to enter anear-rectilinear halo orbit; couldn't leave Earth orbit due to propulsion failures.	L-FLASHLT
JUICE		ESA	14 April 2023 (launch)	flyby	success	gravity assist in August 2024 en route to Jupiter.	^[17]
Chandrayaan-3		ISRO	14 July 2023 (launch) 5 August 2023 (orbit insertion)	orbiter	success	bring the lander fromEarth parking orbit to pre-landing 100 km (62 mi) lunar orbit and study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August, andIndia became the first country to touch down near thelunar south pole, at 69°S, the southernmost lunar landing on 23 August 2023 at 18:03IST (12:33UTC).	CHANDRYN3
	Vikram	ISRO	23 August 2023	lander	success	primary objective is to redo Chandrayaan-2 landing which had failed. In-site observation & conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand composition of the Moon.
	Pragyan	ISRO	23 August 2023	rover	success	stowed inside lander. Demonstrating the rover's loitering capabilities on the Moon. In-site observation and conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand composition of the Moon.
	Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module	ISRO	Between 13 October and 10 November 2023	4 flybys	success	Extended mission following lunar orbit operations to returning to Earth orbit
Luna 25		Roscosmos	10 August 2023	lander	failure^[18]	Launched 10 August 2023, orbit insertion 16 August 2023, crashed on lunar surface on 19 August 2023 following an anomalous orbital lowering maneuver.	LUNA-25
SLIM		JAXA	19 January 2024	gravity assist/lander	success^[19]	Successfully demonstrated precision landing by landing within 100 m (330 ft) of its target spot.^[20]^[21] Its solar cells were initially not generating electricity due to wrong attitude^[22] but in ten days the Sun moved enough to temporarily provide power to the spacecraft.^[23]	SLIM
	LEV-1	JAXA	19 January 2024	rover	success	Lunar rover with a hopping mechanism. Conducted six hops on lunar surface.^[22]
	LEV-2 (SORA-Q)	JAXA/Tomy/Doshisha University	19 January 2024	rover	success	Lunar rover, reflight of the SORA-Q rover launched with the failed Hakuto-R Mission 1. Imaged SLIM lander on lunar surface.^[22]
Peregrine		Astrobotic Technology	8 January 2024 (launch)	lander	failure	Lunar lander selected for NASA'sCommercial Lunar Payload Services carrying a total of 25 payloads. Landing abandoned due to excessive propellant leak.^[24]	PEREGRN-1
	Colmena × 5	UNAM	8 January 2024 (launch)	rover	failure	Five small robots that will be catapulted onto the lunar surface. Mission phased out along with landing of Peregrine lander due to excessive propellant leak.^[24]
	Iris	CMU	8 January 2024 (launch)	rover	failure	Lunar rover, will test small, lightweight rover mobility on the Moon, and collect scientific images for geological sciences. Mission phased out along with landing of Peregrine lander due to excessive propellant leak.^[24]
IM-1 Odysseus		Intuitive Machines	22 February 2024	lander	success	Lunar lander selected for NASA'sCommercial Lunar Payload Services carrying a total of 6 payloads.	IM-1-NOVA
	EagleCam	Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University	28 February 2024	semi-hard lander	failure	Deployable camera designed to attempt to capture the first third-person images of a lunar landing. Ejected post landing due to technical issues, failed to return images.^[25]	IM-1-NOVA
DRO-A		CAS	13 March 2024 (launch)	orbiter	in orbit	YZ-1S upper stage failed to deliver spacecrafts into correct orbit. The satellites were intended to testDistant retrograde orbit.^[26] Tracking data appears to show China is attempting to salvage spacecraft and they appear to have succeeded in reaching their desired orbit.^[27]^[28]	2024-048A
DRO-B		CAS	13 March 2024 (launch)	orbiter	in orbit		2024-048A
Queqiao-2		CNSA	24 March 2024	orbiter	in orbit	Lunar far side relay satellite.	QUEQIAO-2
	Tiandu-1	Deep Space Exploration Laboratory		orbiter	in orbit	will test communications for futurelunar satellite constellation technologies.
	Tiandu-2	Deep Space Exploration Laboratory		orbiter	in orbit
Chang'e 6		CNSA	3 May 2024	sample return	operational^[29]	First sample-return from theSouth Pole–Aitken basin on thefar side of the Moon.^[30]^[31]	CHANG-E-6 ^[29]^[32]
	Chang'e 6 Lander	CNSA	1 June 2024 -		success	Obtained lunar sample and placed on ascent vehicle; conducted radar studies of underground structure
	Chang'e 6 Ascender	CNSA	3 June 2024 - 7 June 2024		success	Transferred lunar sample to return capsule on 6 June 2024 after lunar-orbit rendezvous; deorbited^[32]
	Jinchan rover	CNSA	3 May 2024		success	Conductinfrared spectroscopy of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface.^[33]
	Chang'e 6 Orbiter	CNSA	8 May 2024 - 20 June 2024	orbiter	success	On extended mission orbiting Sun-EarthL₂^[34]
	ICUBE-Q	SUPARCO	3 May 2024	orbiter	operational	Pakistan's first lunar mission.
Blue Ghost M1		Firefly Aerospace	15 January 2025 (launch) 2 March 2025 (landing)	lander	success	Lunar lander technology demonstration. Part of NASA's CLPS contract.^[35] First eversoft landing by a private company. First successful American lunar lander after over 52 years,^[36] the last beingApollo 17. Completed all objectives after landing inMare Crisium on March 2,^[37]^[38] including deep-surface drilling^[39] and fortuitous observation of lunar eclipse from lunar nearside,^[40] having operated for 346 continuous hours. Mission ended on March 16 upon passing into lunar night, and probe powered down.^[37] The landing was live-streamed from command center.^[41] First ever video of lunar final descent sequence and landing.^[42] First fully successful CLPS contract.^[35]	BLUEGHOST
Hakuto-R Mission 2		ispace	15 January 2025 (launch)	lander	failure	Lunar lander technology demonstration. Failed landing.	RESILIENC
	Tenacious Rover	Ispace Europe	May–June 2024	rover	failure	Lunar rover to collect lunar resources.	RESILIENC
IM-2Athena		Intuitive Machines	27 February 2025 (launch) 6 March 2025 (landing)	lander	partial failure	Lunar lander contracted under NASA'sCommercial Lunar Payload Services and carrying various scientific payloads. Probe suffered laser altimeter failure 3 minutes prior to south polar touchdown, leading to descent stage continuing to fire after landing.^[43] Slid sideways and toppled into a shadowed crater. Mission terminated due to insufficient solar power on March 7, after 13 hours of much limited operations.^[44]^[45] This is the second (partially successful) lunar landing byIntuitive Machines.	2025-038A
	Micro-Nova hopper	Intuitive Machines		hopper	failure	Lunar hopper, exploring multiple difficult-to-reach areas such as deep craters on the lunar surface, by firinghydrazine rockets in controlled bursts to propel itself short distances. It will hop across craters in search oflunar ice, which could contain water critical to future crewed missions to the Moon.
	AstroAnt rover	MIT		rover	failure	Lunar miniature rover, the size of a matchbox, to conduct contactless temperature measurements as it drives around on MAPP's roof.
	MAPP LV1 rover	Lunar Outpost /Nokia		rover	failure	Lunar rover to collect lunar samples forNASA under a contract worth just $1, which is symbolic of a new incentive for the emerging commercial space industry to access resources in space. It will also autonomously map the lunar surface, capture stereo images and thermal data, and inspect samples oflunar regolith in a special bin mounted on its wheels.
	Yaoki rover	Dymon [ja]		rover	failure	Lunar rover to test mobility technologies.
Lunar Trailblazer		NASA	3 March 2025 (flyby)	orbiter	failure	Intended to achieve a lunar orbit to aid in the understanding oflunar water and the Moon's water cycle.^[46]	2025-038C
Brokkr-2		AstroForge	3 March 2025	flyby	failure	Asteroid probe intended to flyby the near-Earth asteroid2022 OB5. Communication failure.	2025-038D
Chimera-1		Epic Aerospace	3 March 2025	flyby	failure?	Space tug plannedTLI toGeosynchronous. Communication failure?

Future

[edit]

Main article:List of missions to the Moon § Future missions

Notes

[edit]

^"Chandrayaan-1 - ISRO".www.isro.gov.in. Archived fromthe original on 2019-07-08. Retrieved2022-07-15.
^How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer. Mahesh Guptan,The Week. 16 November 2019.
^"A Chinese spacecraft is testing out a new orbit around the moon".SpaceNews. 2022-02-15. Retrieved2022-02-16.
^"Chang'e-5 orbiter embarks on extended mission to Sun-Earth Lagrange point".SpaceNews. 2020-12-21. Retrieved2021-09-08.
^"China's Chang'e-5 orbiter is heading back to the moon".SpaceNews. 2021-09-06. Retrieved2021-09-08.
^Figliozzi, Gianine (8 June 2022)."CAPSTONE Mission Launch No Longer Targeting June 13".NASA. Retrieved9 June 2022.
^"NASA Funds CubeSat Pathfinder Mission to Unique Lunar Orbit".NASA (Press release). 13 September 2019. Retrieved12 October 2021.
^"Rocket Lab to Launch NASA Funded Commercial Moon Mission from New Zealand".Rocket Lab. 9 August 2021. Retrieved4 September 2021.
^Wall, Mike (November 21, 2022)."NASA's Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft aces close moon flyby in crucial engine burn". Space.com. RetrievedNovember 22, 2022.
^Wall, Mike (November 23, 2022)."Artemis 1 cubesat fails to fire engine as planned during moon flyby". Space.com. RetrievedDecember 13, 2022.
^"LunaH-Map Mission". 3 August 2023.
^Lockheed Martin Space [@LMSpace] (9 December 2022)."As a @LockheedMartin funded tech demo mission, LunIR's primary goal was to gain knowledge to support future exploration. While we ran into an unexpected issue with our radio signal and couldn't snap any pics of the Moon, we DID try something new, and here's what we learned" (Tweet). Retrieved21 December 2022 – viaTwitter.
^S.Korean Spaceflight [@KOR_Spaceflight] (28 July 2022)."Danuri(KPLO) launch now scheduled for August 5th 08:08 KST, according to MSIT/KARI" (Tweet) – viaTwitter.
^Komiya, Kantaro; Roulette, Joey (25 April 2023)."Japan's ispace assumes failure in bid to make first commercial moon landing".Reuters – via www.reuters.com.
^"NASA ends Lunar Flashlight mission because of thruster problems". 15 May 2023.
^Howell, Elizabeth (February 9, 2023)."Tiny NASA moon probe can't reach lunar orbit as planned". Space.com. RetrievedMay 4, 2023.
^"JUICE – JUpiter ICy moons Explorer".European Space Agency. Retrieved27 August 2016.
^Zak, Anatoly (19 August 2023)."Luna-Glob mission lifts off".RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved20 August 2023.
^Jones, Andrew (19 January 2024)."Japan makes history with tense, successful moon landing".SpaceNews. Retrieved19 January 2024.
^Jones, Andrew (2024-01-22)."Japan's moon lander forced to power down but may yet be revived".SpaceNews. Retrieved2024-01-25.
^"SLIM Project Press Kit"(PDF).JAXA.
^^a ^b ^c小型月着陸実証機（SLIM）および小型プローブ（LEV）の月面着陸の結果・成果等の記者会見, 24 January 2024, retrieved2024-01-25
^Jones, Andrew (29 January 2024)."SLIM moon lander revived after solar power setback".SpaceNews. Retrieved2024-02-06.
^^a ^b ^cWattles, Jackie; Fisher, Kristin (2024-01-08)."Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss".CNN. Retrieved2024-01-09.
^"2/3 mission plans and procedures in order to deploy its CubeSat camera system. Despite the team's strong effort, the technical complications ultimately resulted in an inability to capture images of the Odysseus lander".
^Jones, Andrew (2024-03-14)."Surprise Chinese lunar mission hit by launch anomaly".SpaceNews. Retrieved2024-03-14.
^Jones, Andrew (2024-08-20)."Chinese spacecraft appear to reach lunar orbit despite launch setback".SpaceNews. Retrieved2024-08-20.
^Jones, Andrew (2024-03-28)."China appears to be trying to save stricken spacecraft from lunar limbo".SpaceNews. Retrieved2024-03-29.
^^a ^b"嫦娥六号探测器成功实施近月制动顺利进入环月轨道飞行" (in Simplified Chinese). 中国新闻网. 2024-05-08. Retrieved2024-05-08.
^"China's Moon Missions Shadow NASA Artemis's Pace - IEEE Spectrum".IEEE.
^Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024)."China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission".SpaceNews. Retrieved10 January 2024.
^^a ^bJones, Andrew (6 June 2024)."Chang'e-6 spacecraft dock in lunar orbit ahead of journey back to Earth".SpaceNews. Retrieved6 June 2024.
^Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024)."China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon".SpaceNews.Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved8 May 2024.
^Jones, Andrew (10 September 2024)."China's Chang'e-6 orbiter tunrs up at Sun-Earth Lagrange point after moon sampling mission".SpaceNews. Retrieved10 September 2024.
^^a ^b"CLPS Providers - NASA". Retrieved2025-03-18.
^"Firefly CEO Bullish on Blue Ghost January Launch - SPACE & DEFENSE". 2024-12-18. Retrieved2025-03-18.
^^a ^bFoust, Jeff (2025-03-17)."Firefly Aerospace wraps up successful Blue Ghost 1 mission".SpaceNews. Retrieved2025-03-18.
^"Blue Ghost Mission 1".Firefly Aerospace. Retrieved2025-03-18.
^Andrew Jones (2025-03-11)."Watch sparks fly as Blue Ghost lander drills into the moon (video)".Space.com. Retrieved2025-03-18.
^Mike Wall (2025-03-17)."Farewell, Blue Ghost! Private moon lander goes dark to end record-breaking commercial lunar mission".Space.com. Retrieved2025-03-18.
^Firefly Aerospace (2025-03-02).Firefly's Blue Ghost Mission 1 Lunar Landing. Retrieved2025-03-18 – via YouTube.
^"NASA Cameras on Blue Ghost Capture First-of-its-Kind Moon Landing Footage - NASA". 2025-03-13. Retrieved2025-03-18.
^Intuitive Machines (2025-03-06).Intuitive Machines IM-2 Mission Landing Live Stream. Retrieved2025-03-18 – via YouTube.
^Foust, Jeff (2025-03-07)."IM-2 lunar lander mission ends".SpaceNews. Retrieved2025-03-18.
^Berger, Eric (2025-03-13)."Athena landed in a dark crater where the temperature was minus 280° F".Ars Technica. Retrieved2025-03-18.
^"Intuitive Machines' IM-2 Lunar Lander Successfully Commissioned and En Route to the Moon".investors.intuitivemachines.com. 27 February 2025. Retrieved27 February 2025.

Spacecraft missions to theMoon

Exploration
programs

Active
missions

Orbiters	ARTEMIS CAPSTONE Chandrayaan-2 Chang'e 5-T1 Danuri Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Queqiao 1 and 2 Tiandu-1 2 ICUBE-Q
Landers	Chang'e 4
Rovers	Yutu-2

Past
missions

Crewed landings	Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 (List of Apollo astronauts)
Orbiters	Apollo 8 10 Artemis I Chang'e 1 2 5 Chandrayaan-1 3 Clementine Explorer 35 49 GRAIL Hiten LADEE Longjiang-2 Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 2 3 4 5 Lunar Prospector PFS-1 PFS-2 SMART-1 SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna) Lunar Trailblazer
Impactors	LCROSS Luna 2 Moon Impact Probe Ranger 4 6 7 8 9
Landers	Apollo Lunar Module ×6 Blue Ghost M1 Chandrayaan-3 Chang'e 3 Chang'e 5 6 Luna 9 13 16 17 20 21 23 24 SLIM Surveyor 1 3 5 6 7
Rovers	Lunar Roving Vehicle Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 2 Yutu Pragyan 2 3 LEV-1 LEV-2 (Sora-Q) Jinchan Yaoki MAPP Micro-Nova AstroAnt
Sample return	Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Chang'e 5 6
Failed landings	Beresheet Emirates Lunar Mission Hakuto-R M1 M2 IM-1 2 Luna 5 7 8 15 18 25 OMOTENASHI Surveyor 2 4 Vikram Peregrine
Flybys	4M Apollo 13 Chang'e 5-T1 Geotail Galileo ICE Longjiang-1 Luna 1 3 4 6 LunaH-Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube LunIR Mariner 10 NEA Scout Nozomi Pioneer 4 Ranger 5 STEREO TESS WMAP Wind Zond 3 5 6 7 8 PAS-22 ArgoMoon

Planned
missions

Artemis	II (2026) III (2027) IV (2028) V (2030) Lunar Gateway
CLPS	Blue Moon Pathfinder 1 (2026) Griffin M1 (2025) IM-3 (2026) Blue Ghost M2 (2026) Blue Moon Pathfinder 2 (2027) M3 (2028) IM-4 (TBD)
Luna-Glob	26 (2027) 27 (2028) 28 (2030) 29 (2030s) 30 (2030s) 31 (2030s)
CLEP	Chang'e 7 (2026) 8 (2028)
Chandrayaan	4 (2027) 5 (LUPEX) (2028)
KLEP	Korean lunar lander (2032)
Others	ispace M3 (2026) Lunar Pathfinder (2026) DESTINY⁺ (2028) Cislunar Explorers (2020s) CU-E³ (2020s) MoonRanger (2020s) Argonaut M1 (2031) International Lunar Research Station (2030s)

Proposed
missions

Robotic	ALINA Artemis-7 Beresheet 2 Blue Moon BOLAS Garatéa-L ISOCHRON LunaNet Lunar Crater Radio Telescope McCandless Moon Diver
Crewed	DSE-Alpha Boeing Lunar Lander Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts

Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are initalics.

v t e Crewed lunar spacecraft
Orbiters	Apollo command and service module Cancelled LK-1 /LK-700 (VA) Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1) LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3) Future Lunar Gateway‎ Orion Orel Mengzhou
Landers	Apollo Lunar Module Canceled Lunniy Korabl Altair Future Blue Moon Lanyue Starship HLS
Proposed	Lunar Orbital Station Boeing Lunar Lander Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
Related	Moon landing conspiracy theories List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon

v t e Space missions by destination
Planets	Mercury Venus Mars Outer planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Others	The Sun The Moon lunar probes Minor planets Comets
Orbiters	Extraterrestrial orbiters Mars orbiters Objects in heliocentric orbit

21st-centuryspace probes

Active space probes
(deep space missions)

Sun	Parker Solar Probe Solar Orbiter Carruthers Geocorona Observatory Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1
Moon	ARTEMIS CAPSTONE Chandrayaan-2 Chang'e 3 Chang'e 4 (Yutu-2 rover) Chang'e 5 Danuri Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Queqiao Queqiao 2 Tiandu 1 and 2 Chang'e 6 ICUBE-Q
Mars	Emirates Mars Mission ExoMars TGO Mars Express 2001 Mars Odyssey MAVEN MRO MSL Curiosity rover Tianwen-1 Mars 2020 Perseverance rover
Other planets	BepiColombo Mercury Juno Jupiter Juice Jupiter Europa Clipper Jupiter
Minor planets	Chang'e 2 Hayabusa2 /MINERVA-II Lucy New Horizons OSIRIS-REx Hera Psyche Tianwen-2
Interstellar space	Voyager 1 Voyager 2

Completed after 2000
(by termination date)

2000s	2001 NEAR Shoemaker Deep Space 1 2003 Pioneer 10 Galileo Nozomi 2004 Genesis 2005 Huygens 2006 Mars Global Surveyor 2008 Phoenix 2009 Chang'e 1 Ulysses Chandrayaan-1 SELENE LCROSS
2010s	2010 Hayabusa MER Spirit rover 2011 Stardust 2012 GRAIL 2013 Deep Impact 2014 LADEE Venus Express Chang'e 5-T1 2015 MESSENGER PROCYON IKAROS 2016 Rosetta /Philae Yutu rover ExoMarsSchiaparelli 2017 LISA Pathfinder Cassini 2018 MASCOT Dawn Longjiang-1 2019 MarCO MER Opportunity rover Beresheet Longjiang-2 Chandrayaan-2 /Pragyan rover
2020s	2020 Chang'e 5 2022 Double Asteroid Redirection Test Mangalyaan InSight 2023 Hakuto-R Mission 1 Luna 25 Chandrayaan-3 /Pragyan rover Zhurong rover 2024 Peregrine Mission One Ingenuity helicopter IM-1 Akatsuki SLIM 2025 Brokkr-2 IM-2 Lunar Trailblazer Blue Ghost Mission 1 Hakuto-R Mission 2

v t e Moon
Outline
Physical properties	Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthlight
Orbit	Orbital elements Distance Perigee and apogee Libration Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Kordylewski clouds Lunar station
Surface and features	Selenography Terminator Limb Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Lava tubes Craters List Ray systems Permanently shadowed craters South Pole–Aitken basin Regolith swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Changesite-(Y) Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Selenographic coordinate system
Science	Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant-impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Volcanism Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Lunar seismology
Exploration	Missions Apollo program Explorers Probes Landing Colonization Moonbase Tourism Lunar habitation Lunar resources
Time-telling andnavigation	Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar station Lunar distance
Phases and names	New Full Names Crescent Super and micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad
Daily phenomena	Moonrise Meridian passage Moonset
Related	Lunar deities Lunar effect Earth phase Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Artificial objects on the Moon Memorials on the Moon Moon in science fiction list Apollo era futuristic exploration Hollow Moon Moon landing conspiracy theories Moon Treaty "Moon is made of green cheese" Natural satellite Double planet Lilith (hypothetical second moon) Splitting of the Moon
Category

Spaceflight lists and timelines

Timeline of spaceflight

General

Human spaceflight

General	Crewed spacecraft timeline by program Spaceflights 1961–1970 1971–1980 1981–1990 1991–2000 2001–2010 2011–2020 2021–present Soviet Russian Vostok and Voskhod Soyuz Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Shenzhou Gaganyaan Spacelab Artemis Civilian spaceflight Orbital Suborbital
Salyut	Expeditions Spaceflights crewed uncrewed Spacewalks Visitors
Mir	Expeditions ESA Spaceflights crewed uncrewed Spacewalks Visitors
ISS	Expeditions ESA Visiting Spaceflights crewed uncrewed Spacewalks Visitors Deployed
Tiangong	Expeditions Crewed Spaceflights Spacewalks
Shuttle	Crews Missions Rollbacks
People	Astronauts by name by year of selection Apollo Gemini Mercury Chinese Asian European Cosmonauts women Muslim Arab African American Ibero-America Space scientists Space travelers by name by first flight by nationality billionaires timeline by nationality Spaceflight-related human fatalities
EVA	1965–1999 2000–2014 2015–2024 2025–present Cumulative spacewalk records Longest spacewalks Spacewalkers